Analysis of the G0 Backward Angle experiment

We have measured parity-violating asymmetries in elastic electron?Cproton and quasi-elastic electron?Cdeuteron scattering at Q ²?=?0.22 and 0.63 GeV². They are sensitive to strange quark contributions to currents in the nucleon, and to the nucleon axial current. The results indicate strange quark contributions of ??10% of the charge and magnetic nucleon form factors at these four-momentum transfers. Analysis of the data is summarized.     

Electromagnetic N-Δ transition form factors in a covariant quark-diquark model

The electromagnetic N-Δ transition form factors are calculated in the framework of a formally covariant constituent diquark model. As a spin- $tfrac {3}{2}$ particle the Δ is assumed to be a bound state of a quark and an axial-vector diquark. The wave function is obtained from a diquark-quark Salpeter equation with an instantaneous quark exchange potential. The three transition form factors are calculated for momentum transfers squared from the pseudothreshold (M_Δ ?M _N )² up to ?2 (GeV/c)². The magnetic form factor is in qualitative agreement with experiment. We find very interesting results for the ratios E2/M1 and C2/M1.     

2β0v-decay mediated by heavy Majorana neutrinos and nucleon weak magnetism and pseudoscalar coupling

The role of the nucleon weak magnetism and pseudoscalar coupling interactions in the calculation of the 2β0v-decay of⁴⁸Ca mediated by heavy Majorana neutrinos has been examined. The effect of a finite nucleon size has been taken into account by employing the phenomenological form factors and form factors calculated in the framework of the quark confinement model. By using the PCAC predictions it has been found that by taking into account these interactions the absolute values of the 2β0v-decay matrix elements of⁴⁸Ca reduces considerably, which provides us with less stringent limits on the parameter of the non-conservation of the lepton charge.     

Nucleon polarization and the nuclear charge operator

Effects of nucleon polarization on the nuclear charge operator have been evaluated in a constituent quark model. At momentum transfer q ≈ 4 fm^?1 monopole, dipole and quadrupole excitations are of equal importance. In a harmonic oscillator model for ³He all multipolarities give negative contributions, leading to an overall contribution comparable to the relativistic pair effect. The influence of realistic wave functions, coupling constants and off-shell form factors is discussed.     

Nucleon charge form factors and chiral quark models

Calculations of the proton and neutron charge form factors G_E^p,n(q²) are presented, based on chiral bag as well as confining Dirac potential models with chiral pion-quark coupling. Special emphasis is placed on a detailed treatment of the charged pion cloud contribution to the nucleon current. The role of a finite extension of the pion-quark vertex in truncating the summation over intermediate quark bag states is studied. Quark core radii (including recoil corrections) are constrained by a simultaneous calculation of the nucleon axial form factor. The proton charge form factor is well reproduced for $\text{|q}{}^2\text{|}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{? 0.7}\text{GeV}$ with quark core rms radii between 0.5–0.6 fm. About $\text{1}\text{3}$ of the proton charge is carried by the pion cloud in this model. The neutron charge form factor is obtained with the correct sign and overall q² dependence but needs further refinements, probably at the level of the isoscalar form factor.     

Nucleon axial and pseudoscalar form factors from the covariant Faddeev equation

We compute the axial and pseudoscalar form factors of the nucleon in the Dyson-Schwinger approach. To this end, we solve a covariant three-body Faddeev equation for the nucleon wave function and determine the matrix elements of the axialvector and pseudoscalar isotriplet currents. Our only input is a well-established and phenomenologically successful ansatz for the non-perturbative quark-gluon interaction. As a consequence of the axial Ward-Takahashi identity that is respected at the quark level, the Goldberger-Treiman relation is reproduced for all current-quark masses. We discuss the timelike pole structure of the quark-antiquark vertices that enters the nucleon matrix elements and determines the momentum dependence of the form factors. Our result for the axial charge underestimates the experimental value by 20 -25% which might be a signal of missing pion-cloud contributions. The axial and pseudoscalar form factors agree with phenomenological and lattice data in the momentum range above Q ² ~ 1...2 GeV².     

A Diquark-Quark Model with Its Use in Nucleon Form Factorst

The nucleon electromagnetic form factors are investigated within a simple diquark-quark model using the light-front formalism. In this model, baryon is described as a bound state of one quark and one clustering diquark. The calculational results are compared with the experimental ones. We also regard the quarks in a baryon as pointlike constituent quarks.     

A Diquark-Quark Model with Its Use in Nucleon Form Factors

The nucleon electromagnetic form factors are investigated within a simple diquark-quark model using the light-front formalism. In this model, baryon is described as a bound state of one quark and one clustering diquark.The calculational results are compared with the experimental ones. We also regard the quarks in a baryon as pointlike constituent quarks.     

The form factors of the nucleons

There has been much activity in the measurement of the elastic electromagnetic proton and neutron form factors in the last decade, and the quality of the data has been greatly improved by performing double-polarization experiments, in comparison with with previous unpolarized cross section data. Here we will review the experimental data base in view of the new results for the proton and the neutron, obtained at MIT-Bates, JLab and MAMI. The rapid evolution of phenomenological models triggered by these high-precision experiments will be discussed. In particular, the possibility that the proton is non-spherical in its ground state, and that the transverse charge density are model independently defined in the infinite momentum frame. Likewise, flavor decomposition of the nucleon form factors into dressed u and d quark form factors, may give information about the quark-diquark structure of the nucleon. The current proton radius “crisis” will also be discussed.     

Slow and fast quarks in nucleons

Using light-front dynamics, and the notion of the running effective quark mass, we propose a model of the three-quark nucleon wave function, which accounts simultaneously both for the low and the high energy experimental data. Our wave function is a product of a spinor part, inferred from the QCD sum rules, and a gaussian scalar factor, taken for simplicity. Including all three Ioffe currents we get from one wave function both the negative neutron charge radius 〈r²〉_neutron=-0.108 fm² and the decreasing d/u ratio in the proton for x_Bj increasing from 0.5 to 1.     

Flavor content of nucleon form factors in a VMD approach

The strange form factors of the nucleon are studied in a two-component model consisting of a three-quark intrinsic structure surrounded by a meson cloud. A comparison with the available experimental world data from the SAMPLE, PVA4, HAPPEX and G0 Collaborations shows a good overall agreement. It is shown that the strangeness contribution to the electric and magnetic form factors is of the order of a few percent. In particular, the strange quark contribution to the charge radius is small 〈r ² _s〉_E = 0.005 fm^2 and to the magnetic moment it is positive μ_s = 0.315 μ_N .     

Hadron properties and Dyson-Schwinger equations

An overview of the theory and phenomenology of hadrons and QCD is provided from a Dyson-Schwinger equation viewpoint. Following a discussion of the definition and realization of light-quark confinement, the nonperturbative nature of the running mass in QCD and inferences from the gap equation relating to the radius of convergence for expansions of observables in the current-quark mass are described. Some exact results for pseudoscalar mesons are also highlighted, with details relating to the U_A(1) problem, and calculated masses of the lightest J=0,1 states are discussed. Studies of nucleon properties are recapitulated upon and illustrated: through a comparison of the ln-weighted ratios of Pauli and Dirac form factors for the neutron and proton; and a perspective on the contribution of quark orbital angular momentum to the spin of a nucleon at rest. Comments on prospects for the future of the study of quarks in hadrons and nuclei round out the contribution.