Direct derivation of the two-shaft system balance conditions for the second order reciprocal inertia forces on the V-type eight cylinders internal combustion engines with a plane crankshaft

By employing the four shafts balance concept paper [1] has reported a balance regime for the second order reciprocal inertia forces on the V-type eight cylinder internal combustion engines with a plane crankshaft. Thereafter, paper [2] has acquired a two-shafts balance regime, but through a rather tedious roudabout degenerating manipulation. The present article has, but starting out directly from the two-shafts balance concept, successfully acquired the same results as those in paper [2]. In addition, we propose, herein, a third balance system which might be, in general, called the slipper balance regime.     

On the sensitive dynamical system and the transition from the apparently deterministic process to the completely random process

The detailed analysis of the dynamical process of coin tossing is made. Through calculations, it is illustrated how and why the result is extremely sensitive to the initial conditions. It is also shown that, as the initial height of the mass center of the coin increases, the final configuration, i.e. head or tail, becomes more and more sensitive to the initial parameters (the initial velocity angular velocity, and the initial orientation), the coefficient of the air drag, and the energy absorption factor of the surface on which the coin bounces. If we keep the head upward initially but allow a small range for the change of some other initial parameters, the frequency that the final configuration is head, would be 1 if the initial height h of the mass center is sufficiently small, and would be clo to 1/2 if h is sufficiently large. An interesting question is how this frequency changes continuously from 1 to 1/2 as h increases. Detailed calculations show that such a transition is very similar to the transition from laminar to turbulent flows. A basic difference between the transition stage and the completely random stage is indicated: In the completely random stage, the deterministic process of the individual case is extremely sensitive to the initial conditions and the dynamical parameters, out the statistical properties of the ensemble are insensitive to the small changes of the initial conditions and the dynamical parameters. On the contrary, in the transition stage, both the deterministic process of the individual case and the statistical properties of the ensemble are sensitive to the initial conditions and the dynamical parameters. The mechanism for this feature of the transition stage is the existence of the long-train structure in the parameter space. The illuminations of this analysis on some other random phenomena are discussed.     

Das erweiterte Korrespondenzgesetz für die dynamische Idealviskosität und die Idealwärmeleitfähigkeit reiner Stoffe

Zusammenfassung Zur Berechnung der dynamischen Idealviskosität Ideal (T) und der Idealwärmeleitfähigkeit ideal (T) benötigt man die kritische TemperaturT _kr, das kritische spezifische Volum _kr, die MolmasseM, den kritischen Parameter _kr und die molare isochore WärmekapazitätC _v(T). Sowohl das theoretisch, als auch das empirisch abgeleitete erweiterte Korrespondenzgesetz ergeben eine für praktische Zwecke ausreichende Genauigkeit für die Meßwertwiedergabe, die bei den assoziierenden Stoffen und den Quantenstoffen jedoch geringer ist als bei den Normalstoffen.

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The extended correspondence law for the ideal dynamic viscosity and the ideal thermal conductivity of pure substances

For the calculation of the ideal dynamic viscosity Ideal (T) and the ideal thermal conductivity ideal (T) the critical temperatureT _kr, the critical specific volumev _kr, the molecular massM, the critical parameter _kr, and the molar isochoric heat capacityC _v(T) is needed. Not only the theoretically determined but also the empirically determined extended correspondence law gives for practical use a good representation of the measured data, which for the associating substances and the quantum substances is not so good as for the normal substances.

     

Studies of Mental “Noise”

Successive tests of subjects' performance in reaction time tasks were treated as time series and submitted to spectrum analysis. Rather than revealing the white noise expected by the view that variability is due to random error (equivalent power across frequency), the power spectra revealed colored noise. The slopes of the power spectra did not vary much for tasks differing in memory requirements. Spectrum analysis of time series from the logistic map also showed colored noise in regions on the edge of chaos, showing that the presence of colored noise in cognitive data need not oblige a theoretical account based on a complex, high-dimensional, system.     

Electrode layers in flows of an inviscid plasma with good conductivity

The structure of the electromagnetic electrode layers that are produced in flows across a magnetic field by a completely ionized and inviscid plasma with good conductivity and a high magnetic Reynolds number is examined in a linear approximation. Flow past a corrugated wall and flow in a plane channel of slowly varying cross section with segmented electrodes are taken as specific examples. The possibility is demonstrated of the formation of nondissipative electrode layers with thicknesses on the order of the Debye distance or electron Larmor radius and of dissipative layers with thicknesses on the order of the skin thickness, as calculated from the diffusion rate in a magnetic field [2].In plasma flow in a transverse magnetic field, near the walls, along with the gasdynamie boundary layers, which owe their formation to viscosity, thermal conductivity, etc. (because of the presence of electromagnetic fields, their structures may vary considerably from that of ordinary gasdynamic layers), proper electromagnetic boundary layers may also be produced. An example of such layers is the Debye layer in which the quasi-neutrality of the plasma is upset. No less important, in a number of cases, is the quasi-neutral electromagnetic boundary layer, in which there is an abrupt change in the frozen-in parameter k=B/p (B is the magnetic field and p is the density of the medium). This layer plays a special role when we must explicitly allow for the Hall effect and the related formation of a longitudinal electric field (in the direction of the veloeiryv of the medium). We will call this the magnetic layer. The magnetic boundary layer can be dissipative as well as noudissipative (see below). The dissipative magnetic layer has been examined in a number of papers: for an incompressible medium with a given motion law in [1], for a compressible medium with good conductivity in [2], and with poor conductivity in [3]. In the present paper, particular attention will be devoted to nondissipative magnetic boundary layers.     

Some aspects of dilute suspension theory

A theory proposed by the author as representative of the flow of a general suspension contains three interaction forces, f, S and N. For a quasi-concentrated suspension and for a dilute suspension, N and S, N are omitted, respectively. For the latter special case, we treat diffusion of a fluid through an elastic solid. For a quasi-concentrated suspension, we show that F and S depend on the gradient of the motion gradient. We demonstrate the existence of interesting phenomena: non-simple behavior, dissipative effects, generalized lift and drag forces.Presented at the second conference Recent Developments in Structured Continua, May 23 – 25, 1990, in Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.     

Shock Waves in a Fluid with Bubbles Containing Evaporating Drops of a Liquefied Gas

The propagation and reflection of one-dimensional plane unsteady waves and pulses in a mixture of a fluid with two-phase bubbles containing evaporating drops is investigated. A significant effect of unsteady evaporation of the drops in the zone ahead of the shock wave on the wave propagation is demonstrated. The evaporation of the drops results in a pressure increase ahead of the wave and the shock wave as it were climbs to increasing pressure level. In contrast to bubbly fluids with single-phase bubbles, in a fluid with two-phase bubbles, at a fixed phase volume fraction, a decrease in bubble size results in an increase rather than a decrease of the oscillation amplitude. The wave reflection from a solid wall is essentially nonlinear and the maximum pressure attained at the wall is several times greater than the incident-wave intensity.     

Versuche zu einem „shear-rate-blockage“-Effekt am Protoplasma zentrifugierter Gewebe

Ohne ZusammenfassungI thank Mr.Scott Blair for his answer reserving the term dilatancy for cases of real dilatation. Now it's only to wish that this terminology is used according to his Report on the principles of rheological nomenclature (Amsterdam 1949).     

Mathematics and Rheology

Summary The great advances made in Rheology during the last forty years owe much to the application of mathematics. But in some cases, there have been misunderstandings. As a result, rheologists have sometimes been unnecessarily restricted. Mathematics is limited only by self-consistency: Rheology deals with the physical world.In particular, three terms are discussed: infinity, zero and negative, all of which have at least two meanings which have been confused. Rheological phenomena cannot be explained merely by mathematical formulation. Unnecessary mathematics should be avoided but professional rheologists must not shirk mathematics.This paper was read in an abbreviated form, at aConference of the British Society of Rheology in April 1971 The Proceedings were not published.     

Design of a Beam with Controllable Force Elements

A method for solving the problem of design of an intellectual structure formulated for the pair optimal position of actuators, optimal control of actuators is developed. In the method proposed, physical and logical objects are treated as equivalent.     

Exact Solutions of the Hydrodynamic Equations Derived from Partially Invariant Solutions

The paper proposes a heuristic approach to constructing exact solutions of the hydrodynamic equations based on the specificity of these equations. A number of systems of hydrodynamic equations possess the following structure: they contain a reduced system of n equations and an additional equation for an extra function w. In this case, the reduced system, in which w = 0, admits a Lie group G. Taking a certain partially invariant solution of the reduced system with respect to this group as a seed:rdquo; solution, we can find a solution of the entire system, in which the functional dependence of the invariant part of the seed solution on the invariants of the group G has the previous form. Implementation of the algorithm proposed is exemplified by constructing new exact solutions of the equations of rotationally symmetric motion of an ideal incompressible liquid and the equations of concentrational convection in a plane boundary layer and thermal convection in a rotating layer of a viscous liquid.     

Pressure measuring techniques in I.C.E.

Summary A revue of the possible errors affecting pressure measurements in internal combustion engines is presented. A new instrument based on the principle of the Balanced Pressure Indicator and signal multiplexing was developped. Its characteristics used both to obtain an accurate mean pressure diagram and to calibrate pressure transducers in working engines. The overall ability of obtaining meaningful pressure data was shown, even if it is clear that pressure measurements are more an art than a mere technique, given the complexity of the problems involved.

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Sommario L'articolo presenta un'analisi dei possibili errori che possono distorcere la misurazione delle pressioni nella camera di combustione dei motori a combustione interna. Un nuovo strumento, basato sul principio dell'indicatore di pressione a bilanciamento di pressioni e del multiplex a modi di impulsi, è qui anche presentato ed utilizzato sia per ottenere un diagramma medio di pressioni di notevole accuratezza, che per calibrare trasduttori di pressione in condizioni di lavoro, cioè mentre il motore è in funzione. Ne risulta che è possibile ottenere diagrammi di pressione veramente rappresentativi delle condizioni di lavoro del motore, anche se è chiaro che, data la complessità dei problemi relativi a detta misurazione, misurare la pressione nei motori è più un'arte che pura tecnica.

     

Stability of elastic bodies under omnilateral compression

Conclusions We have analyzed here the stability of the equilibrium of a simply connected isotropic compressible body with the elastic potential of arbitrary form and under uniform omnilateral deformation. A survey has been given here of earlier results obtained by other authors. The basic celations have been stated in a general form covering the theory of finite subcritical strains and two variants of the theory of small subcritical strains. For the latter theory new relations have been rigorously derived from which perturbations of tracking surface loads can be calculated, on the basis of corresponding expressions in the theory of finite subcritical strains. It has been proven that the sufficient conditions for the applicability of the static method of analysis are satisfied when the same boundary conditions are given over the entire body surface, as well as in several cases of different boundary conditions given at different segments of the boundary surface. It has been shown in a general form, for the theory of finite subcritical strains and for two variants of the theory of small subcritical strains, that the equilibrium of an elastic body under omnilateral deformation is stable, if a tracking load, is given over the entire boundary surface. As an example of problems with different boundary conditions at different segments of the boundary surface, we have considered the conventional problem concerning the stability of a bar on hinge supports and under uniform omnilateral deformation. It has been rigorously proven that in this case the equilibrium is stable when tracking loads are given at the lateral surfaces and is unstable when dead loads are given at the lateral surfaces. These conclusions apply to the theory of finite subcritical strains as well as to the theory of small subcritical strains, and they represent the complete version pertaining to compressible bodies.Institute of Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 3–27, June, 1976.     

Wave propagation and instabilities in a rotating anisotropic plasma

Summary The effects of a uniform rotation on the propagation of small perturbations through an anisotropic collisionless plasma are investigated. These effects are present in various ways on the well-known hose, mirror and gravitational instabilities. In Part I we consider plane perturbations, in Part II cylindrical. Some remarks about stability and hydromagnetic waves in an anisotropic collisionless plasma are given in Appendix.

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Sommario Si esaminano gli effetti di una rotazione uniforme sulla propagazione di piccole perturbazioni in un plasma anisotropo privo di urti. Tali effetti si manifestano in vario modo sui noti fenomeni di instabilità hose, mirror e magnetogravitazionale del tipo di Jeans. Nella prima parte si considerano perturbazioni piane, nella seconda di tipo cilindrico. Alcune considerazioni sulla stabilità e sulle onde idromagnetiche in un plasma anisotropo privo di urti sono svolte in Appendice.

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This work was carried out while the author was a member of the Gruppo di Ricerca no. 44 per la Matematica del CNR, 1967–68.     

Shear Instability at the “Explosion Product–Metal” Interface for Sliding Detonation of an Explosive Charge

Periodic perturbations at the explosion product–metal interface were studied experimentally. Experiments were performed for both spherical and plane geometry. Critical conditions of wave formation (detonation velocity of an explosive charge D 6.9 mm/sec) are determined, and an explanation of this effect is given. It is found experimentally that a dynamic pulse causes intense plastic strains at the explosion products–metal interface, leading to thermal softening of the steel boundary layer. In this layer, Kelvin–Helmholtz instability occurs. Calculationanalytical estimates of the critical boundary unstable wavelength agree satisfactorily with experimental results.     

On elastic-plastic structures with associated stress-strain relations allowing for work softening

Summary For the elementary (finite or infinitesimal) constituents of the structure are assumed generalized stress-strain relations which satisfy the condition of normality but which may exhibit work-softening, concavity of yield surfaces, variation of elastic coefficients with stress and/or plastic strain.The usual phenomena of geometric instability are excluded. Sufficient conditions are formulated for overall stability in spite of the presence of unstable elements, and for uniqueness of the incremental boundary-values problem. Conditions are discussed with a view to applications and expressed in terms of positive definiteness of appropriate quadratic forms.Finally, yield surfaces and flow laws for the structure are examined, and among other things their necessary association is shown.

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Sommario Per i costituenti elementari (finiti o infinitesimi) della struttura si assumono legami incrementali tra sforzi e deformazioni generalizzati che soddisfano alla condizione di normalità ma che per il resto sono generici, cioè tali da presentare eventualmente incrudimento negativo, concavità del campo elastico, variazione dei coefficienti elastici con gli sforzi e/o con le deformazioni plastiche.Esclusi per il sistema i fenomeni usuali di instabilità geometrica si formulano condizioni sufficienti per la stabilità del complesso nonostante la presenza di parti a funzionamento instabile, e per l'unicità del problema incrementale al contorno. Le condizioni sono discusse in vista delle applicazioni ed espresse in termini di definizione positiva di forme quadratiche opportune.Si esaminano infine le superfici di snervamento e le leggi di scorrimento per l'intera struttura e, tra l'altro, se ne dimostra la necessaria associazione.

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First published in Italian in Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombardo Classe Scienze e Lettere, A 100, 1966.The present investigation has been promoted and financed by the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.) at the Istituto di Scienza delle Costruzioni of the Facoltà di Architettura, Politecnico of Milano. Part of it was carried out at Brown University (Providence R. I. - U.S.A.). The author acknowledges with tanks the NATO Fellowship assigned by the C.N.R. in 1964, the encouragement and kind hospitality he received from Professor D.C. Drucker, and the interesting discussions he had with Professor Drucker and Dr. A. C. Palmer.     

An extension of Reiner's “Deborah Number” concept to a Wide field of rheological investigations

Summary Reiner defined a numeric, which he called theDeborah Number to represent the ratio of a relaxation time to a natural (observation) time. This implies aMaxwell model but is readily extended to complete relaxation spectra. Similar Numbers are proposed for retardation times and also for some conditions of coagulation thixotropy and for data from certain psychophysical experiments.     

Properties of the “Non-Free” Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction on a Swept Plate

A comprehensive experimental investigation of the transition from the free to the non-free regime of interaction between a plane shock and a boundary layer in a conical flow and the non-free interaction properties has been carried out. A theoretical model is constructed and used to calculate the transition parameters and determine the range on which the non-free interaction can exist, together with its basic characteristics.     

Theoretical Contributions of Complex Systems to Positive Psychology and Health: A Somewhat Complicated Affair

Health has historically eluded consistent definition and baffled people's attempts at self-improvement. This paper argues for the central role of Somewhat complicated nonlinear dynamical systems in modeling both positive psychology and physical health. Whether personal attributes or behaviors are salutogenic or harmful is dependent on context and intensity. In addition, people simultaneously and relatively independently seek sometimes-contradictory outcomes. This establishes the place of intrapsychic conflict in health. The paper proposes that the good life emerges from systems composed of coupled modular components, potentially capable of chaotic behavior. Positive psychology and healthy physiology derive from linked regulative systems that are relatively loosely-coupled, distributed, and that rely on heuristic processes rather than algorithms guaranteeing solution to pursue well-being. The adoption of these Somewhat complicated models does not require theories of health to be intricate, nor to employ mechanisms with fractal structure; complex function can emerge from simple systems. Potentially healthy systems attributes are addressed, including current interest in healthy chaos, and an illustrative model is developed.     

Whose Thoughts Are They, Anyway? Dimensionally Exploding Bion's “Double-Headed Arrow” into Coadapting, Transitional Space

The physics and biology that found psychoanalysis account for discontinuous experience only in the presence of nonmeasurable, metaphysical operators; these include the ego and its subsystems as well as biological experience inherited through Lamarckian principles. Complex, self-organizing systems, however, can link biology to experience without metaphysics. They can also account for psychoanalytically relevant behaviors without appealing to stable internal representations. These behaviors include what W. R. Bion called transformation in O and its corollary, the appearance of the selected fact. By dimensionally exploding the double-headed arrow that he used to link the states Ps and D in his model for thinking (Ps D), we can generate a space that is, at once, psychoanalytically imaginal and dynamically coadapting. Isomorphic to D. W. Winnicott's transitional space, it is self-organizing. It is describable according to dynamics formulated by W J. Freeman, S. Kauffman and C. Langton and it can generate instantaneous conscious contents by way of a selective process analogous to spatio-temporal binding. As a whole, this model supports a clinical stance advanced by D. W. Winnicott as play, within transitional space.