真空中铝单丝电爆炸的实验研究

开展了铝单丝在负极性电流脉冲作用下电爆炸特性的研究.利用皮秒激光探针,搭建了阴影、纹影和干涉的光学诊断平台,得到了不镀膜铝丝典型的能量沉积过程,在电压崩溃时刻其沉积能量为2.4 eV/atom.为了增加金属丝内的沉积能量,开展了相同电参数及金属丝尺寸下的镀膜铝丝电爆炸实验,其沉积能量可达到5 eV/atom,实现了在电压崩溃之前铝丝完全气化(完全气化所需能量为4 eV/atom).阴影图像展示了高密度丝核区域的膨胀过程,不镀膜铝丝平均膨胀速度为2.2 km/s,而镀膜铝丝因为沉积能量大,其膨胀速度约为不镀膜铝丝的2.3倍,高密度区域膨胀速度为5 km/s.由于阴影不能反映低密度等离子体的膨胀,开展了平行双丝实验,通过测量自发光辐射,估算了低密度等离子体的膨胀速度.利用条纹相机拍摄了不镀膜铝丝电爆炸过程中自发光区域的图像.纹影图像清晰地展示了不镀膜铝丝在电爆炸过程中形成的核冕结构,而镀膜铝丝电爆炸过程中核冕结构得到了一定程度的抑制.从干涉图像计算了相移,在轴对称假设下对相移进行阿贝尔逆变换,重构了三维的铝原子数密度分布.     

真空及空气中金属丝电爆炸特性研究

开展了铝丝在真空和空气环境中的电爆炸特性研究.从金属丝电爆炸的电压、电流波形得到了金属丝内的沉积能量,并基于以上电参数特征分析了电爆炸产物的状态,获得了空气中铝丝电爆炸电流暂停时间随初级储能电容充电电压的变化规律.真空和空气中铝丝电爆炸在电压击穿时刻的沉积能量分别为2.8和6 eV/atom.采用波长为532 nm、亚纳秒激光探针对金属丝电爆炸物理过程开展了高时空分辨率的阴影和纹影诊断.阴影图像清晰地展示了不同气氛环境中高密度电爆炸产物的膨胀过程,根据光学诊断图像分析了高密度丝核沉积能量的结构和空气中铝丝电爆炸产生的激波的膨胀轨迹.真空和空气环境中高密度电爆炸产物的平均膨胀速度分别为1.9和3 km/s.基于实验数据和输运参数模型,估算了金属丝在电压击穿时刻的温度.     

电爆炸法制备Fe3O4纳米颗粒及其物相研究

搭建了电爆炸金属丝实验平台,在空气中电爆炸铁丝来制备纳米金属颗粒。利用电阻分压器与Rogowski线圈来测量电爆炸过程中铁丝上的负载电压与电流。将负载电压与电流之积进行时间积分来估算沉积在铁丝上的能量。使用光电探测器对电爆炸过程中产生的等离子体发光信号进行探测。对铁丝电爆炸后形成的产物使用高倍显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、能谱分析仪（EDS）以及X射线衍射仪（XRD）进行观测,来研究其物相特性。实验结果表明:电爆炸过程中,当铁丝由液相变为气相时,其电阻急剧增加,因此电流几乎不能流过铁丝,同时铁丝上的负载电压会趋近于电容器的初始充电电压。随着能量的持续积累,等离子体在爆炸腔中形成。由于原本被阻断的电流能够从低电阻等离子体中流过,因此电压电流波形变为欠阻尼波形。电爆炸铁丝所得的产物为Fe3O4纳米颗粒,其中大部分呈规则的球形。Fe3O4纳米颗粒的粒径主要分布在30~60 nm之间,并且符合对数正态分布。     

空气中单丝和丝阵电爆炸特性的比较

本文开展了500 J储能下、大气空气介质中微秒脉冲电流源驱动平面型铜丝阵负载电爆炸放电特性研究,并与铜单丝电爆炸进行了比较.实验中保持铜电极间距2 cm不变,选择2-16根直径100μm的铜丝组成平面型铜丝阵,同时选择直径50-400μm的单根铜丝作为对照,对电爆炸过程中负载电压、回路电流与光辐射强度进行测量,计算得到电功率、沉积能量等参数,研究质量变化对铜导体电爆炸过程的影响规律;特别地,对于相同质量下单丝与丝阵负载情况进行比较.实验结果表明,随着质量增加,单丝电爆炸气化与电离过程变缓,宏观表现为电压峰值时刻延后、半高宽增大(约0.07μs增至约0.64μs);与之不同,虽然丝阵电爆炸时刻随质量增加延后,但气化与电离持续时间变化不明显,电压峰半高宽稳定在0.11±0.01μs,且击穿发生前丝阵负载沉积能量低于同质量单丝负载.光辐射强度方面,丝阵电爆炸光辐射强度比三次同质量下单丝电爆炸分别强约28%,49%和52%.造成单丝与丝阵电爆炸过程差异的原因可能有两个方面:一是比表面积的差异使得细丝的相变过程更加迅速,表现为相同质量下细丝丝阵比粗单丝爆炸过程快;二是电热/磁流体不稳定性在丝阵与单丝中发展程度不同,表现为光强-时间曲线的差异.     

等离子体断路开关装置上的多丝Z箍缩初步实验

 开展了基于等离子体断路开关的脉冲功率源驱动多丝Z箍缩负载初步实验,实验中采用了2根或4根钨丝组成的环形阵列,其中钨丝的直径分别为7 mm和20 mm。利用高速扫描摄影获取钨丝电爆炸和箍缩过程中等离子体自发光的物理图像。实验结果表明：导通电流为105 kA的等离子体断路开关将67%~78%的电流转换至金属丝阵负载上,负载电流上升沿为84~110 ns。高速扫描相机观察到了钨丝电爆炸形成晕等离子体及其向轴线箍缩和后期向外膨胀的物理过程。     

箍缩背光照相

 利用PPG-Ⅰ脉冲功率装置（500 kV,400 kA,100 ns）驱动X箍缩负载,得到了μm量级的亚纳秒脉冲X射线辐射点源。在阴阳极轴线和回流柱上同时安装X箍缩负载,前者可作为背光照相的X射线点源;后者可作为被拍照的目标X箍缩。获得了X箍缩发展过程不同时刻的时间序列图像,在背光照相的图像中可以清晰观察到X箍缩交叉点处等离子体的外爆、箍缩以及最终的崩溃阶段。将阴阳极轴线上的X箍缩负载用Z箍缩丝阵负载代替,实现了对丝阵负载Z箍缩放电起始阶段的X射线背光照相,观察到了最初的各单丝电爆炸、等离子体膨胀及融合过程,同时观察到了双丝Z箍缩发展过程中的等离子体不稳定性。实验结果有助于深入理解Z箍缩发展的物理过程,同时可为有效的模拟建模分析提供基本的实验数据。     

铜镍合金丝电爆炸放电特性与时空演化行为

脉冲电流驱动金属丝电爆炸可产生具有较高能量密度的等离子体,并伴随脉冲电磁辐射、强冲击波等效应,广泛应用于Z箍缩、电热化学武器、油气助采等领域;与纯金属相比,合金具备电阻率高、成分可调、相变复杂等特点,在电爆炸效应参数的调控方面具有很大潜力。开展了大气空气介质中铜、镍、铜镍（康铜）丝在微秒时间尺度电脉冲作用下电爆炸实验研究,通过放电参数与自辐射图像诊断,获取电爆炸过程放电参数与时空演变的特性规律,得到脉冲电流作用下合金电爆炸在相变与等离子体方面的特征。实验发现,在电爆炸早期,铜镍合金的高电阻率能够提高能量沉积效率:铜52%、镍74%、铜镍合金78%;而相爆开始后,合金丝负载则更接近纯镍丝负载性能。等离子体通道早期膨胀速率在5 mm/μs量级,随后迅速衰减;合金丝等离子体膨胀时间更久,击穿后平均电阻率上升缓慢,且等离子体辐射与金属爆炸产物在空间尺度上存在关联性。特别地,铜镍合金气溶胶分层同时具有横向和纵向特征（特征尺度10?1 mm）,但整体较铜气溶胶更为均匀。     

并联金属丝提高电爆炸丝沉积能量的数值模拟

对于低气压或真空环境中的电爆炸丝,因丝沿面击穿会过早终止能量沉积过程,使丝中沉积能量(Ed)大大低于金属丝完全汽化时所需能量(Es).本文提出并联金属丝法延缓沿面击穿时刻以提高电爆炸丝沉积能量.对电流上升时间为几十纳秒、幅值约为1 kA级作用下的金属丝电爆炸过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明,在电爆炸丝两端并联一定尺寸的金属丝可降低爆炸丝端电压上升率,从而推迟电压上升过程中沿面击穿时刻,显著提高丝中沉积能量和过热系数.     

电爆炸法制备纳米颗粒收集方法

金属丝电爆炸法制备纳米材料因其负载可大程度的过热和爆炸产物非平衡扩散过程得到了研究人员的广泛关注,认为是制备新型功能材料的有效方法。研究了不同收集方法对电爆炸法制备钛纳米颗粒的影响,并结合电学、光学、自辐射图像和形貌分析等诊断手段分析了不同方法下产物特性的成因。结果表明,钛丝电爆炸呈现周期型放电模式,产物通道在放电结束前（约40 μs）可膨胀至约1.7 cm处,此后有尖状突刺发展（波阵面后湍流区）,其速度约为55 m/s。为研究爆炸产物不同状态下纳米颗粒形成特性,使用了3种不同的产物收集方法,分别为:①在金属丝径向1.5 cm处放置硅片收集;②在腔体出口处预置滤网收集;③在金属丝一侧电极上通过定向喷涂收集。产物形貌表征结果表明,使用不同收集方法时产物特征存在明显差别,前2种方法爆炸产物先与介质混合再沉积于硅片,得到的产物分别为分散、链状的球状纳米颗粒和密集、堆叠的纳米颗粒团簇;后一种方法电爆炸产物具有较高的密度和定向速度（对硅片）,硅片以金属丝为轴心远近呈现出粉末状和烧结块状两种不同形式。     

快前沿电流产生气化铝单丝Z箍缩负载的研究

为了抑制丝阵Z箍缩单丝电爆炸过程产生的核冕结构,分析了激光探针诊断的物理内涵,并基于约30 ps激光探针研究了负极性快前沿脉冲(90—170 A/ns)下铝丝的电爆炸特性.直径15μm,长2 cm的铝丝,阻性电压峰值为35—50 kV,电压击穿前金属丝电阻率增加至30—40μΩ·cm.电压峰值时刻沉积能量为1.5—2.5 eV/atom,欧姆加热功率下降至峰值一半时的沉积能量为2.5—4.0 eV/atom,接近铝丝从室温加热至完全气化所需的能量约4.0 eV/atom.快前沿脉冲可增加金属中的欧姆能量沉积速度,提高负载击穿电压.激光纹影图像可以观察到气体通道和等离子体通道,得到冕等离子体的平均电离度约为0.3.由于极性效应,电极附近区域的能量沉积超过负载中部区域,电极附近负载基本完全气化,而负载中部区域仍存在液态或团簇状颗粒.一些发次中,实现了轴向均匀且完全气化的铝蒸气,在电压击穿后的约127 ns,70%的初始质量分布在直径1 mm的区域内,100%的初始质量分布在直径2 mm的区域内.     

Z箍缩用连续型直径周期调制钨丝的制备技术北大核心CSCD

利用研制平台、激光衍射直径在线表征设备、扫描电子显微镜及力学性性能测试设备等对超细钨丝的直径周期调制成型过程及单丝性能进行研究。结果表明,正电压与零电压交替出现的电解腐蚀方法可以用于制备连续型直径周期调制钨丝;电解电压1．4V和1．6V下,100～500g·L^-1的NaOH体系下,钨丝均能表现出较明显的直径周期调制形貌;电解电压更高时,只有当NaOH浓度低于500g·L^-1时,钨丝才能呈现周期调制的形貌。钨丝电解抛光的质量损失与电流强度和腐蚀时间存在正比关系,在特定条件下超细钨丝的重量损失与电流强度、电解时间二者乘积的比值为5．35×10^-5g·C^-1。在电解液质量浓度200g·L^-1,电解电压2．0V下,以3S的腐蚀时间制得的直径调制钨丝的粗段直径为12．2μm,细段直径为9．8μm,减径率约20％,其单丝断裂力可达0．2883N。     

X-ray backlighting of two-wire Z-pinch plasma using X-pinch

Two 50-μm Mo wires in parallel used as a Z-pinch load are electrically exploded with a pulsed current rising to 275 kA in 125 ns and their explosion processes are backlighted using an X-pinch as an x-ray source.The backlighting images show clearly the processes similar to those occurring in the initial stages of a cylindrical wire-array Z-pinch,including the electric explosion of single wires characterised by the dense wire cores surrounded by a low-density coronal plasma,the expansion of the exploding wire,the sausage instability (m=0) in the coronal plasma around each wire,the motion of the coronal plasma as well as the wire core toward the current centroid,the formation of the precursor plasma column with a twist structure something like that of higher mode instability,especially the kink instability (m=1).     

铝-钨丝混编阵的Z-箍缩实验研究

利用铝丝和钨丝混合编制的丝阵作为Z箍缩的负载，在俄罗斯Kurchatov研究所的S300强流装置上对其Z箍缩过程进行了实验研究，并与纯铝丝阵和纯钨丝阵的实验结果进行了比较.不同材料组成的丝阵的Z箍缩x射线能谱之间有明显差异，混编丝阵的铝K壳层的x射线辐射强度比纯铝丝阵的弱，在纯钨丝阵Z箍缩中没有发现波长小于1.6nm的线辐射.混编丝阵Z箍缩的x射线发光区域比纯铝丝阵的小，但比纯钨丝阵的大,混编丝阵的x射线产额比纯铝丝阵的大，但比纯钨丝阵的略低.在驱动电流为2.5—2.8MA条件下，Z箍缩的径向收缩比为4—5，x射线辐射脉冲脉宽为25ns左右，峰值为0.3—0.5TW，总能量为10—20kJ.激光探针的阴影像显示了丝阵等离子体形成的细致过程，还表明了等离子体的边界面不够清晰，其不稳定性有明显的发展，内部有丰富的结构. 关键词： Z箍缩 混编丝阵 S300强流装置     

X-ray observations of tungsten wire array Z-pinch implosions on QiangGuang-1 facility

Z-pinch experiments with two arrays consisting, respectively, of 32 4-μm- and 6-μm-diameter tungsten wires have been carried out on QiangGuang-1 facility with a current rising up to 1.5MA in 80ns. At early time of implosion, x-ray framing images show that the initial emission comes from the central part of arrays, and double clear emission rings, drifting to the anode and the cathode at 5×10⁶cm/s and 2.4×10⁷cm/s respectively, are often produced near the electrodes. Later, in a 4-μm-diameter tungsten wire array, filamentation caused by ohmic heating is prominent, and more than ten filaments have been observed. A radial inward shift of arrays starts at about 30\,ns earlier than the occurrence of the x-ray peak power for both kinds of arrays, and the shrinkage rate of emission region is as high as 1.7×10⁷cm/s in a 4-μm-diameter tungsten wire array, which is two times higher than that in a 6-μm one. Emission from precursor plasmas is observed in implosion of 6-μm-diameter tungsten wire arrays, but not in implosion of a 4-μm-diameter tungsten wire array. Whereas, in a 4-μm-diameter tungsten wire array, the soft x-ray emission shows the growth of m=1 instability in the plasma column, which is caused by current. The reasons for the discrepancy between implosions of 4-μm- and 6-μm-diameter tungsten wire arrays are explained.     

丝阵Z箍缩可见光辐射区径向变化过程

 在“强光一号”上进行的Z箍缩实验中,利用1维可见光成像系统获取了丝阵内爆可见光辐射区径向变化过程图像。采用的负载包括单层钨丝阵、单层铝丝阵,驱动电流为1.3~1.5 MA,上升时间89~140 ns。实验结果表明:丝阵内爆产生轴向先驱等离子体柱,尺寸为0.3~0.5 mm;丝阵在内爆和内爆到芯及冷却飞散阶段,外围区域始终存在较弱的可见光辐射;获得的可见光条纹像提供了丝阵等离子体内爆可见光轨迹,内爆径向压缩比为2.84～7.84,丝阵内爆速度为4.60×10⁶～1.73×10⁷ cm/s。     

Inhomogeneity of currents in a wire array during its explodingphase

The current in a wire array during its exploding phase has been studied. The wire array consisting of many thin wires is used as a plasma source in a z-pinch X-ray radiation system. The current distribution in the exploding wire array plays an important role in producing an initial symmetrical plasma. In the present experiment, four tungsten wires of 0.1 mm in diameter were exploded in a vacuum. The experiment was carried out with an inductive voltage adder pulsed power generator providing a current of 160 kA at quarter period of 1.8 μs The currents through and the voltage across the wires were measured simultaneously. It was found that the currents in the wires were inhomogeneous, especially after the wires became plasma. Once the currents became inhomogeneous, the inhomogeneity remained throughout the discharge. It was also studied how the dimensions of the wires affected the homogeneity of the currents. Wires of different lengths or different cross sectional areas resulted in strong inhomogeneities of the currents. The wires with shorter length or smaller cross-sectional area became plasmas earlier than other wires. Thus, the resistances of the wires were not equal. These differences in the resistance caused the inhomogeneity of the currents     

Characteristics of Exploding-Wire Plasmas

The phenomenon of exploding wire has been investigated in the energy range E < Ee to E > a few Ee, where Ee is the energy density required for complete evaporation of the wire. For E < Ee, macroscopic fragmentation (size ~ tens of micrometers) of wire takes place. As E is increased above Ee, the fragment size tends to atomic dimensions, and for E >> Ee explosive vaporization occurs resulting in high-temperature plasma. The study indicates that during the explosion, plasma is in a nonequilibrium state with temperatures as high as 10 eV or more. This plasma attains equilibrium in tens of nanoseconds. The free-expansion velocity of this plasma is of the order 105-106 cm/s and increases with increasing E. Consequently, the plasma density decreases for E >> Ee. After about 100 ns, the resulting plasma densities are in the region of 1018-1020 cm-3. Such plasmas have significant interest in the development of particle beams, laser, and fast switching systems.     

Spatial and temporal development of emissions from an explodingmercury jet

The development of visible emissions from an exploding mercury jet, which could be used as a unique high current opening switch, have been detailed, framing pictures have verified that the expanding luminous front produced by the exploding jet maintains its cylindrical symmetry throughout the most intense period of visible emission. The luminous front expands at a constant rate of 5×10³ m/s over the ≈300 ns interval during which the explosion occurs. Afterwards, the expansion rate is a nearly constant 1.5×10³ m/s. Consideration of the Bennett-pinch condition suggest that this velocity can be used to estimate an ion/neutral temperature of 18000 K. Temperatures have been calculated from temporally and spatially resolved spectra. At the onset of the explosion, spectral emissions approximating blackbody radiation yielded a temperature of ≈7200 K. Line emissions mere used to determine the radial temperature profile. Temperature measurements were used to estimate the percent ionization in the plasma column     

Formation of extended directional breakdown channels produced by a copper wire exploding in the atmosphere

Experimental data for switching initiated by the electrical breakdown of air gaps up to 1.9 m long with an arbitrary geometry that are produced by an exploding copper wire 90 μm in diameter are presented. At an initial voltage of 11 kV, the stored energy equals 100–2100 J. Two channel formation conditions are possible: explosion of a wire without electrical breakdown and electrical breakdown in a channel produced by an exploding wire with a delay (current pause) no longer than 250 μs. Current and voltage waveforms across the discharge gap, as well as the resistivity values, under the electrical breakdown conditions are shown. Mechanisms and conditions for streamer initiation at a mean electric field strength in the discharge gap of 5.3–17.0 kV/m are discussed. The geometrical dimensions of plasma objects in the forming channel, the run of the electrical current under breakdown, and the formation mechanism of wire explosion products are found from color microphotographs. The formation mechanism of large aerosols in the form of tiny spherical copper and copper oxide (CuO, Cu₂O) particles under wire explosion conditions is discussed.