共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
John M. Myers 《Foundations of Physics》2006,36(7):1012-1035
Motivated by a recent proof of free choices in linking equations to the experiments they describe, I clarify some relations among purely mathematical entities featured in quantum mechanics (probabilities, density operators, partial traces, and operator-valued measures), thereby allowing applications of these entities to the modeling of a wider variety of physical situations. I relate conditional probabilities associated with projection-valued measures to conditional density operators identical, in some cases but not in others, to the usual reduced density operators. While a fatal obstacle precludes associating conditional density operators with general non-projective measures, tensor products of general positive operator-valued measures (POVMs) are associated with conditional density operators. This association together with the free choice of probe particles allows a postulate of state reductions to be replaced by a theorem. An application shows an equivalence between one form of quantum key distribution and another with respect to certain eavesdropping attacks. 相似文献
2.
Gerd Niestegge 《Foundations of Physics》2008,38(3):241-256
The well-known proposal to consider the Lüders-von Neumann measurement as a non-classical extension of probability conditionalization
is further developed. The major results include some new concepts like the different grades of compatibility, the objective
conditional probabilities which are independent of the underlying state and stem from a certain purely algebraic relation
between the events, and an axiomatic approach to quantum mechanics. The main axioms are certain postulates concerning the
conditional probabilities and own intrinsic probabilistic interpretations from the very beginning. A Jordan product is derived
for the observables, and the consideration of composite systems leads to operator algebras on the Hilbert space over the complex
numbers, which is the standard model of quantum mechanics. The paper gives an expository overview of the results presented
in a series of recent papers by the author. For the first time, the complete approach is presented as a whole in a single
paper. Moreover, since the mathematical proofs are already available in the original papers, the present paper can dispense
with the mathematical details and maximum generality, thus addressing a wider audience of physicists, philosophers or quantum
computer scientists. 相似文献
3.
4.
M D Srinivas 《Pramana》1996,47(1):1-23
We present an overview of the quantum theory of continuous measurements and discuss some of its important applications in
quantum optics. Quantum theory of continuous measurements is the appropriate generalization of the conventional formulation
of quantum theory, which is adequate to deal with counting experiments where a detector monitors a system continuously over
an interval of time and records the times of occurrence of a given type of event, such as the emission or arrival of a particle.
We first discuss the classical theory of counting processes and indicate how one arrives at the celebrated photon counting
formula of Mandel for classical optical fields. We then discuss the inadequacies of the so called quantum Mandel formula.
We explain how the unphysical results that arise from the quantum Mandel formula are due to the fact that the formula is obtained
on the basis of an erroneous identification of the coincidence probability densities associated with a continuous measurement
situation. We then summarize the basic framework of the quantum theory of continuous measurements as developed by Davies.
We explain how a complete characterization of the counting process can be achieved by specifying merely the measurement transformation
associated with the change in the state of the system when a single event is observed in an infinitesimal interval of time.
In order to illustrate the applications of the quantum theory of continuoius measurements in quantum optics, we first derive
the photon counting probabilities of a single-mode free field and also of a single-mode field in interaction with an external
source. We then discuss the general quantum counting formula of Chmara for a multi-mode electromagnetic field coupled to an
external source. We explain how the Chmara counting formula is indeed the appropriate quantum generalization of the classical
Mandel formula. To illustrate the fact that the quantum theory of continuous measurements has other diverse applications in
quantum optics, besides the theory of photodetection, we summarize the theory of ‘quantum jumps’ developed by Zoller, Marte
and Walls and Barchielli, where the continuous measurements framework is employed to evaluate the statistics of photon emission
events in the resonance fluorescence of an atomic system. 相似文献
5.
6.
The task of reconstructing the system’s state from the measurements results, known as the Pauli problem, usually requires repetition of two successive steps. Preparation in an initial state to be determined is followed by an accurate measurement of one of the several chosen operators in order to provide the necessary “Pauli data”. We consider a similar yet more general problem of recovering Feynman’s transition (path) amplitudes from the results of at least three consecutive measurements. The three-step histories of a pre- and post-selected quantum system are subjected to a type of interference not available to their two-step counterparts. We show that this interference can be exploited, and if the intermediate measurement is “fuzzy”, the path amplitudes can be successfully recovered. The simplest case of a two-level system is analysed in detail. The “weak measurement” limit and the usefulness of the path amplitudes are also discussed. 相似文献
7.
8.
We consider probabilistic theories in which the most elementary system, a two-dimensional system, contains one bit of information.
The bit is assumed to be contained in any complete set of mutually complementary measurements. The requirement of invariance of the information under a continuous change of the set of mutually complementary measurements uniquely singles out a measure of information, which is quadratic in probabilities. The assumption which gives the same scaling of the number of degrees of freedom with the dimension as in
quantum theory follows essentially from the assumption that all physical states of a higher dimensional system are those and
only those from which one can post-select physical states of two-dimensional systems. The requirement that no more than one
bit of information (as quantified by the quadratic measure) is contained in all possible post-selected two-dimensional systems
is equivalent to the positivity of density operator in quantum theory.
This article is dedicated to Pekka Lahti on the occasion of his 60th birthday. 相似文献
9.
Stan Gudder 《Foundations of Physics》2009,39(6):573-592
A transition effect matrix (TEM) is a quantum generalization of a classical stochastic matrix. By employing a TEM we obtain
a quantum generalization of a classical Markov chain. We first discuss state and operator dynamics for a quantum Markov chain.
We then consider various types of TEMs and vector states. In particular, we study invariant, equilibrium and singular vector
states and investigate projective, bistochastic, invertible and unitary TEMs. 相似文献
10.
Mikio Namiki 《Foundations of Physics》1999,29(3):457-464
Examining the notion of wavefunction collapse (WFC) in quantum measurements, which came again to be in question in the recent debate on the quantum Zeno effect, we remark that WFC is realized only through decoherence among branch waves by detection, after a spectral decomposition process from an initial object wavefunction to a superposition of branch waves corresponding to relevant measurement propositions. We improve the definition of the decoherence parameter, so as to be fitted to general cases, by which we can quantitatively estimate the degree of WFC given by detectors. Finally, we briefly discuss whether two special detector models, with very huge and very small degrees of freedom, can provoke WFC. 相似文献
11.
Storrs McCall 《Foundations of Physics Letters》2001,14(1):95-101
The Ithaca interpretation of quantum mechanics, proposed in 1996 by David Mermin, seeks to reduce the interpretive puzzles of quantum mechanics to the single puzzle of interpreting objective quantum probabilities. Some suggestions are made as to how the numerical values of quantum probabilities could be ontologically based in a world containing all the possible outcomes of all probabilistic processes. It is then shown that Hardy's paradox, discussed by Mermin, can be resolved when probabilities are interpreted in this way. 相似文献
13.
Charis Anastopoulos 《Foundations of Physics》2006,36(11):1601-1661
We demonstrate in this paper that the probabilities for sequential measurements have features very different from those of single-time measurements. First, they cannot be modelled by a classical stochastic process. Second, they are contextual, namely they depend strongly on the specific measurement scheme through which they are determined. We construct Positive-Operator-Valued measures (POVM) that provide such probabilities. For observables with continuous spectrum, the constructed POVMs depend strongly on the resolution of the measurement device, a conclusion that persists even if we consider a quantum mechanical measurement device or the presence of an environment. We then examine the same issues in alternative interpretations of quantum theory. We first show that multi-time probabilities cannot be naturally defined in terms of a frequency operator. We next prove that local hidden variable theories cannot reproduce the predictions of quantum theory for sequential measurements, even when the degrees of freedom of the measuring apparatus are taken into account. Bohmian mechanics, however, does not fall in this category. We finally examine an alternative proposal that sequential measurements can be modeled by a process that does not satisfy the Kolmogorov axioms of probability. This removes contextuality without introducing non-locality, but implies that the empirical probabilities cannot be always defined (the event frequencies do not converge). We argue that the predictions of this hypothesis are not ruled out by existing experimental results (examining in particular the “which way” experiments); they are, however, distinguishable in principle. 相似文献
14.
It is noted that the Heisenberg uncertainty relations set a lower bound on the product of variances of two observablesA, B when they are separately measured on two distinct, but identically prepared ensembles. A new uncertainty relation is derived
for the product of the variances of the two observablesA, B when they are measured sequentially on a single ensemble of systems. It is shown that the two uncertainty relations differ
significantly wheneverA andB are not compatible. 相似文献
15.
B.B. Kadomtsev 《Physics letters. A》1996,210(6):371-376
The use of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlated microparticles for telecommunication purposes is considered from a new point of view. In spite of the fact that the usual nonlocality of EPR pairs is not controllable, the use of irreversible quantum systems opens new possibilities. A concrete scheme for a controllable correlated quantum system is considered. It might be used for non-wave-type communication over not very large distances. 相似文献
16.
The Conditional Probability Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics replaces the abstract notion of time used in standard Quantum
Mechanics by the time that can be read off from a physical clock. The use of physical clocks leads to apparent non-unitary
and decoherence. Here we show that a close approximation to standard Quantum Mechanics can be recovered from conditional Quantum
Mechanics for semi-classical clocks, and we use these clocks to compute the minimum decoherence predicted by the Conditional
Probability Interpretation. 相似文献
17.
We construct, for any finite dimension n, a new hidden measurement model for quantum mechanics based on representing quantum transition probabilities by the volume of regions in projective Hilbert space. For n=2 our model is equivalent to the Aerts sphere model and serves as a generalization of it for dimensions n . 3 We also show how to construct a hidden variables scheme based on hidden measurements and we discuss how joint distributions arise in our hidden variables scheme and their relationship with the results of Fine [J. Math. Phys. 23 1306 (1982)]. 相似文献
18.
Olga Nánásiová 《International Journal of Theoretical Physics》2003,42(9):1889-1903
In this paper we will study a function of simultaneous measurements for quantum events (s-map) which will be compared with the conditional states on an orthomodular lattice as a basic structure for quantum logic. We will show the connection between s-map and a conditional state. On the basis of the Rényi approach to the conditioning, conditional states, and the independence of events with respect to a state are discussed. Observe that their relation of independence of events is not more symmetric contrary to the standard probabilistic case. Some illustrative examples are included. 相似文献
19.
Gerd Niestegge 《理论物理通讯》2010,54(6):974-980
In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilisticinterpretation is a later ad-hoc add-on, more or less enforced by theexperimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model itself. Amodel involving a clear probabilistic interpretation from the very beginningis provided by the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. Itincludes the projection lattices in von Neumann algebras and hereprobability conditionalization becomes identical with the state transitionof the Lüders - von Neumann measurement process. This motivates thedefinition of a hierarchy of five compatibility and comeasurability levelsin the abstract setting of the quantum logics with unique conditionalprobabilities. Their meanings are: the absence of quantum interference orinfluence, the existence of a joint distribution, simultaneous measurability, and the independence of the final state after two successive measurements from the sequential order of these two measurements. A further level means that two elements of the quantum logic (events) belong to the same Boolean subalgebra. In the general case, the five compatibility and comeasurability levels appear to differ, but they all coincide in the common Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics, in von Neumann algebras, and in some other cases. 相似文献
20.
Gerd Niestegge 《理论物理通讯》2010,(12):974-980
In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilistic interpretation is a later ad-hoc add-on, more or less enforced by the experimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model itself. A model involving a clear probabilistic interpretation from the very beginning is provided by the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. It includes the projection lattices in von Neumann algebras and here probability conditionalization becomes identical with the state transition of the Lueders-von Neumann measurement process. This motivates the definition of a hierarchy of five compatibility and comeasurability levels in the abstract setting of the quantum logics with unique conditional probabilities. Their meanings are: the absence of quantum interference or influence, the existence of a joint distribution, simultaneous measurability, and the independence of the final state after two successive measurements from the sequential order of these two measurements. A further level means that two elements of the quantum logic (events) belong to the same Boolean subalgebra. In the general case, the five compatibility and comeasurability levels appear to differ, but they all coincide in the common Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics, in von Neumann algebras, and in some other cases. 相似文献