High-resolution study of 0+ and 2+ excitations in 168Er with the (p, t) reaction

Excited states in the deformed nucleus ¹⁶⁸Er have been studied with high energy resolution in the (p, t) reaction, with the Munich Q3D spectrograph. A large number of excited 0⁺ states (25) and 2⁺ states (64) have been assigned up to 4.0-MeV excitation energy. This allows detailed investigations along two directions of current interest: first, an extension of microscopic model interpretations into the region of medium level density above the pairing gap; second, a first analysis of the statistical fluctuation (order/chaos) properties of pure sequences of levels, in one deformed nucleus. Predictions of two models (the quasiparticle-phonon model and the projected shell model) are compared to the data, and it is concluded that, in both cases, mixing of more configurations is required in the wave functions. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

The (t,p) reaction to the low-lying levels of the zirconium isotopes

The (t, p) reaction on the isotopes ^90,92,94,96Zr has been carried out at a bombarding energy of 20 MeV. Only weakly excited O⁺ states are observed in ⁹²Zr and ⁹⁴Zr while the first excited O⁺ state in ⁹⁶Zr is strongly excited. No O⁺ states are seen in ⁹⁸Zr. The results indicate a trend for ground state excitations intermediate between simple shell model and pairing vibration theory. The low-lying levels of ⁹²Zr and ⁹⁴Zr are described by detailed shell model calculations. There is no indication in these nuclei of the rapid onset of deformation previously reported in ¹⁰⁰Zr, nor is there any evidence for an excited rotational band structure in any of the zirconium nuclei studied.     

Study of the first-excited K π=0+ and 2+ bands in 228Th in the 226Ra(α,2n) reaction

Excited bands of ²²⁸Th were studied in the ²²⁶Ra(α,2n) reaction by gamma-ray and conversion-electron spectroscopy. The first-excited K ^π=0⁺ and 2⁺ bands were identified up to I ^π= 12⁺ and 10⁺, respectively. The spin dependence of the moments of inertia is discussed. The experimental data indicate a structural change of these bands from ²²⁸Th to ²³⁰Th and ²³²Th. Received: 11 August 1997 / Revised version: 19 September 1997     

Variety of vibrational excitations in 228Th

The level structure of ²²⁸Th was studied using mass-separated ²²⁸Pa sources and a γ - γ coincidence setup of 5 Compton suppressed Ge detectors. The complete octupole quadruplet, three excited K ^π = 0⁺ bands and two excited K ^π = 2⁺ bands were identified at excitation energies elow 1.4 MeV.     

Pole approximation in the quasi-free t + p scattering and the t(p,d)d reaction via the t + d interaction

The t(p,p)t and t(p,d)d channels have been investigated in an indirect way through the ²H(t,tp)n and ²H(t,dd)n three-body reactions performed at E _t = 35.5?MeV in quasi-free kinematics. The agreement with direct data supports the pole approximation at energies above the Coulomb barrier.     

强子对撞机上中性top-pion介子产生过程pp(pp)→Π0tΠ0t,bΠ0t的研究

在TC2模型框架下研究了强子对撞机Tevatron和LHC上中性top-pion介子Π0t的产生过程pp(pp)→Π0tΠ0t和pp(pp)→bΠ0t. 研究结果表明, 在Tevatron上, 这两个过程的产生截面都很小, 通过这两个过程我们无法探测到中性top-pion介子. 在LHC上, 产生截面会大大增加, 但通过Π0tΠ0t的产生仍无法探测到中性top-pion介子. bΠ0t在LHC上的产生截面能达到几百个fb甚至pb的量级, LHC每年能产生10⁴—10⁵个bΠ0t事例. 另外, 味改变耦合Π0t tc的存在, 使得实验能通过背景非常干净的衰变道Π0t→tc来探测Π0t. 因此, 通过bΠ0t这一产生机制, 未来的LHC实验应能获得足够多的可鉴别的Π0t事例. 我们的研究结果, 可为LHC上寻找中性top-pions介子检验TC2模型提供有价值的理论指导.     

Study of the germanium isotopes with the (p,t) reaction

The levels of ^{70, 71, 72, 74}Ge have been investigated with the (p, t) reaction at 20 MeV. Strong transitions to the ground state and to the 2₁⁺ and 3₁^? collective levels were observed for all even isotopes. A comparison of the experimental angular distributions with those calculated assuming a closed ⁷⁰Ge core indicates that only ≈ 15% of the observed ground state L = 0 transition strength comes from $\text{(1}\text{g}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>9</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^2\text{and}\text{(2}\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^2$ pick up. The excitation energies and L-transfers obtained in the present work are found to be in generally good agreement with previous data.     

Study of even-mass Ba nuclei by the (p,t) reaction

The (p, t) reaction on the nuclei ^{134, 136, 138}Ba has been studied at a bombarding energy of 52 MeV. Angular distributions of emitted tritons were obtained between 6° and 60°. The following six negative-parity states were strongly excited by the (p, t) reaction: 5^?(2.121 MeV) and 7^?(2.482 MeV) in ¹³²Ba, 5^?(1.998 MeV) and 7^?(2.274 MeV) in ¹³⁴Ba, and 5^?(2.139 MeV) and 7^?(2.031 MeV) in ¹³⁶Ba. DWBA calculations using the code DWUCK successfully reproduce these angular distributions. The 0⁺ assignment to the 1.761 MeV level in ¹³⁴Ba is confirmed. Intensities of the (p, t) reaction for low-lying states are discussed.     

Study of the W(t, p)W reaction at 20 MeV

The ¹⁸²W(t, p)¹⁸⁴W reaction has been studied at 20 MeV. The outgoing protons were detected in an Elbek broad range magnetic spectrograph. Absolute cross sections and angular distributions were measured. Evidence for inelastic effects in the reaction mechanism was observed for the first excited 2⁺ state, the 3⁻ level at 1221 keV and the 5⁺ state at 1295 keV. The 0⁺ level at 1002 keV was populated with ≈ 2% the ground state cross section. A 4⁺ level at 1536 keV was observed with ≈ 50% the ground state cross section. Calculations of the absolute (t, p) cross sections to this and other states with known structure resulted in excellent agreement with the measured values.     

The (t,p) reaction on the zinc isotopes

Multichannel spectrograph studies of the (t, p) reaction on the Zn isotopes have provided energy-level data, cross-section measurements and many new spin and parity determinations. The systematics of the energy spectra of the even zinc isotopes are discussed.     

Two-step mechanism in the 22Ne(p,t) reaction

The forward-angle differential cross sections have been measured for the ²²Ne(p,t) reaction leading to the 4.97 MeV, 2^? state in ²⁰Ne. Comparison of the data with the results of calculations shows that the two-step mechanism responsible for exciting this state is (p-p′-t) rather than (p-d-t).     

Study of the 182W(t,p)184W reaction at 20 MeV

The ¹⁸²W(t, p)¹⁸⁴W reaction has been studied at 20 MeV. The outgoing protons were detected in an Elbek broad range magnetic spectrograph. Absolute cross sections and angular distributions were measured. Evidence for inelastic effects in the reaction mechanism was observed for the first excited 2⁺ state, the 3^? level at 1221 keV and the 5⁺ state at 1295 keV. The 0⁺ level at 1002 keV was populated with ≈ 2% the ground state cross section. A 4⁺ level at 1536 keV was observed with ≈ 50% the ground state cross section. Calculations of the absolute (t, p) cross sections to this and other states with known structure resulted in excellent agreement with the measured values.     

Pockets in heavy ion potentials for the deformed systems Th + Ta,U + Th and Th + Th

Using a realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction the optical potentials for the strongly deformed systems Th + Ta, U + Th and Th + Th are calculated at E_lab/A ≅ 6 MeV and for different orientations. Pockets exist in the total real potentials (nuclear plus Coulomb potentials) at surface contact. It has been found that the deepest pockets for the U + Th and Th + Th systems exist when the two colliding nuclei are touching with orientation angle β ≅ 45° while for the Th + Ta system the deepest pocket occurs at β = 90° (equator touching).     

Study of low-lying Rb levels in the Rb(τ, α)Rb reaction

The low-lying levels in ⁸⁶Rb were investigated via the ⁸⁷Rb(τ, α)⁸⁶Rb reaction with a 16 MeV ³He beam. Nine excited levels at 0.49, 0.56, 0.87, 0.98, 1.02, 1.09, 1.42, 1.66 and 2.12 MeV excitation were identified. A distorted-wave analysis was performed yielding spectroscopic information about these levels.     

New 0+ states in 146Sm from a (p,t) experiment and the particle-core coupling model

The reaction ¹⁴⁸Sm(p,t)¹⁴⁶Sm was studied at E_p = 26 MeV. Fifty-six excited states in the final N = 84 nucleus were observed below E_exc = 4.2 MeV and their angular distributions were measured at 8 angles. Spin and parity assignments are made for 37 of them, based on the determination of the transferred angular momentum L. Ten excited J^π = 0⁺ states were identified. The emerging excitation energies of the J^π = 0⁺ states and the monopole strength distribution in ¹⁴⁶Sm are compared with those observed in nearby nuclei and with results of calculations done in the framework of the Particle-Core Coupling Model. The main features of the experimental results are interpreted using a superposition of two types of configurations: two-particle states coupled to the collective excitations of the N = 82 core and two holes coupled to the collective excitations of the N = 86 core. Calculations show also that two-phonon⊗two-particle configurations are spread over many states and their identification becomes difficult.