多种阴离子对声致发光的影响

采用声源频率为1.1 MHz的超声波引发被空气自然饱和溶解的含有5种阴离子(Cl-,HCO-₃,NO-₃,SO2-₄,F-)的水溶液中的声致发光。发现只有F-离子在浓度为0～20 mg·L-1时会对声致发光产生猝息效应。文章对猝息机理进行了分析。     

乙二醇溶液中直管圆锥泡声致发光光脉冲和光谱

在U型管声致发光装置的基础上建立了一套新型的声致发光装置—直管圆锥泡声致发光装置,详细地介绍了此装置的结构和实验操作步骤,利用此装置得到了超强的发光脉冲。测量得到了乙二醇溶液中圆锥泡声致发光的发光脉冲,结果显示脉冲半宽度大约为80 μs左右,远远高于其他声致发光形式所产生的脉冲宽度,这主要是由于圆锥泡可以获得远远高于超声声致发光中气泡所能得到的能量。发光光谱为一从紫外光至可见光波长范围的连续谱,上面叠加C₂有d3Π_g→d3Π_u的跃迁形成的五个序列谱带,分别对应于Δν＝-2,Δν＝-1,Δν＝0,Δν＝1和Δν＝2;同时叠加有CN的B2Σ+→X 2Σ+跃迁形成的3个序列谱带和CH的A2Δ→X 2Π 跃迁谱带。特别是实验中测量得到了斯旺带光谱序列谱带清晰的振动结构。最后,通过与理论模拟得到的斯旺带光谱相对强度的比较,估算得到了C₂分子的振动温度大约为(4 200±200) K。     

SrB4 O7 : Eu磷光粉的制备及其发光性能

采用高温固相法合成了SrB₄O₇ : Eu荧光粉,并研究了不同原料、掺杂浓度、煅烧温度等因素对其发光性能的影响。发射光谱测试结果表明:SrB₄O₇ : Eu荧光粉的最佳Eu掺杂浓度为2%左右,进一步增大掺杂浓度会导致浓度猝灭。煅烧温度对基质组成影响较大,随着温度的升高,基质中BO₄四面体所占比例增大,有利于Eu³⁺离子的还原。以水合硼酸锶为原料制得样品的发光强度高于以SrCO₃和H₃BO₃为原料制得样品的发光强度。     

一种新型结构的黄光有机电致发光器件

用有机荧光染料罗丹明B(Rhodamine B)作为掺杂剂, 采用双量子阱结构制备了一种新型的黄光有机电致发光器件,器件结构及各层厚度为：ITO/CuPc(6 nm)/NPB(20 nm)/Alq₃(3 nm)/Alq₃：Rhodamine B(3 nm)/Alq₃(3 nm)/Alq₃：Rhodamine B(3 nm)/Alq₃(30 nm)/Liq(5 nm)/Al(30 nm)。研究发现Rhodamine B的掺杂浓度对该器件的发光亮度和发光效率有较大影响。当Rhodamine B的掺杂浓度为1.5 wt％时, 得到了最大电流效率1.526 cd·A-1,最大发光亮度1 309 cd·m-2的黄光有机电致发光器件。由器件的电致光谱曲线,可以看到在发光层之间存在着Alq₃向RhB传递能量的过程。由于量子阱的斯托克斯效应与RhB染料分子间的自极化作用,随着掺杂浓度的增加,λ_max出现明显红移。     

LiMBO3 : Dy3+材料的发光特性

采用固相法制备了LiM(M=Ca, Sr, Ba)BO₃ : Dy³⁺材料,并研究了材料的发光特性。LiM(M=Ca, Sr, Ba)BO₃ : Dy³⁺材料的发射光谱均呈多峰发射,对应于Ca,Sr,Ba,其主发射峰分别是Dy³⁺的⁴F_9/2→⁶H_15/2(484,486,486 nm),⁶H_13/2(577,578,578 nm)和⁶H_11/2(668,668,666 nm)跃迁。监测黄色发射峰时,所得激发光 谱峰值位置相同,主激发峰分别为331,368, 397,433,462,478 nm,对应Dy³⁺的⁶H_15/2→ ⁴D_7/2,⁶P_7/2,⁶M_21/2,⁴G_11/2,⁴I_15/2和⁶F_9/2跃迁。研究了敏化剂Ce³⁺及电荷补偿剂Li⁺、Na⁺和K⁺对LiM(M=Ca, Sr, Ba)BO₃ : Dy³⁺材料发光强度的影响。结果显示:加入敏化剂Ce³⁺提高了材料的发光强度,发光强度最大处对应的Ce³⁺浓度为3%;加入电荷补偿剂Li⁺、Na⁺和K⁺后,材料的发光强度也得到了明显提高,但发光强度最大处对应的Li⁺、Na⁺和K⁺浓度不同,依次为4%、4%和3%。     

LED用红色发光材料 Li3Ba2Ln3-xEux(MoO4)8的制备及性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了发光二极管(LED)用的系列红色荧光粉Li₃Ba₂Ln_3-xEu_x(MoO₄)₈ (Ln=La, Gd, Y)。利用差热-热重(TG-DTA)分析和粉末X 射线衍射(XRD)测定了其最佳合成温度和不同温度下所得样品的结构,发现所有样品均具有单斜结构;采用荧光光谱对所得荧光粉发光性能进行了表征,发现在相同条件下所得样品的发光强度顺序为:Li₃Ba₂Y_2.8Eu_0.2(MoO₄)₈＞Li₃Ba₂Gd_2.8Eu_0.2(MoO₄)₈＞Li₃Ba₂La_2.8Eu_0.2-(MoO₄)₈。它们在395 nm和465 nm的激发光源激发时均有强的吸收,与LED芯片发射波长相匹配。同时分析了柠檬酸及分散剂聚乙二醇(PEG-10000)的用量、Eu³⁺离子的浓度以及焙烧温度等因素对荧光粉发光性能的影响。     

铕铽共掺稀土聚合物的光谱分析及发光性能研究

合成了一种新型的稀土配合物Eu_0.5Tb_0.5(TTA)₃Phen,并采用原位乳液聚合法进一步制备了Eu_0.5Tb_0.5(TTA)₃Phen/PMMA稀土聚合物。利用红外光谱仪(IR)、电子探针X射线能谱仪等对其结构进行了表征,利用扫描隧道电子显微镜(SEM)、荧光光谱仪(FS)等研究了其微观形貌,并探讨了其发光性能。结果表明,聚合物中PMMA与稀土部分Eu_0.5Tb_0.5(TTA)₃Phen通过键合的方式结合, 仍保持Eu0.5Tb_0.5(TTA)₃Phen原有的发光特性;在365 nm紫外光的激发下,产生发光峰在611.8 nm附近、谱线带宽为10.4 nm的红光发射,发光亮度高,色纯度高;Eu_0.5Tb_0.5(TTA)₃Phen/PMMA具有良好的发光性能,其发光强度与MMA加入的含量有关。     

AlF3-YbF3∶Er3+上转换荧光粉的制备与表征

采用高温固相法制备了AlF₃-YbF₃∶Er3+上转换荧光粉,分析了Er3+掺杂浓度对其发光强度的影响。通过X-ray diffraction (XRD)对样品物相分析。利用荧光发射光谱研究了该荧光粉的上转换发光性能,进而提出其上转换能量传递机理,研究结果表明：在980 nm半导体激光器激发下,以AlF₃-YbF₃为基质,当Er3+的掺杂浓度为0.7 mol％时,该荧光粉的红光发射强度最强;通过上转换发光强度与泵浦电流关系曲线的拟合,表明AlF₃-YbF₃∶Er3+上转换荧光粉的红光上转换过程为双光子过程。     

采用瞬态电致发光研究磷光掺杂体系发光瞬时过冲的发射机理

掺杂型有机电致发光器件中载流子累积、载流子复合等物理过程的深入了解对提高器件效率和稳定性有重要作用。通过瞬态电致发光测量可以研究掺杂型有机电致发光器件内部载流子累积。对结构为: ITO/NPB(30 nm)/host: Ir(ppy)₃/BCP(10 nm)/Alq₃(20 nm)/LiF(0.7 nm)/Al(100 nm)的器件分别研究主体材料以及客体掺杂浓度变化对有机掺杂型器件瞬态发光行为的影响。实验发现,当单脉冲驱动电压关闭后,只有TAZ: Ir(ppy)₃掺杂器件出现发光瞬时过冲现象,即发光强度衰减到一定时间时突然增强;且随着客体掺杂浓度的增加,瞬时过冲强度逐渐增强。通过分析TAZ: Ir(ppy)₃掺杂器件的瞬时过冲强度对主体材料与掺杂浓度的依赖关系,进一步发现,瞬时过冲效应强度主要受限于发光层内部积累的电子载流子;TAZ: Ir(ppy)₃发光层内电子容易被客体材料分子俘获并积累,电场突变时陷阱电子容易跳跃到主体材料上并与主体材料上积累的空穴形成激子,激子能量传递到客体材料上并复合发光继而出现发光强度的瞬时过冲现象。研究发光瞬时过冲行为可探究器件发光层内的载流子和激子的动态行为,有利于指导器件的设计,从而减少积累电荷的影响,提高器件的性能。     

圆锥气泡声致发光光脉冲和光谱

对一种U形管圆锥气泡发光装置进行了改进，使其发光效果更好，利用光电倍增管和光谱仪 得到了水中空气圆锥气泡的发光脉冲和发光光谱图. 得到的发光脉冲在几百个ps和几个ns之 间不等；在近红外波长范围内观测到了水分子振动能级的特征谱，其连续谱发光强度随着波 长的增加而升高. 另外还得到了在水中加入NaCl溶液的气泡发光光谱图. 关键词： 声致发光 圆锥气泡 光脉冲 光谱     

输入电功率在大范围内变动时声致发光与电功率之间的关系

采用频率为１．１ＭＨｚ，声辐射面积为３ｃｍ＾２换能器，在输入电功率０－１２０Ｗ范围内研究了被空气自然饱和纯水中声致发光强度和输入电功率在大范围内变化时的关系，结果表明，声致发光在输入电功率为７０－９０Ｗ之间，不再随输入电功率的增加而增加，呈现出饱和现象，在饱和值的出现前，发光强度随输入电功率的增加呈不规则的阶状增加，在饱和值结束后，随输入电功率的增加，发光强度迅速减小，本文对实验结果进行了些定性的     

Influence of bulk nanobubble concentration on the intensity of sonoluminescence

The present study mainly examined the effects of the volumetric concentration of nanobubbles (ultrafine bubbles) on the intensity of sonoluminescence (SL). The addition of nanobubbles at high acoustic amplitude enhanced the SL intensity for various bubble concentrations in comparison with that in pure water. This probably means that the resulting high amplitude is over the Blake threshold, and accordingly nanobubbles expand to some extent, leading to higher SL intensity. Therefore, nanobubbles have the potential to provide nucleation sites for sonochemistry. The influence of bubble size on the intensity of SL was also evaluated.     

Frequency discrimination in the goldfish (Carassius auratus): effects of roving intensity, sensation level, and the direction of frequency change

The ability of goldfish to detect a change in the frequency of 400-Hz pure-tone bursts was studied using classical respiratory conditioning. The frequency discrimination threshold was measured at 15-, 35-, and 55-dB sensation level (SL), under conditions of (1) constant intensity, (2) roving intensity (plus and minus 6-dB burst-to-burst variation in intensity), (3) upward frequency change, and (4) downward frequency change. There was no overall effect of SL on frequency discrimination, but roving the intensity elevated thresholds by about 6 Hz (33%) and increased variability. Upward shifts in frequency elevated thresholds slightly (by 2 Hz or 10%) relative to downward shifts. These relatively small and statistically insignificant effects suggest that earlier measures of frequency discrimination in the goldfish are not due to the detection of simple changes in spike rate within individual peripheral channels.     

The application of flow to an ultrasonic horn system: Phenol degradation and sonoluminescence

Sonochemical (SC) processes can be increased with the application of fluid flow due to changes in bubble characteristics. In this work, a novel flow through set-up was applied to an ultrasonic horn system to investigate the effects of flow on the degradation of phenol. KI dosimetry and sonochemiluminescence (SCL) were also analysed, under the same conditions, to provide comparison of degradation to other SC processes. Further, sonoluminescence (SL) in water and different concentrations of potassium iodide (KI) and phenol solutions was studied to determine the effect of flow on processes inside the bubble that result in SL. The degradation of 0.1 mM phenol solutions, KI dosimetry and SL from phenol (0.1, 20 and 60 mM) and KI (0.1, 1 and 2 M) solutions were analysed under flow rates of 0, 24, 228 and 626 mL/min. For an ultrasonic horn system, all flow rates could augment phenol degradation beyond that of the systems without flow. At the lowest applied power, the amount of degradation was significantly increased with flow, becoming greater than degradation observed at the highest power. A strong correlation between phenol degradation and SC processes indicated that degradation followed an oxidative process. SL intensity from water, KI, and phenol solutions could also be increased with flow beyond the no flow system. For water this occurred most readily at higher powers, then for the solutes there was varied behaviour dependent upon the solute concentration. It was theorised that flow may increase the transfer of radical species to solution to enhance SC processes. An increase in SL, with flow, indicates that flow is acting to change the properties of the bubbles and/or the bubble field such that the active bubbles present collapse with greater total intensity.     

氯柱硼镁石在氯化镁水溶液中相转化平衡液相的红外光谱分析

采用差示FTIR光谱技术,研究了氯柱硼镁石在30℃下浓度为0.5,12和18％MgCl_2水溶液中溶解及相转化平衡饱和水溶液中硼氧配阴离子的FTIR光谱。给出了溶液中硼氧配阴离子的FTIR光谱振动频率的归属,515cm~(-1)为单和二硼氧配阴离子特征峰,630cm~(-1)为三硼氧配阴离子特征峰,550cm~(-1)为四硼氧配阴离子特征峰。对饱和水溶液中硼氧配阴离子的存在形式及其相互作用以及与相转化析出固相的关系进行了讨论。     

激光诱导水体中DOM的荧光猝灭特性分析

以355 nm激光为激发光源,在实验室中用激光诱导荧光(LIF)方法以不同浓度的腐殖酸为测量样品研究了水体中溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光猝灭特性。研究表明,随着腐殖酸浓度的增加,水拉曼散射强度逐渐减弱,当浓度为40 mg·L-1时,水拉曼散射信号几乎完全被DOM的荧光基态分子所吸收,而DOM的荧光强度随着浓度的增加,先是线性增加,当浓度为16 mg·L-1时,荧光强度达到最大,再继续增加腐殖酸浓度,荧光强度则缓慢降低。因此,通过对不同浓度下腐殖酸荧光猝灭特性的分析,可以更加有效的实现水体中DOM浓度的探测。     

Frequency and intensity discrimination in humans and monkeys

Frequency and intensity DLs were compared in humans and monkeys using a repeating standard "yes-no" procedure in which subjects reported frequency increments, frequency decrements, intensity increments, or intensity decrements in an ongoing train of 1.0-kHz tone bursts. There was only one experimental condition (intensity increments) in which monkey DLs (1.5-2.0 dB) overlapped those of humans (1.0-1.8 dB). For discrimination of both increments and decrements in frequency, monkey DLs (16-33 Hz) were approximately seven times larger than those of humans (2.4-4.8 Hz), and for discrimination of intensity decrements, monkey DLs (4.4-7.0 dB) were very unstable and larger than those of humans (1.0-1.8 dB). For intensity increment discrimination, humans and monkeys also exhibited similar DLs as SL was varied. However, for frequency increment discrimination, best DLs for humans occurred at a high (50 dB) SL, whereas best DLs for monkeys occurred at a moderate (30 dB) SL. Results are discussed in terms of various neural mechanisms that might be differentially engaged by humans and monkeys in performing these tasks; for example, different amounts of temporal versus rate coding in frequency discrimination, and different mechanisms for monitoring rate decreases in intensity discrimination. The implications of these data for using monkeys as models of human speech sound discrimination are also discussed.     

Difference thresholds for vibration of the foot: Dependence on frequency and magnitude of vibration

The smallest change in vibration intensity for the change to be perceptible (i.e. intensity difference threshold) has not previously been reported for vibration of the foot. This study investigated the influence of vibration magnitude and vibration frequency on intensity difference thresholds for the perception of vertical sinusoidal vibration of the foot. It was hypothesised that relative intensity difference thresholds (i.e. Weber fractions) for 16-Hz vibration mediated by the non-Pacinian I (NPI) channel would differ from relative intensity difference thresholds for 125-Hz vibration mediated by the Pacinian (P) channel. Absolute thresholds, difference thresholds, and the locations of vibration sensation caused by vertical vibration of the right foot were determined for 12 subjects using the up-down-transformed-response method together with the three-down-one-up rule. The difference thresholds and locations of sensation were obtained at six reference magnitudes (at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 dB above absolute threshold—i.e. sensation levels, SL). For 16-Hz vibration, the median relative difference thresholds were not significantly dependent on vibration magnitude and were in the range 0.19 (at 30 dB SL) to 0.27 (at 9 dB SL). For 125-Hz vibration, the median relative difference thresholds varied between 0.17 (at 9 dB SL) and 0.34 (at 30 dB SL), with difference thresholds from 6 to 12 dB SL significantly less than those from 18 to 30 dB SL. At vibration magnitudes slightly in excess of absolute thresholds (i.e. 6-12 dB SL) there were no significant differences between Weber fractions obtained from the P channel (at 125 Hz) and the NPI channel (at 16 Hz). At 24 and 30 dB SL, the 125-Hz Weber fractions were significantly greater than the 16-Hz Weber fractions. Differences in the 125-Hz Weber fractions may have been caused by a reduction in the discriminability of the P channel at high levels of excitation, resulting in one or more NP channel mediating the difference thresholds at magnitudes greater than 18 dB SL. At high magnitudes, a change of channel mediating the Weber fractions may have been responsible for different Weber fractions with 16- and 125-Hz vibration.     

Acoustic power dependences of sonoluminescence and bubble dynamics

The decreasing effect of sonoluminescence (SL) in water at high acoustic powers was investigated in relation to bubble dynamics and acoustic emission spectra. The intensity of SL was measured in the power range of 1–18 W at 83.8 kHz for open-end (free liquid surface and film-covered surface) and fixed-end boundaries of sound fields. The power dependence of the SL intensity showed a maximum and then decrease to zero for all the boundaries. Similar results were obtained for sonochemiluminescence in luminol solution. The power dependence of the SL intensity was strongly correlated with the bubble dynamics captured by high-speed photography at 64 k fps. In the low-power range where the SL intensity increases, bubble streamers were observed and the population of streaming bubbles increased with the power. At powers after SL maximum occurred, bubble clusters came into existence. Upon complete SL reduction, only bubble clusters were observed. The subharmonic in the acoustic emission spectra increased markedly in the region where bubble clusters were observed. Nonspherical oscillations of clustering bubbles may make a major contribution to the subharmonic.     

Experimental investigation on the ultrasonic impregnation of wood through measurements of the intensity of sonoluminescence

Ultrasonic impregnation is thought to be an effective way of permeation of liquid into material through the material-surface reforming with the attack by an ultrasonic cavitation jet or by the shock wave emitted from a collapsing bubble, or through dynamic transformation of material like a sponge. The action of a cavitation bubble can also provide penetration of liquid into the interior of the material. This paper investigates whether there is a correlation between the intensity of sonoluminescence (SL) measured at different positions and the increment in the mass of the wood material (cedar) after sonication with immersion into water in order to clarify the role of cavitation bubbles for ultrasonic impregnation. It was found that a high mass change was obtained for the material located at the position for high (the maximum) SL intensity. The number density of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles that are able to collapse leading to the emission of SL is correlated with the degree of ultrasonic impregnation.