高超声速飞行器气体辐射噪声计算方法

高超声速飞行器周围的激波层内高温气体会发生剧烈的物理化学变化,伴随强烈的光辐射过程,直接影响红外导引头的光学成像效果。采用流体力学Navier-Stokes方程和热化学非平衡模型模拟高温非平衡流动,考虑电子跃迁和振转跃迁以窄带法求解气体辐射特性参数,基于有限体积法离散辐射传输方程,在分别验证流场解算、辐射参数求解和辐射传输计算的基础上,进行了飞行器高速飞行的流动和辐射模拟。数值求解得到了飞行器流场特征和粒子数空间分布。计算的选定波长范围内的气体辐射发射系数空间分布显示其与激波形状和波后气体温度分布相似。通过传输得到的飞行器光学窗口视线路径上的气体辐射噪声成轴对称分布,发现辐射噪声和飞行速度、气体成分等密切相关,马赫数增加时气体辐射噪声显著增强。     

高超声速飞行器前缘流固耦合计算方法研究

对高超声速流场和结构温度场进行了耦合计算分析, 同时基于准静态假设对结构应力进行了分析. 流场部分采用基于非定常Navier-Stokes (N-S)方程的有限体积法, 湍流模型采用SST k-ω 模型, 固体部分采用基于非稳态热传导方程的有限元法, 同时基于准静态假设对固体结构的应力应变进行了分析. 在流固交界面处, 高速流体从固体结构得到温度边界条件, 固体结构从高速流体得到热流边界条件, 从而实现了流场和固体温度场的紧耦合计算.通过与超声速无限长圆管绕流试验结果进行对比, 验证了该方法的可靠性. 同时对二维圆管结构在气动加热过程中的温度、应力等的变化进行了比较详细的分析. 研究结果表明: 随着气动加热时间的推进, 由于圆管结构的高温区在不断扩大, 导致了结构的热变形在不断地增大; 圆管最小变形区出现在θ为60°处; 同时研究发现在计算时间内圆管热变形对外部流场的影响可以忽略不计.     

高超声速飞行器气动热环境的化学非平衡效应数值研究（英文）

针对高超声速飞行器气动热环境的化学非平衡效应进行数值模拟.首先以二维圆柱钝体为模型,采用三种气体模型比较和分析化学非平衡效应对气动特性和气动加热特性的影响;接着以三维球头钝体为模型,进一步分析化学非平衡效应及壁面催化特性对气动加热特性的影响.分析表明,化学非平衡效应对压力分布的影响不大;但它能显著缩短激波脱体距离,更重要的是,能大幅降低波后温度,对飞行器气动热环境产生深远影响.另外,壁面催化特性对传热也有较大的影响,对壁面材料催化进程的有效控制可以大幅降低壁面传热.     

高超声速流场成像质量特性及校正方法

光学成像制导飞行器在大气层中以高超声速飞行时，其成像窗口附近强压缩流场的气动光学效应会导致成像过程出现抖动、偏移和模糊，影响制导精度.为研究该问题，搭建了基于高超声速（Ma = 6.0）炮风洞的气动光学地面模拟平台.利用高速摄像机获取了多种喷流压比状态下光学头罩成像图片，研究了成像特性.基于背景纹影技术（background oriented schlieren，BOS）直接获取气动光学畸变的点扩散函数信息，结合Wiener滤波方法对地面模拟平台获取的成像畸变结果进行了校正，并结合灰度分布、峰值信噪比（peak signal-to-noise ratio，PSNR）和结构相似度（structural similarity，SSIM）对校正结果进行了定性和定量评价.成像结果表明，头罩无冷却喷流时成像质量最好，在压力匹配附近头罩成像质量相对于欠压喷流和过压喷流成像质量较好.图像校正结果表明，风洞运行过程中采集的时间序列图像在校正之后所对应的灰度分布情况、PSNR和SSIM都得到提高.      

高超声速飞行目标尾焰红外辐射测量

为了研究超高声速飞行器发动机尾焰喷射高温高速气流的辐射特性,对尾焰成分CO₂及H₂O分子在4.3和2.7 μm大气窗口红外辐射波段进行了测量.利用高温燃气激波风洞模拟产生超高声速飞行器尾焰喷流,喷流速度M=5.5.实验中选用单元型InSb红外探测器,并利用黑体进行原位定标.测量距离为0.7 m,采用单透镜成像加光阑的方法收集光信号.实验中分别沿喷流方向喷流垂直方向进行了多点测量,通过定标结果反演得到尾焰在4.3和2.7 μm分别沿喷流方向和喷流垂直方向的光谱辐亮度和波段辐亮度分布,测量结果表明4.3 μm辐射强度及稳定性均高于2.7 μm.      

气动加热对高超声速飞行器激光毁伤效应影响

通过采用工程计算方法求解高超声速飞行器碳-碳复合材料分别在气动热、激光单独作用以及气动热/激光耦合作用下的热化学烧蚀。计算分析表明:激光单独作用下,碳-碳复合材料的烧蚀速率较小;随激光能量的增加,碳-碳复合材料的烧蚀速率增加;气动加热条件下激光对高超声速飞行器碳-碳复合材料的烧蚀毁伤效应会明显增强;沿弹道的气动加热累积效应对碳-碳复合材料气动热/激光耦合烧蚀作用不明显。     

气动加热对高超声速飞行器激光毁伤效应影响

通过采用工程计算方法求解高超声速飞行器碳-碳复合材料分别在气动热、激光单独作用以及气动热/激光耦合作用下的热化学烧蚀。计算分析表明：激光单独作用下,碳-碳复合材料的烧蚀速率较小;随激光能量的增加,碳-碳复合材料的烧蚀速率增加;气动加热条件下激光对高超声速飞行器碳-碳复合材料的烧蚀毁伤效应会明显增强;沿弹道的气动加热累积效应对碳-碳复合材料气动热/激光耦合烧蚀作用不明显。     

组合式高超声速飞行器布局设计与优化分析

针对高超声速飞行器气动布局设计难点,文章提出了基于多个基准流场的多部件组合设计方法.以锥导乘波体为基准,采用分段接序、多片组合的高超声速可调参数的气动布局设计,将飞行器分解为前体、机翼和中心体设计.前体和机翼以乘波体为设计思路,中心体构型根据装载需求设计,从而达到飞行器在边缘能够满足压力封闭,有效容积集中在中心体附近的总体布局思路,使得飞行器各部件功能清晰化.最终实现具有"乘波特性"的高超声速巡航飞行器参数可调的布局设计.文中对比了组合布局与传统乘波体的差异,在前体不变的情况下,研究了中心体长度、长宽比和长厚比对飞行器气动性能的影响.采用自由变形技术（free-form deformation,FFD）实现了高超声速飞行器的参数化和优化设计流程.结果表明组合布局具有更高的容积效率,可实现多参数化调节,具有良好的乘波特性,可为未来提高高超声速飞行器升阻比和满足应用要求提供方案参考.      

高超声速再入试验的辐射光谱定量测量

利用膨胀管对宽度为45 mm和90 mm的半圆柱模型进行了地球再入高超声速流动试验,再入速度为8 km/s。试验利用配有ICCD相机的光谱仪,测量了具有空间分辨的激波后辐射光谱,光谱范围为250~550 nm,得到了沿流体方向的激波辐射轮廓线。分析发现在该光谱范围内辐射主要为CN(B-X)带系分子光谱。利用卤钨灯对该波段光谱进行定标,得到了激波层辐射的绝对辐射亮度。通过采用两种模型辐射亮度对模型宽度归一化后发现,绕流场高温气体辐射存在较强的自吸收现象,同时观测到了绕流场激波的三维效应。通过实验发现,CN(B-X)Δv=0带系的3-3振动带系385.2 nm波长位置和0-0带系388.4 nm波长位置辐亮度之比随着流场靠近模型边缘而逐渐下降,这表明激波层内辐射的动态非平衡特征。     

临近空间高超声速飞行器气动力及气动热研究现状

临近空间高超声速飞行器具有速度快、突防能力强、杀伤力大等特点,是当今世界各军事强国新型武器的重点发展方向.其中,气动力和气动热是高超声速飞行器的两项重要指标,也是高超声速技术研究的重点内容.文章综述了国内外临近空间高超声速飞行器气动力及气动热研究现状,分析了研究的发展趋势,并分别从工程计算、数值仿真以及实验研究3个方面介绍了高超声速飞行器气动力及气动热的研究技术和方法.      

高速飞行器磁控阻力特性

采用低磁雷诺数磁流体数学模型,对外加磁场下的高超声速半球体流场进行数值模拟.选取三种简单理想磁场(轴向、径向、周向均布磁场),分析了不同磁场类型对流场结构、气动阻力与洛伦兹阻力的影响及作用机理.研究发现,轴向磁场径向"挤压"效应使得激波外形凸出,且壁面静压存在"饱和现象";径向磁场存在轴向"外推"效应,较大的磁场强度会导致肩部形成高温区;周向磁场下感应电场的存在导致增阻效果很差.进而对比了两种相同驻点磁感应强度特殊分布磁场(偶极子磁场、螺线管磁场)下的流场,发现了不同于理想磁场的径向"扩张"效应.按增阻效果从大到小依次为径向磁场、螺线管磁场、轴向磁场、偶极子磁场、周向磁场.     

高超声速飞行器磁控热防护系统建模分析

针对高超声速飞行器防热, 搭建了螺线管磁控热防护系统的物理模型. 采用低磁雷诺数磁流体数学模型, 分析了外加磁场强度及磁场形态对磁控热防护效果的影响. 对比了三种磁场类型(磁偶极子、螺线管、均布磁场)下磁控热防护效果的差异, 分析了螺线管几何参数对磁控热防护效果的影响. 研究表明, 磁场降低表面热流作用存在“饱和现象”; 三种磁场形态的磁控热防护能力从小到大依次为磁偶极子、螺线管、均布磁场; 相同驻点磁感应强度条件下, 增大螺线管半径有利于提高磁控热防护效果, 缩短螺线管与驻点距离不利于驻点和肩部防热, 螺线管长度对磁控热防护效果影响相对较小.     

Direct numerical simulation methods of hypersonic flat-plate boundary layer in thermally perfect gas

High-temperature effects alter the physical and transport properties of air such as vibrational excitation in a thermally perfect gas,and this factor should be considered in order to compute the flow field correctly.Herein,for the thermally perfect gas,a simple method of direct numerical simulation on flat-plat boundary layer is put forward,using the equivalent specific heat ratio instead of constant specific heat ratio in the N-S equations and flux splitting form of a calorically perfect gas.The results calculated by the new method are consistent with that by solving the N-S equations of a thermally perfect gas directly.The mean flow has the similarity,and consistent to the corresponding Blasius solution,which confirms that satisfactory results can be obtained basing on the Blasius solution as the mean flow directly in stability analysis.The amplitude growth curve of small disturbance is introduced at the inlet by using direct numerical simulation,which is consistent with that obtained by linear stability theory.It verified that the equation established and the simulation method is correct.     

Numerical investigation of thermal protection of hypersonic flying vehicles

The problem of spatial flow around a hypersonic flying vehicle is considered for trajectories with different attack angles for flight through air with chemical equilibrium. The conjugate problem statement gives solutions for gas state in the boundary layer, thermal regime of streamlined body (made of different composites), and the rate of mass loss for heat protecting material. Physical processes in the condensed phase of carbon-containing coatings have complex nature: processes of heating, pyrolysis, heterogeneous oxidation, and sublimation. These processes result in protective material destruction. It was shown that using different materials for passive protection can be beneficial in reduction of the surface temperature, characteristics of thermochemical degradation, and this allows a control over heat and mass transfer for a flying body.     

Computational methods for electron tomography

Electron tomography (ET) has emerged as a powerful technique to address fundamental questions in molecular and cellular biology. It makes possible visualization of the molecular architecture of complex viruses, organelles and cells at a resolution of a few nanometres. In the last decade ET has allowed major breakthroughs that have provided exciting insights into a wide range of biological processes. In ET the biological sample is imaged with an electron microscope, and a series of images is taken from the sample at different views. Prior to imaging, the sample has to be specially prepared to withstand the conditions within the microscope. Subsequently, those images are processed and combined to yield the three-dimensional reconstruction or tomogram. Afterwards, a number of computational steps are necessary to facilitate the interpretation of the tomogram, such as noise reduction, segmentation and analysis of subvolumes. As the computational demands are huge in some of the stages, high performance computing (HPC) techniques are used to make the problem affordable in reasonable time. This article intends to comprehensively review the methods, technologies and tools involved in the different computational stages behind structural studies by ET, from image acquisition to interpretation of tomograms. The HPC techniques usually employed to cope with the computational demands are also briefly described.     

Prediction of noise inside tracked vehicles

In this paper, numerical simulation has been used to predict the noise inside tracked vehicles. To determine the interaction forces between running track system and the chassis hull of a tracked vehicle, a rigid multi-body tracked vehicle mode, which includes the track moving system, was constructed and simulated using ADAMS software. Finite element (FE) and boundary element (BE) models of the chassis hull of a tracked vehicle were created and adopted to perform the vibro-acoustic analysis. Correlation between the FE and BE models and physical measurements proved sufficiently good that the models could be used to predict the interior noise in a tracked vehicle. The structural frequency dynamic response was determined using the software MSC/NASTRAN. The interior noise was predicted using the software SYSNOISE. The predicted noise levels in a tracked vehicle have been found to be in good agreement with physical measurements.     

Experimental study of different control methods for hypersonic air inlets

An experimental study of different control methods for hypersonic air inlets aimed at ensuring reliable starting of these apparatuses and improving their operating characteristics in the range of Mach numbers 2 to 8 is reported. Conditions for boundary-layer separation and possibilities for preventing this separation by using modified diffuser configurations and/or perforation bleedage are examined. An air-inlet model was tested for operation in an intermittent wind tunnel and in a blow-down wind tunnel respectively in the Mach-number ranges 2 to 6 and 5 to 8. Distributions of static and total air pressures on the walls of the model and in several cross sections were measured, together with air flow coefficients and total-pressure recovery coefficients. Perforation bleedage is shown to offer an efficient means to facilitate air-inlet starting. Perforation bleed has enabled a more than two-fold increase in the air flow coefficient on the model with sidewalls. A perforation-bleed panel installed closer to the air-inlet throat proved to be more efficient. The possibility of sudden starting of the air-inlet apparatus was checked in the intermittent wind tunnel; it was shown that, here, sudden starting could be realized. The data obtained in the intermittent wind tunnel proved to be consistent with data obtained in the blow-down wind tunnel with up to 150-ms blowdown time. This work was supported by the International Scientific and Engineering Center (Contract No. 887) and by MBDA, France.