大水泥岩样的电脉冲压裂实验研究

在20 kV/40 kJ的重复频率压裂系统实验平台上,对大水泥岩样进行了电脉冲水中放电压裂实验。为了模拟井下实际工况,实验时将放电电极装入带有射孔的绝缘套管。水中脉冲放电时岩样中产生定向冲击压力波,冲击波作用于岩层使其产生裂缝。实验结果表明,冲击波通过绝缘套管作用于岩样时有一定的能量损失,部分冲击波压力会施加于绝缘套管,绝缘套管在整个实验期间没有发生形变,电脉冲放电对套管损伤作用极小,重复压裂冲击波会通过射孔在岩样上形成一定规模的微裂缝。去掉绝缘套管后,裸电极作用于岩样造缝效果会更好,裂缝明显的呈现对称规则。     

双路大电流源模块水中放电实验研究

高压电脉冲压裂技术是基于液电效应,通过水中脉冲放电产生强大的冲击波使岩石产生裂缝,近年来成为了岩石压裂领域的热点研究对象。搭建了两路电流源模块应用于水中放电,采用铜材料的针针电极,电极间距1 mm;研究了在不同放电电压下,单路和两路电流源模块电极间的电压、电流波形。实验结果表明,空载时在同一放电电压下,双路模块产生更大的放电电流,从而在放电时获得更高的瞬时功率;而在水中针针放电时,单路和双路模块水间隙的预击穿时间与放电电压之间具有很大的随机性。单路模块预击穿时间的标准差最小为0.285 ms,最大为1.481 ms;而双路模块最小为0.369 ms,最大为0.703 ms。并且随着放电电压的增加,预击穿时间减小,双路模块的预击穿平均时间从放电电压为1300 V时的2.686 ms降到1800 V时的1.036 ms。     

强流束二极管绝缘子结构设计与实验研究

 介绍了一种应用于强流束二极管的径向绝缘结构,并对其在纳秒脉冲条件下的沿面闪络放电现象进行了研究。使用计算机模拟静电场的方法,对锥形结构绝缘子表面的电场分布进行了研究,优化了几何结构参数。在脉宽为40 ns,重复频率100 Hz的脉冲功率源上对绝缘子进行了实验研究。在历时18个月及100 000次脉冲实验后,发现绝缘子表面具有明显的树枝状放电现象,树枝状放电的根部碳化严重,绝缘子深度方向被完全击穿碳化,出现孔洞。基于固-液交界面闪络特性,对树枝状放电的可能原因进行了探讨。     

EASTװ�÷ŵ�Ԥ��ij����о�

用托卡马克模拟程序对实验前期的放电进行了模拟,获得了期望的等离子体演化过程及主要参数波形,如极向场线圈电流、等离子体电流、等离子体位置等。通过等离子体控制系统将模拟获取的参数波形用于实验,开展了等离子体R位置控制、完全程序场控制及RZIp控制下的放电模拟对实验的预测研究。模拟结果与实验吻合较好,表明放电模拟具有一定的可预测性,为今后EAST装置开展更深入的物理实验提供了一定的参考。     

EAST装置放电预测的初步研究

用托卡马克模拟程序对实验前期的放电进行了模拟,获得了期望的等离子体演化过程及主要参数波形,如极向场线圈电流、等离子体电流、等离子体位置等。通过等离子体控制系统将模拟获取的参数波形用于实验,开展了等离子体R位置控制、完全程序场控制及RZIp控制下的放电模拟对实验的预测研究。模拟结果与实验吻合较好,表明放电模拟具有一定的可预测性,为今后EAST装置开展更深入的物理实验提供了一定的参考。     

大气压下多脉冲均匀介质阻挡放电的研究

基于一维流体力学模型，数值计算研究了大气压下氦气中多脉冲均匀介质阻挡放电的形成原因和性质，分析讨论了所加电压频率、幅值及介质板性质等对多脉冲均匀放电的影响. 模拟结果显示，当放电间隙较小时，由于介质表面积累电荷增加，感应电场增强，在外加电压的每半个周期内，可以形成多个放电脉冲，这些脉冲相应于等时间间隔的分立击穿. 放电间隙越窄，半个周期内形成的脉冲数目越多. 所加电压频率和幅值的变化不仅影响脉冲的幅度，同时也使放电脉冲的数目发生变化，而介质层厚度及介电常数的变化对放电脉冲数目没有明显的影响. 关键词： 大气压均匀放电 介质阻挡放电 数值模拟 等离子体     

同轴枪正、负脉冲放电等离子体特性的对比

同轴枪脉冲放电产生的等离子体具有高速度、高密度的特点,在核聚变、空间推进、天体物理领域具有很高的应用价值.本文针对不同放电方式对等离子体特性的影响进行了理论实验研究,通过调换脉冲电源整流二极管的方向改变充电电流方向实现正、负脉冲放电,采用光学、电学、磁探针等诊断手段,研究了正、负脉冲放电产生的等离子体性能;通过高速相机观察到正脉冲等离子体的分团现象,使用了图像处理技术,量化对比了等离子体发光强度.结果表明在相同工作气压和放电电压下,负脉冲等离子体拥有更高的密度,流速稍小但性能趋稳;而正脉冲等离子体具有更高的射流速度,也易产生明显的分团现象,所得实验结果与理论分析相一致.     

基于Kriging模型的水中放电沉积能量优化分析

水中脉冲放电过程较为复杂,放电参数与放电沉积能量之间没有明确的函数关系。为了获得最佳沉积能量,明晰不同放电参数相互作用对沉积能量的影响,获得最佳放电参数组合,本文搭建了水中高压脉冲放电实验平台,结合Kriging代理模型探究了电压、电极间距和电导率三种放电参数对水中放电沉积能量的影响;利用遗传算法进行全局寻优,确定了最佳放电参数组合。研究结果表明：通过交叉验证评估该模型的均方根误差为6.95%,满足精度要求;外加电压一定时,在电极间距和电导率的协同作用下,沉积能量的变化呈现多峰值特性;在电压、电极间距和电导率分别为17 kV、2.28 mm和0.8 mS/cm的条件下产生的沉积能量最大,为最佳参数组合;通过实验验证了在最佳点的预测值和实际值相对偏差在8%以内。     

常压He气和N$lt;sub$gt;2$lt;/sub$gt;气均匀介质阻挡放电的伏安特性

对带有多电流峰的常压He气均匀介质阻挡放电与常压N₂气均匀介质阻挡放电的伏安特性进行了实验分析. 分析结果表明：实验结果与模拟结果相符. 在带有多电流峰的常压He均匀介质阻挡放电中,辉光放电模式和汤森放电模式可以共存于一个多电流放电序列内. 此外,在放电电流增长阶段,可以根据常压均匀介质阻挡放电的伏安特性曲线的微分电导来判断均匀介质阻挡放电的放电模式. 在放电电流增长阶段,如果电流脉冲的伏安特性曲线呈现负微分电导,则电流脉冲为辉光放电模式;如果呈现正微分电导,则为汤森放电模式. 由此可以判断,常压N₂气均匀介质阻挡放电为汤森放电模式. 关键词： 伏安特性 辉光放电模式 汤森放电模式 常压均匀介质阻挡放电     

充气型放电毛细管的密度测量及磁流体模拟

在激光尾波场电子加速机理中,为了有效地加速电子,需要抑制衍射散焦等造成的激光传输不稳定性问题. 激光脉冲的稳定传输不仅有利于能量耦合给等离子体波,而且对电子束的注入及稳定加速有着重要影响,具有一定横向密度分布的充气型放电毛细管可以有效引导激光脉冲的传输. 利用等离子体的Stark展宽效应对毛细管产生的等离子体进行密度测量,给出了等离子体密度与充气压强之间的关系. 利用磁流体程序CRMHA对毛细管的放电特性进行了模拟,研究了毛细管引导效应的形成机理. 关键词： 充气型放电毛细管 Stark展宽 磁流体模拟 引导     

利用显微红外光谱技术表征非均质油气储层裂缝特征——以任丘潜山蓟县系雾迷山组碳酸盐岩储层为例

油气储层裂缝既是重要的储油空间,又是油气运移的主要通道,因此,裂缝表征非常重要。然而储层岩石具有强烈的非均质性,如何精确表征非均质储层裂缝是需要亟待解决的问题。利用显微红外光谱技术可以对矿物分子的光谱曲线进行分析,得到不同的峰值特征,精确获得岩石介质成分、裂缝的大小、裂缝充填物特性等。以任丘潜山型碳酸盐岩非均质储层为例,基于显微红外光谱技术,通过分析岩心光片显微红外成像光谱图和不同特征区域的光谱曲线,获得了目标样品岩石介质的物化特性和空间分布特征,预测了裂缝可能发育的区域, 并分析了裂缝的有效性。结果表明,岩心样品主要介质为白云岩;储层裂缝中含有烃类有机物和盐水包裹体,它们主要赋存于白云岩介质中;裂缝充填物中盐水包裹体所占比例为51.7%,烷烃有机物所占比例为26.0%,裂缝发育从岩心样品左上方区域延伸至右下方区域,表明该延伸区域可能是流体运移的通道;盐水包裹体会阻碍油气的运移,导致裂缝的渗透率降低;实验测得岩石裂缝宽度为1~1.5 mm,属于大裂缝,油气可以顺利通过,因此,裂缝的有效性好。研究表明利用显微红外光谱成像技术表征非均质储层裂缝特征是切实可行的,为非均质油气储层精确表征提供了一种新方法。     

Experimental determination of the fracture time of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene behind the shock wave excited by a high-current pulsed electron beam

The time ranges of the fracture of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene during the action of a shock wave generated by a high-current pulsed electron beam are experimentally determined using laser probing in combination with electron-optical chronography. It is shown that fractures occur during unloading of a material, i.e., after the passage of the shock wave. Although the characters of fracture of these polymers near the surface irradiated by electron beam are different, the fracture wave velocities in them are found to be close.     

Inductive ultraviolet nitrogen laser

A pulsed inductive nitrogen laser with a wavelength of 337.1 nm and a pulse power of 200 kW has been created. The excitation system of a cylindrical pulsed inductive discharge in nitrogen has been described. The spectral, energy, and temporal parameters of laser radiation have been investigated. Pulses with an energy of 2.4 mJ and a duration of 12 ± 1 ns have been generated. Laser radiation has the ring shape with an external diameter of 33 mm and a thickness of 1–1.5 mm. The divergence of radiation is 0.3 mrad.     

A simple model of a glow discharge electron beam for materialsprocessing

A simple semiempirical model of the electron beam generated by a pulsed cold cathode electron gun has been developed. The model describes analytically the observed self-focusing of the discharge and predicts the dynamical variation of the focal distance, in good agreement with experiments. This effect plays a major role in the determination of the effective duration of the energy pulse. The model was used to conduct simple calculations of energy thresholds for melting of solid materials, giving helpful insight on ranges of operation of this kind of electron gun for its application to material processing. A comparison with available experimental data for Mg₇₀Zn₃₀ samples is given     

Characterization of pulsed laser generated plasma through its perturbation in an electric field

The perturbation produced by pulsed laser generated discharge in an electric field is studied as a tool for breakdown characterization. A focused high-power pulsed laser induces a discharge in air or in a solid target, that is placed between the plates of a planar charged capacitor. The induced discharge generates a temporal redistribution of the electrical charges on the plates that can be easily measured by a resistor connected to the ground plate. This signal depends on the energy used to generate the breakdown, the capacitor applied voltage, and the distance between the plates. In this work, we show that this signal can be readily used to optimize the relevant parameters involved in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in gases and in solid targets.     

Pulsed intense electron beams generated in transient hollow cathodedischarges: fundamentals and applications

For the commercial application of pulsed power, material processing with intense pulsed particle beams is a very interesting subject. Recently, high-voltage (1-70 kV), low-pressure (1-100 Pa) transient hollow-cathode discharges turned out to be sources for pulsed intense electron beam generation suitable for this application. The remarkable parameters of these electron beams-beam currents of 50-1000 A (10-30% of the maximum discharge current) with a high energy component (mean energy of about 0.25-0.75 of maximum applied voltage) of 20-70% of the maximum beam current, power density up to 10 W/cm², beam diameters of 0.1-3 mm, beam charge efficiency of 3-5%-captured the attention not only of the scientific community in the last decade. The electron beam is emitted during the early phases of the discharge, and only weak dependence of the high energetic peak of the beam current was found on the external capacity, which determine the development of the later high-current phases. However, the beam parameters depend on the breakdown voltage, gas pressure, and discharge geometry (including self-capacity). In this paper, the characteristics of the pulsed intense electron beams generated in two configurations-multigap pseudosparks and preionization-controlled open-ended hollow-cathode transient discharges (PCOHC)-are described. Such electron beams already were used successfully in a variety of pulsed power applications in material processing, deposition of superconducting (YBaCuO) and diamond-like thin films, microlithography, electron sources for accelerators, and intense point-like X-ray sources, and some preliminary experiments revealed new potential applications such as pumping of short-wavelength laser active media. These pulsed electron beams could be used further in any kind of pulsed power applications that require high-power density, small or high electron energy, and small-beam diameters     

三轴应力下花岗岩加载破坏的能量演化和损伤特征

为揭示不同围压下硬岩在破坏过程中的力学性质和能量演化规律,基于RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统对花岗岩试样进行不同围压条件下常规三轴压缩试验。研究结果表明:岩样的峰值应力和围压具有较强的线性关系,利用Mohr-Coulomb强度准则求出花岗岩的黏聚力为23.548 MPa,内摩擦角为57.629°。围压对花岗岩加载破坏过程中能量演化的影响显著,岩石的峰值能量、弹性应变能以及耗散能都随着围压的增大而增大,且两者呈线性增加关系。根据岩石的线性储能规律,提出了确定岩石应力阈值的方法。围压越大,起裂应力和扩容应力越大,且岩样起裂点处与扩容点处的能量也越大;当围压较低时,岩石破坏前储存的能量较少,破坏时能量释放速率低,岩样表现为典型低劈裂破坏;在高围压情况下,能量快速释放,岩样表现为剪切破坏。基于能量演化规律,提出了岩石损伤演化模型,得到了花岗岩的损伤变量D在不同围压下加载破坏过程中的演化规律。     

Low intensity pulsed ultrasound for fracture healing: a review of the clinical evidence and the associated biological mechanism of action

Low intensity pulsed ultrasound is used in the clinical treatment of fractures and other osseous defects. Level I clinical studies demonstrate the ability of a specific ultrasound signal (1.5 MHz ultrasound pulsed at 1 kHz, 20% duty cycle, 30 mW/cm² intensity (SATA)) to accelerate the healing time in fresh tibia, radius and scaphoid fractures by up to 40%. Additionally, the same ultrasound signal has been shown to be effective at resolving all types of nonunions of all ages, following a wide range of fracture types and primary fracture management techniques.Recently, significant efforts have resulted in a more comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanism of action that produces the documented clinical outcomes. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound has been demonstrated to accelerate in vivo all stages of the fracture repair process (inflammation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation). In particular, accelerated mineralisation has been demonstrated in vitro with increases in osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, VEGF and MMP-13 expression. Integrins, a family of mechanoreceptors present on a wide range of cells involved in the fracture healing process, have been shown to be activated by the ultrasound signal. Downstream of the integrin activation, focal adhesions occur on the surface of cells with the activation of multiple signalling pathways, including the ERK, NF-κβ, and PI3 kinase pathways. These pathways have been directly linked to the production of COX-2 and prostaglandin, which are key to the processes of mineralisation and endochondral ossification in fracture healing.     

Modeling of pulsed spark discharge in water and its application to well cleaning

This paper presents a simulation model for the generation of strong pressure wave by means of pulsed spark discharge in water and its application to well cleaning. In the simulation model, one-dimensional time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic equations are coupled to a capacitive discharge circuit equation. A cylindrical conducting spark channel formed by electrical breakdown of water gap between a pair of electrodes is treated as a load of which resistance and inductance are allowed to change with time. For describing the spark channel properties accurately, precise calculations on thermodynamic properties and electrical conductivity are included in the simulation model. The simulation results show an excellent agreement with the experimentally measured shock pressure as well as the current and voltage waveforms. The simulation reveals that Joule heating of the spark channel during the very early phase of electrical discharge plays a key role in the formation of shock wave in water. The voltage on a capacitor at breakdown, the circuit inductance, and the resistance of the spark channel are found to be the most important parameters for the shock wave formation. With this technique, a pilot test for the cleaning of a clogged well has been performed in a water well which was constructed as a test-bed for riverbank filtration near the Anseong-cheon (river) in Korea. Well treatments have been carried out with an electrical energy of 510 J stored on a pulsed power system, at which the maximum shock pressure is measured to be around 7 MPa at the position of the well screen, i.e. 0.1 m away from the spark gap. A slug test shows 2.9 times improvement in the hydraulic conductivity of the well, which, combined with a visual inspection inside the well using an underwater camera, clearly demonstrates that the strong pressure wave generated by underwater spark discharge can effectively remove almost all incrustations formed in the well screen and thus improve well performance. Operating parameters for controlling the strength of shock pressure are discussed using the simulation model for extensive applications of the present technique to various types of water wells.