Structural properties of the 10Be and 10C four-cluster nuclei

The structure functions for the ¹⁰Be and ¹⁰C nuclei are studied in a four-particle approximation (two alpha-particle clusters plus two nucleons). New versions of the αα interaction potential are constructed. Together with the nα, pα, and NN potentials proposed previously, they make it possible to describe the binding energies and radii of the nuclei being considered, along with the S-wave twocluster phase shifts at low energies. General properties of four-particle wave functions are studied, and two basic configurations of the cross and tetrahedron types are revealed in the ¹⁰Be and ¹⁰C nuclei. A detailed analysis of the behavior of the structure functions is performed for these nuclei. The density distributions, form factors, and pair correlation functions are considered. The momentum distributions are obtained for the alpha particles and extra nucleons. The structure functions for the ¹⁰Be and ¹⁰C four-cluster nuclei are compared with those for the ⁶He three-cluster nucleus. The bound states of the nuclei are studied within a high-precision variational approach by using Gaussian bases.     

Nature of resonance states in the 9Be and 9B mirror nuclei

The spectra of low-lying states of the ⁹Be and ⁹B mirror nuclei in the excitation-energy range between 0 and 5 MeV are considered within the microscopic α + α + n(p) three-cluster model, which is a three-cluster variant of the algebraic version of the resonating-group method. Attention is given primarily to studying the nature of resonance states in a three-cluster continuum. A detailed comparison of the results obtained in this way with experimental data and with results of other microscopic calculations is performed.     

Investigation of the low lying levels in9B

The reaction¹⁰B(³He, α)⁹B(p)⁸Be(g.s.) has been studied using a 1.8 MeV³He⁺ beam. Coincidence spectra were measured at θ_α=?150? and θ_α=22.5?, 30?, 37.5?, 45?, 52.5?, 60? and 67.5? for the indentification of the levels in⁹B which decay by proton emission. Possible new excited levels in⁹B were observed at (1.9±0.1), (2.1±0.1), (2.6±0.1) and (3.1±0.1) MeV.     

One-nucleon spectroscopic factors and momentum distributions of nucleons in the 6Li and 9Be nuclei within three-body models

Within the three-body α2N and 2αN models of the ⁶Li and ⁹Be nuclei, respectively, the spectroscopic factors and the momentum distributions of nucleons are computed for the cases where residual nuclei can be formed both in the ground and in excited states. The impact of model parameters on the values of one-nucleon features is discussed. The results of the calculations performed in the present study are compared with available experimental data.     

Dimers based on the α + α potential and chain states of carbon isotopes

Using the well established binding energies of one and two valence neutrons in the two-center α+α system (forming the states in ⁹Be and ¹⁰Be*) the structure of these nuclear dimers and their rotational bands including those with more than 2 nucleons are discussed using published transfer reaction data for Be and Boron isotopes. Based on the 0 ₂ ⁺ state in ¹²C which is supposed to be an 3α particle chain at an excitation energy of 7.65 MeV and using the binding energy of these valence neutrons in ⁹Be and ¹⁰Be*, chain states in the system ¹²C* + x neutrons are constructed. The energy position of the lowest chain states are estimated and ways for their population in reactions on ⁹Be and using radioactive beams are proposed. It is expected that these states are metastable and could have appreciable branches for γ-decay. Further extrapolations to longer chain states (polymers) in neutron rich light isotopes are made.     

Coulomb interaction forJ=3/2− levels in9Be and9B

The Coulomb interaction is used to calculate energy shifts and mixing amplitudes ofJ=3/2^?,T=1/2 and 3/2 states in⁹B and⁹Be. For the 14.39 MeV level in⁹Be, a neutron width of 0.15 keV is calculated from theT=1/2 admixtures in the wave function.     

Neutron polarizations from the9Be(d,n)10B and11B(d,n)12C reactions

Neutron polarization angular distributions were measured for the⁹Be(d,n)¹⁰B and¹¹B(d,n)¹²C reactions for deuteron energies of 5.47 and 5.34 MeV, respectively. Using neutron time-of-flight techniques, polarizations to eight states in¹⁰B and to six states in¹²C have been measured. Neutron polarization energy excitation functions for both reactions were measured for deuteron energies from 3.0 to 5.5 MeV in 0.25 MeV steps at 30° (lab). Distorted wave method calculations carried out to compare theoretical calculations against experimental results were not in good agreement with the data.     

Study of the Involvement of <Superscript>8</Superscript>Be and <Superscript>9</Superscript>B Nuclei in the Dissociation of Relativistic <Superscript>10</Superscript>C, <Superscript>10</Superscript>B,and <Superscript>12</Superscript>C Nuclei

The results obtained by estimating the contribution of 8Be and 9B nuclei to the coherent dissociation of ¹⁰C, ¹⁰B, and ¹²C relativistic nuclei in nuclear track emulsions (“white” stars) are presented. The selection of white stars accompanied by 9B leads to a distinct peak appearing in the distribution of the excitation energy of 2α2p ensembles and having a maximum at 4.1 ± 0.3 MeV. A 8Be nucleus manifests itself in the coherent-dissociation reaction ¹⁰B → ²He + H with a probability of (25 ± 5)%, (14 ± 3)% of it being due to 9B decays. The ratio of the branching fractions of the ⁹B + n and ⁹Be + p mirror channels is estimated at 6 ± 1. An analysis of the relativistic dissociation of ¹²C nuclei in a nuclear track emulsion revealed nine 3α events corresponding to the Hoyle state.     

Polarisation und differentieller Wirkungsquerschnitt der Neutronen aus der Reaktion9Be(α,n)12C

The differential cross section and the angular distribution of the polarization of neutrons from the reaction⁹Be(α, n) leading to the ground state of¹²C have been determined at 1.75 and 1.96 MeV energy of theα-particles. The polarization was measured by left-right asymmetry induced by elastic scattering from⁴He. From Blatt, Biedenharn and Simon, Welton theory analysis a set of spectroscopic data has been obtained for five states of the compound nucleus¹³C.     

Features of the 9Be → 2He fragmentation in an emulsion for an energy of 1.2 GeV per nucleon

The results of investigation of the fragmentation of relativistic nuclei ⁹Be in an emulsion, which is accompanied by the formation of two 1.2-A-GeV He fragments, are presented. The angular measurements of the ⁹Be → 2He events are analyzed. The ⁹Be → ⁸Be + n fragmentation channel with the decay of ⁸Be from the ground (0⁺) and first excited (2⁺) states into a pair of α particles appears to be dominant.     

Structure of neutron-rich Be and C isotopes

The structure of neutron-rich beryllium isotopes has been investigated using different heavy-ion-induced transfer reactions. In neutron transfer reactions, the population of final states shows a strong sensitivity to the chosen core nucleus, i.e., the target nuclei ⁹Be or ¹⁰Be, respectively. Molecular rotational bands up to high excitation energies are observed with ⁹Be as the core due to its pronounced 2α-cluster structure, whereas only a few states at low excitation energies are populated with ¹⁰Be as the core. For ¹¹Be, a detailed investigation has been performed for the three states at 3.41, 3.89, and 3.96 MeV, which resulted in the most probable spin-parity assignments 3/2⁺, 5/2^?, and 3/2^?, respectively. Furthermore, we have studied particle-hole states of ¹⁶C using the ¹³C(¹²C, ⁹C)¹⁶C reaction and found 14 previously unknown states. Using the ¹²C(¹²C, ⁹C)¹⁵C reaction, five new states were observed for ¹⁵C.     

Analysis of 185 MeV proton scattering from6Li

The internal bremsstrahlung ofα-particles emmited byα-decaying nuclei is not responsible for the internal pair production inα-decay. The probability of this process is of the order of 10^?20, in strong disagreement with previous resuls. It is suggested that the internal pair production inα-decay is due to excited states in nuclei. For the probability of this process a value of the order of 10^?12 has been obtained.     

A study of branching ratios of cross sections in the charge symmetric reactions10B(d,p)11B and10B(d,n)11C

High-spin states in¹⁵⁶Er have been populated using the (α, 8n) and (¹⁶O, 4n) reactions. In the ground state band a strong backbending effect was observed atI ^π=12⁺. Four states of a secondK=0 band with spins 9, 11, 13 and 15 were found. This second band depopulates completely into the 8⁺ and 10⁺ members of the ground state band. This is explained by the fact that the upper states of this second band are yrast states and that this band crosses the (gsb)-line atI ?11.     

The structure of11Be

More than twenty experimental level data of nuclei far from β-stability are selected to determine new effective parameters for the Modified Surface Delta Interaction and for the single particle energies. With these parameters used in the calculation for 1p-shell nuclei far from β-stability, the agreement between computed results and experimental data becomes fair, and the parity inversion for the 1/2⁺ ground state in¹¹Be is correctly reproduced. The structure of¹¹Be is discussed in some detail.     

High-lying excited states in <Superscript>10</Superscript>Be from the <Superscript>9</Superscript>Be(<Superscript>9</Superscript>Be,<Superscript>10</Superscript>Be)<Superscript>8</Superscript>Be reaction

A transfer-reaction experiment of ⁹Be(⁹Be, ¹⁰Be)⁸Be was performed at a beam energy of 45 MeV. Excited states in ¹⁰Be up to 18.80 MeV are produced using missing mass and invariant mass methods. Most of the observed high-lying resonant states, reconstructed from the α + ⁶He and t + ⁷Li decay channels, agree with the previously reported results. In addition, two new resonances at 15.6 and 18.8 MeV are identified from the present measurement. The 18.55 MeV state is found to decay into both the t + ⁷Li_g.s. and t + ⁷Li* (0.478 MeV) channels, with a relative branching ratio of 0.93 ± 0.33. Further theoretical investigations are encouraged to interpret this new information on cluster structure in neutron-rich light nuclei.     

Cross section measurements for the 9Be+9Be System at subbarrier energies

The total reaction cross section and the characteristic y-ray cross sections have been measured for the ⁹Be+ ⁹Be reaction in the energy range E_cm = 1.4–3.4 MeV, detecting the prompt γ-rays emitted by the various residual nuclei with two Nal detectors in nearly 4π geometry and with a germanium detector, respectively. The differential elastic cross sections for the same system have also been measured at e_c.m.= 2.2, 2.7 and 3.2 MeV. The cross sections calculated with the “standard” and the proximity optical model potentials, which describe well the total reaction cross sections of the light nuclei, agree with the ⁹Be + ⁹Be elastic-scattering data, but underpredict the total reaction cross section by a factor of 2 to 3. The characteristic γ-ray measurements show that all two-particle emission channels, nα ¹³C, nn¹⁶O, np¹⁶N and αα¹⁰Be are enhanced by about that factor, while the single-particle emission channel, p¹⁷N, is not enhanced.     

Structure studies of 11Be and 12Be: Observation of molecular rotational bands

Excited states of ¹¹Be have been studied with several transfer reactions. Nine states between 3.96 and 25.0 MeV excitation energy show the characteristic energy dependence of a rotational band. The deduced large moment of inertia is consistent with a 2α structure with large deformation. In ¹²Be four high-lying states observed at 7.3, 10.7, 14.6, and 21.7 MeV in the reaction ⁹Be(¹⁵N,¹²N)¹²Be, also form a rotational band with almost the same moment of inertia; tentative spin assignments of 2⁺–8⁺ are used.     

States in Be studied through the reaction B(p, α)Be with 40 MeV protons

Spectroscopy of the α- and τ-particles from 40 MeV proton bombardment of ¹¹B reveals transitions to ⁸Be states up to 19 MeV. The ratio of excitation of the 16.6 MeV state to the 16.9 MeV state is 2.3 ± 0.4. The ⁸Be(4⁺) state is found at 12.5 MeV with a width of 4.0 ± 0.5 MeV.     

The reactions 6, 7Li, 9Be, 10B(e,e′p) at 700 MeV and DWIA analysis

The proton spectral functions of ⁶Li, ⁷Li, ⁹Be and ¹⁰B obtained from the (e, e′p) reactions at 700 MeV are presented. The results were analyzed in the distorted-wave impulse approximation, using the shell-model single-particle wave functions consistent with the elastic electron scattering results. The observed Ip proton momentum distributions for the nuclei ⁶Li, ⁷Li and ⁹Be show significant disagreement with the shell-model momentum distributions. The occupation probabilities of the proton single-particle states are around 0.7, with a few exceptions.     

Messung der Winkelverteilung der α-Teilchen der Kern-Reaktion11B (p, α1)8Be (2,9 MeV)

It is not possible to measure the angular distribution of the α-particles from¹¹B(p, α₁)⁸Be*(2,9 MeV) with a simple one-detector arrangement, because the back-ground α-particle spectrum from⁸Be* will change shape and contents with angle. Therefore a coincidence method is employed. Two detectors are arranged in such a way that with any angle in thelaboratory system the angle between the detectors is 180 degrees in the center ofmass system. By this method angular correlations are eliminated and the angular distribution of α₁ can be measured as long as the two coincident lines, recorded by each detector, are separable. Since this is not always the case the angular distributions are determined only for reactions proceeding through the two excited states in¹²C that are reached with 1.39 and 2.64 MeV proton energy. Angular distributions of the α_o radiation have been remeasured.