Hydraulic jump in one-dimensional flow

In the presence of viscosity the hydraulic jump in one dimension is seen to be a first-order transition. A scaling relation for the position of the jump has been determined by applying an averaging technique on the stationary hydrodynamic equations. This gives a linear height profile before the jump, as well as a clear dependence of the magnitude of the jump on the outer boundary condition. The importance of viscosity in the jump formation has been convincingly established, and its physical basis has been understood by a time-dependent analysis of the flow equations. In doing so, a very close correspondence has been revealed between a perturbation equation for the flow rate and the metric of an acoustic white hole. We finally provide experimental support for our heuristically developed theory.     

Standing and travelling waves in the shallow-water circular hydraulic jump

A wave equation for a time-dependent perturbation about the steady shallow-water solution emulates the metric an acoustic white hole, even upon the incorporation of nonlinearity in the lowest order. A standing wave in the sub-critical region of the flow is stabilised by viscosity, and the resulting time scale for the amplitude decay helps in providing a scaling argument for the formation of the hydraulic jump. A standing wave in the super-critical region, on the other hand, displays an unstable character, which, although somewhat mitigated by viscosity, needs nonlinear effects to be saturated. A travelling wave moving upstream from the sub-critical region, destabilises the flow in the vicinity of the jump, for which experimental support has been given.     

Probing TMDs through azimuthal distributions of pions inside a jet in hadronic collisions

The azimuthal distributions around the jet axis of leading pions produced in the jet fragmentation process in pp collisions are studied within the framework of the so-called generalized parton model. The observable leading-twist azimuthal asymmetries are estimated in kinematic configurations presently investigated at RHIC. It is shown how the main contributions coming from the Collins and Sivers effects can be disentangled. In addition, a test of the process dependence of the Sivers function is provided.     

Azimuthal angle dependence of molecular orbital K X-rays in heavy ion collisions

The dependence of molecular X-ray emission on the azimuthal angle in heavy ion collisions has been measured as a function of the impact parameter in the collision systems F-Al and Cl-Cl at projectile energies of 20 and 48 MeV respectively. The values of the observed azimuthal anisotropies agree with dynamical calculations of molecular orbital X-ray emission, but they are at variance with predictions of the kinematic dipole model.     

Observed structural change in poly-n-butyl isocyanate

We report a conformational change observed in poly-n-butyl isocyanate (PBIC) dissolved in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) with temperature. This change was detected by measuring the reduced viscosity of the polymer solution with a Zimm-Crothers type viscometer of very low shear rate; we found a reversible jump in reduced viscosity whose amplitude depends on concentration, but its position is only molecular weight dependent. This jump goes from lower to higher values of reduced viscosity when we increase the temperature, corresponding to an increase in the hydrodynamic volume of the chain. The largest size of the jump we found was about 3.5% of the viscosity value, and the jump decreased when the concentration approached the overlap concentration c?.     

Shock modon: a new type of coherent structure in rotating shallow water

We show that a new type of coherent structure, a shock modon, exists in a rotating shallow water model at large Rossby numbers. It is a combination of an asymmetric vortex dipole with a stationary hydraulic jump. The structure is long living, despite the energy dissipation by the hydraulic jump, and moving along a circular path. Collisions of shock modons can be elastic, or lead to formation of shock tripoles.     

Influence of substrate temperature,deposition rate and surface conditions on the epitaxial growth of copper on mica

In this experimental investigation copper was deposited on mica substrates under UHV conditions. Both air-cleaved and vacuum-cleaved mica substrates were used. Evaporation rate and substrate temperature have been varied systematically over a wide range. The structure of the films was studied with X-ray methods (Laue-transmission photographs and rocking curves). It was observed that the polar orientation of the crystallites depends mainly on evaporation rate and substrate temperature. The azimuthal orientation, however, is strongly dependent upon the surface conditions of the substrate, i.e. a surface gas layer improves the azimuthal orientation significantly. On vacuum-cleaved substrates an improvement of the azimuthal orientation can only be achieved by high evaporation rates (> 2500 Å/s). These effects are explained by the dependence of the rotation jump frequency on the size of nuclei and clusters.     

Effect of electron inertia on large amplitude solitary waves in presence of kinematic viscosity in dusty plasma

Nonlinear dust acoustic solitary waves in a dusty plasma are studied for nonzero kinematic viscosity. Sagdeev’s potential can be obtain upto any order in ϕ. The existence of soliton solution is determined by pseudopotential approach. It is seen that the electron inertia has a significant effect on the existence of solitary waves in presence of kinematic viscosity.     

Hydraulic jump as a white hole

In the geometry of the circular hydraulic jump, the velocity of the liquid in the interior region exceeds the speed of the capillary-gravity waves (ripplons), whose spectrum is “relativistic” in the shallow water limit. The velocity flow is radial and outward, and thus the relativistic ripplons cannot propagate into the interior region. In terms of the effective 2 + 1 dimensional Painlevé-Gullstrand metric appropriate for the propagating ripplons, the interior region imitates a white hole. The hydraulic jump represents the physical singularity at the white-hole horizon. The instability of the vacuum in the ergoregion inside the circular hydraulic jump and its observation in recent experiments on superfluid ⁴He by Rolley et al. [3] are discussed.     

倾斜管式液体粘度测量方法理论及实验研究

本文提出了一种适用于高压下及低沸点物质液相粘度的测量方法-倾斜管式粘度测量方法,并设计和搭建了粘度测量系统.采用粘度测量系统标定的标准物质-纯水,通过测量其运动粘度,对该测量系统进行了检测.结果显示,该测量系统的相对偏差绝对平均值为0.65%,验证了该方法原理的正确性及测量系统的准确性.此外,测量了R134a饱和液体的运动粘度,进一步检测了该粘度测量系统.     

Relationships between a roller and a dynamic pressure distribution in circular hydraulic jumps

We investigated numerically the relation between a roller and the pressure distribution to clarify the dynamics of the roller in circular hydraulic jumps. We found that a roller which characterizes a type II jump is associated with two high pressure regions after the jump, while a type I jump (without the roller) is associated with only one high pressure region. Our numerical results show that building up an appropriate pressure field is essential for a roller.     

High p(T) azimuthal asymmetry in noncentral A + A at RHIC

The high p(T)>3 GeV azimuthal asymmetry, v(2)(p(T)), in noncentral nuclear collisions at RHIC is shown to be a sensitive measure of the initial parton density distribution of the produced quark-gluon plasma. A generalization of the Gyulassy-Lévai-Vitev non-Abelian energy loss formalism including Bjorken (1+1)D expansion as well as important kinematic constraints is used.     

The shrinking cone limit and quark spin effects in muon-induced dimuon events

In the context of a high momentum approximation we predict azimuthal asymmetries and differences between like and opposite sign dimuon events in μN scattering. These result from the transference of spin information between production and decay processes when the incident beam is polarized. The analysis is geared towards the E.M.C. data, against which we also examine the consequences of our kinematic approximation.     

Measurement of deeply virtual compton scattering beam-spin asymmetries

The beam-spin asymmetries in the hard exclusive electroproduction of photons on the proton (e p-->epgamma) were measured over a wide kinematic range and with high statistical accuracy. These asymmetries result from the interference of the Bethe-Heitler process and of deeply virtual Compton scattering. Over the whole kinematic range (x(B) from 0.11 to 0.58, Q2 from 1 to 4.8 GeV2, -t from 0.09 to 1.8 GeV2), the azimuthal dependence of the asymmetries is compatible with expectations from leading-twist dominance, A approximately a sinphi/(1+c cosphi). This extensive set of data can thus be used to constrain significantly the generalized parton distributions of the nucleon in the valence quark sector.     

Nonlinear magnetohydrodynamics in axisymmetric heterogeneous domains using a Fourier/finite element technique and an interior penalty method

The Maxwell equations in the MHD limit in heterogeneous axisymmetric domains composed of conducting and non-conducting regions are solved by using a mixed Fourier/Lagrange finite element technique. Finite elements are used in the meridian plane and Fourier modes are used in the azimuthal direction. Parallelization is made with respect to the Fourier modes. Continuity conditions across interfaces are enforced using an interior penalty technique. The performance of the method is illustrated on kinematic and full dynamo configurations.     

Flavor dependent azimuthal asymmetries in unpolarized semi-inclusive DIS at HERMES

The azimuthal cos? _h and cos2? _h modulations of the distribution of hadrons produced in unpolarized semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of electrons and positrons off hydrogen and deuterium targets have been measured in the hermes experiment. For the first time these modulations were determined in a 4-Dimensional kinematic space for positively and negatively charged pions and kaons separately, as well as for unidentified hadrons. These azimuthal dependences are sensitive to the transverse motion and polarization of the quarks within the nucleon via, e.g., the Cahn, Boer-Mulders and Collins effects.     

Temperature dependences of kinematic viscosity of bismuth,lead, and their mutual solutions

Measurement results for temperature dependences of kinematic viscosity in Bi-Pb melts are presented. Measurements were carried out in the temperature range between liquidus and 1400 K. The distinctive feature of experiments was their performance at heating after sample melting and further cooling. On the experimental temperature dependences of kinematic viscosity the values of viscosity at fixed temperature and activation energy of viscous flow have been calculated. Special attention was paid to non-coincidence of the curves obtained at heating and cooling. The specified anomaly is explained by the concept of metastable microcoherence of the studied melts.     

Bistable surface anchoring and hysteresis of pitch jumps in a planar cholesteric liquid crystal

The relationship between bistable surface anchoring and the pitch jump process is examined for a planar cholesteric liquid crystal. Introducing a high-order, azimuthal surface anchoring potential into a simple model to describe a cholesteric, we derive an expression for the director twist as the natural pitch of the liquid crystal is allowed to vary. Writing the energy in terms of the surface twist, we are able to determine the twists which minimize the total energy of the system. We demonstrate how a pitch jump is related to an energy exchange from one branch of metastable states to another. We then discuss how the co-existence of energy minima and their associated solution branches may help explain the thermal hysteresis observed experimentally in cholesterics in the neighbourhood of a pitch jump. The presence of a higher-order surface energy term can expand the range of anchoring strengths in which pitch jumps are possible. We also investigate the influence of bidirectional surface anchoring on the behaviour of the total energy. Intermediate quarter-turn pitch jumps can occur, depending on the relative strength of the high-order anchoring term, and these can have a significant effect on the system hysteresis.     

On the influence of dissipative effects on instabilities of differentially-rotating plasmas

The stability of differentially-rotating cylindrical plasmas in the axial homogeneous magnetic field is studied in the framework of one-fluid dissipative magnetohydrodynamics. The dispersion relation of small-scale axisymmetric perturbations, taking into account the effects of the plasma thermal stratification, its resistivity and its viscosity, is derived. In the limiting cases of negligible resistivity and of negligible viscosity, the criteria of plasma stability are obtained. It is shown that in the case of small viscosity, the azimuthal flow of resistive plasma in the axial magnetic field is unstable due to the buoyancy effect if both the plasma pressure and its entropy either increase or decrease in the radial direction.     

液态结构与性质关系Ⅰ——Mg熔体的运动黏度及与熔体微观结构的关系

采用坩埚扭摆振动法测量Mg熔体的运动黏度,得到935—1190 K温度区间高精度的黏度-温度关系曲线v(T),发现升温和降温过程中Mg熔体的黏度随温度变化呈指数规律单调递增(减),没有发生异常变化和滞后现象.同时,利用液态结构中原子集团演变行为的物理模型,计算得出该温度区间Mg熔体的主要结构信息参数——原子集团尺寸-温度关系曲线d(T);通过对实验和计算数据的综合分析,发现Mg熔体的运动黏度和原子集团尺寸均为温度的单值函数,且二者之间存在线性的函数关 关键词： 金属熔体 结构与黏度相关性 原子集团演变 线性关系