沉淀对Al-Cu-Mg合金中锯齿形屈服现象影响及其微观实验研究

经固溶处理的Al-Cu-Mg合金在常应变率拉伸实验中具有显著的锯齿形屈服现象,且屈服行为随固溶处理温度的改变而呈现不同的特征。塑性变形特性与合金材料的微细观结构,尤其是位错运动的演化密切相关。本文运用透射电子显微镜,研究在不同温度下固溶处理的Al-Cu-Mg合金的微观结构,尤其是析出颗粒的大小和含量。并结合宏观的拉伸实验结果,分析Al-Cu-Mg合金动态应变时效的机制。     

沉淀对Al-Cu-Mg合金中锯齿形屈服现象影响及其微观实验研究

经固溶处理的Al-Cu-Mg合金在常应变率拉伸实验中具有显著的锯齿形屈服现象,且屈服行为随固溶处理温度的改变而呈现不同的特征.塑性变形特性与合金材料的微细观结构,尤其是位错运动的演化密切相关.本文运用透射电子显微镜,研究在不同温度下固溶处理的Al-Cu-Mg合金的微观结构,尤其是析出颗粒的大小和含量.并结合宏观的拉伸实验结果,分析Al-Cu-Mg合金动态应变时效的机制.     

沉淀对Al-Cu-Mg合金中锯齿形屈服现象影响及其微观实验研究

经固溶处理的Al-Cu-Mg合金在常应变率拉伸实验中具有显著的锯齿形屈服现象,且屈服行为随固溶处理温度的改变而呈现不同的特征.塑性变形特性与合金材料的微细观结构,尤其是位错运动的演化密切相关.本文运用透射电子显微镜,研究在不同温度下固溶处理的Al-Cu-Mg合金的微观结构,尤其是析出颗粒的大小和含量.并结合宏观的拉伸实验结果,分析Al-Cu-Mg合金动态应变时效的机制.     

喷射沉积Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金GP区应变场的定量测试

为定量测试喷射沉积合金GP区周围的晶格应变的分布,利用喷射成形技术制备了Al12Zn2.4Mg1.1Cu合金。随后对合金进行热挤压、758K固溶2小时和393K时效20小时处理。利用高分辨透射电子显微镜(High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy,HRTEM)和几何相位分析(Geometric Phase Analysis,GPA)软件对GP区的结构和应变场进行了测量和分析。结果表明,GP区附近的应变值在各方向差别较大,沿GP区惯习面法线方向的应变最大(εxx=-0.092),与惯习面平行方向上的应变最小(εyy=-0.004)。该项结果可解释GP区附近位错运动的差异:由于应变场在各方向上存在较大差别,产生的应变强化效果不同,导致阻碍位错运动的能力也有所不同。     

应变率及温度对FGH95粉末高温合金塑性变形性能影响的实验研究

在420℃～650℃的温度范围内,实验研究了FGH95粉末高温合金在应变率0．0001s^-1～0．01S^-1范围内的拉伸一断裂性能,分析了温度和应变率对该合金流动应力的影响,结果表明,应变率对杨氏模量、拉伸屈服强度和塑性模量的影响不是很大,随着应变速率的增大和温度的升高,合金的塑性流动应力有所提高,断裂强度和断裂韧性增强。并通过流动应力与应变、应变率和温度之间的函数关系,分别讨论了硬化指数咒、应变速率敏感系数m及应力相关系数K与温度ε和应变率;的函数关系。SEM断口分析表明FGH95合金是微缺陷敏感材料,在高温（420℃-650℃）应变率范围为10^-4s^-1～10^-1s^-1时的拉伸断裂都是韧性断裂。     

Al基含能结构材料的Johnson-Cook本构模型及失效参数研究

利用万能实验机和Hopkinson杆装置测试了Al基含能结构材料在不同温度下的静动态力学性能，分析实验结果得到了温度效应和应变率效应对材料力学性能的影响及该合金的Johnson-Cook本构模型参数.结合二维数字图像相关(DIC)方法，研究了Al基含能结构材料的失效应变与应力三轴度及温度之间的关系，得到了该合金的Johnson-Cook失效模型参数.通过平面撞击实验获得了Al基含能结构材料粒子速度和应力波波速之间的经验线性关系和该合金的Grüneisen系数.基于实验获得的材料本构关系和状态方程参数，完成了Al基含能结构材料超高速撞击多层间隔薄钢板的数值模拟，结果表明，数值模拟中靶板的毁伤模式、破孔直径及弹坑主要散布区和实验结果吻合.     

热处理对TC4钛合金动态力学性能和微观组织的影响

为揭示热处理对TC4钛合金动态力学性能及微观组织的影响，选取2种典型热处理方式和5种加载应变率开展了TC4钛合金试样的动态力学性能实验，获取了动态应力-应变数据，并进行了试样的XRD和金相分析。结果表明：高应变率下TC4钛合金应变率强化效应显著。时效处理后，TC4钛合金流动应力、屈服强度及抗压强度得到提升，而固溶时效处理后上述性能降低。时效处理和未热处理试样应力-应变曲线均具有弹性、屈服和塑性阶段，而固溶时效处理后无明显弹性和屈服阶段。固溶时效处理后流动应力随应变率增加而增加，时效处理和未热处理试样流动应力无明显变化。时效处理后试样等轴初生α相显著增大且β相含量较低，固溶时效处理后α相晶界增大且含有针状α的β转变基体，TC4钛合金力学性能与β相和亚稳β相的马氏体转变有关。     

预压下锆基块体非晶合金的热冲击变形与破坏

实验研究了不同预压载荷与加热速率下Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9块体非晶合金的失效温度和破坏规律, 发现预压力和温升率较低时, 随着温度的升高, 材料强度减小, 样品最后发生塑性变形; 预压力和温升率较高时样品则发生剪切断裂, 且发生剪切破坏时样品的温度高于其玻璃化转变温度.基于变温条件下的结构弛豫模型, 分析了块体非晶合金在快速加热条件下的变形过程,给出了材料发生屈服时的温度与温升率、预压力与屈服温度之间的相互关系, 并得出了实验结果的拟合关系式. 对回收样品断裂面进行分析, 发现了与恒温压缩断裂明显不同的断裂特征. 最后分析了预压载荷下快速加热过程中上述材料发生剪切破坏的临界条件.      

Al-Cu多晶合金中锯齿形屈服现象的时序统计研究

合金中溶质原子和可动位错之间的交互作用引起材料的固溶硬化,这一交互作用在合适的应变率和温度条件下可重复发生,称为动态应变时效(DSA),从而导致锯齿形的应力屈服,同时伴随着变形带的产生,被称为Portevin-Le Chartelier(PLC)效应。本文对Al-Cu多晶合金锯齿形屈服现象中应力跌幅、跌落时间等多个特征物理量时序演化规律进行了系统的研究。结果显示,跌落时间对应变不敏感;1mm和2mm厚度试件的应力跌幅和再加载时间都近似随应变线性增加,3mm厚试件的统计结果则显示出一个明显的转变点。最后本文结合动态应变时效原理和晶体位错学,分析了实验条件(应变率和试件尺寸)对各特征物理量的影响。     

轴向拉伸下氮化钛纳米杆变形机制及力学性能的分子动力学研究

本文使用分子动力学软件包lammps并采用第二近邻改进型嵌入原子法(2NN MEAM)模拟了单晶氮化钛纳米杆的轴向拉伸破坏过程,分析了分别沿[100]、[111]晶向的不同截面尺寸、不同拉伸应变率、不同温度下的氮化钛纳米杆的力学性能,详细描述了氮化钛纳米杆拉伸变形过程。研究发现, 拉伸晶向、截面尺寸、拉伸应变率及温度均会对TiN纳米杆的拉伸变形过程及屈服强度、弹性模量等力学性能产生不同程度的影响。 沿[100]晶向的拉伸,截面尺寸越大,屈服强度越低;而沿[111]晶向,截面尺寸越大,屈服强度越大。应变率越大,屈服强度及屈服应变越大,但对于弹性模量几乎无影响。温度越高,材料的屈服强度、屈服应变及弹性模量越小,断裂应变越大。不同拉伸条件下的氮化钛纳米杆的拉伸过程均包括弹性变形、塑性变形与断裂阶段。[100]晶向的弹性模量都要高于[111]晶向。     

铝合金板材塑性性能的研究

铝合金在汽车工业中的广泛应用对于降低汽车重量、减少燃油消耗和汽车尾气的排放量具有十分重要的意义，但其室温塑性成形性能却受到了锯齿形屈服行为的影响，从而制约了铝合金进一步的推广应用。本文基于合金材料塑性变形过程中位错和溶质原子间相互作用的分析，建立了一个可用于描述锯齿形屈服现象的唯象本构模型。该模型将溶质原子对位错运动的钉扎效应和位错挣脱后的脱钉效应置于一个统一的框架内进行考虑，而这两个效应的相互竞争将决定材料宏观变形行为的发展演化。基于该模型的数值模拟结果和实验测试结果取得了良好的一致性，从而验证了理论和模型的有效性。     

镁合金晶体塑性本构模型与非均匀孪生变形分析

微结构演化对镁合金材料力学性能有着显著的影响,为了揭示镁合金宏观塑性各向异性特性与非均匀孪生变形的关系,开展了不同路径下的单轴加载试验以及采用含滑移、孪生机制的晶体塑性本构模型对试验条件下的镁合金变形行为进行数值模拟研究。文中本构模型描述了滑移与孪生变形机制以及晶格转动的机制,同时研究采用三维微结构代表性有限元模型,其包含晶粒尺寸、晶向和晶界倾角等微结构参数。研究结果表明,轧制镁合金具有强烈的宏观塑性各向异性行为,并对这种镁合金塑性各向异性行为的模拟结果以及多晶织构的模拟演化结果与试验测量进行对比,结果都基本吻合。对孪生非均匀变形模拟分析表明,镁合金宏观塑性各向异性行为与滑移、孪生变形机制的不同启动组合紧密相关,同时多晶体内应力的非均匀分布受到孪生变形的严重影响。而不同晶粒尺寸的晶粒所发生的孪生变形有比较大的差异,造成孪晶变体在晶粒内的分布极不均匀。本研究可为通过微结构的合理配置来设计和控制材料的力学性能提供理论依据.     

Using intensive plastic deformations for manufacturing bulk nanostructure metallic materials

The results of studies concerned with new trabds in the development of intensive plastic deformation methods for manufacturing nanostructure metals and alloys are presented. Much attention is paid to the mechanical properties of bulk nanomaterials. Keywords: intensive plastic deformation, nanostructure material, gain boundary, mechanical property, microstructure, segregation.     

Chernov–Luders and Portevin–Le Chatelier deformations in active deformable media of different nature

The development of macroscopic inhomogeneities in the form of Chernov–Luders bands and serrated deformation bands (Portevin–Le Chatelier effect) in plastic metal flow is studied. For these two cases, regularities in the development of deformation inhomogeneity were established and the kinetics of motion of the fronts of Chernov–Luders bands and serrated deformation bands was studied. It is shown that the Chernov–Luders fronts and the serrated Portevin–Le Chatelier deformation can be considered as macroscopic autowave switching and excitation processes, respectively, in deformable media of different nature.     

Effect of deformation and external load on the characteristics of martensite transformations and shape-memory effects in alloys based on titanium nickelide

The effect of plastic deformation and external load on the characteristics of shape-memory effects is studied for alloys based on titanium nickelide of nearly equiatomic composition. A nonmonotonic dependence of the characteristic temperatures of martensite transformations on the strain degree of deformation is obtained. This phenomenon is explained in relation to the stages of development of plastic deformation. Optimal loading and deformation conditions for obtaining maximum values of reversible deformation are determined. Russian Medical-Engineering Center, Tomsk 634034. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 175–181, March–April, 1998.     

Acoustic emission and the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect

Many metals and alloys which exhibit repeated discontinuous yielding (Portevin-Le Chatelier effect) also emit rather interesting acoustic energy during work hardening. Both phenomena are dramatic in dead-weight extensions of annealed specimens of brass or aluminum. The acoustic emission from such specimens was monitored and correlated with the features of the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect. It is shown that, when the discontinuous yielding subsides in aluminum, so does the acoustic emission; in fact, smooth continuous flow can occur in these materials with no detectable acoustic emission. Data are presented which are consistent with the hypothesis that, at room temperature, elastic energy released during a yield increment is proportional to the elastic energy stored since the last yield increment. This is not observed at elevated temperatures. It is concluded that additional studies of the acoustic-emission phenomena associated with plastic deformation can aid in achieving a better knowledge of the strain-hardening process for crystalline solids.     

Constitutive model of discontinuous plastic flow at cryogenic temperatures

FCC metals and alloys are frequently used in cryogenic applications, nearly down to the temperature of absolute zero, because of their excellent physical and mechanical properties including ductility. Some of these materials, often characterized by the low stacking fault energy (LSFE), undergo at low temperatures three distinct phenomena: dynamic strain ageing (DSA), plastic strain induced transformation from the parent phase (γ) to the secondary phase (α′) and evolution of micro-damage. The constitutive model presented in the paper is focused on the discontinuous plastic flow (serrated yielding) and takes into account the relevant thermodynamic background. The discontinuous plastic flow reflecting the DSA effect is described by the mechanism of local catastrophic failure of Lomer–Cottrell (LC) locks under the stress fields related to the accumulating edge dislocations (below the transition temperature from the screw dislocations to the edge dislocations mode T₁). The failure of LC locks leads to massive motion of released dislocations accompanied by the step-wise increase of the strain rate. The response of stress is defined in terms of four stages within each serration cycle. In the fourth stage, the strain rate sensitivity model with temperature playing the role of relaxation parameter is applied. Identification of parameters of the constitutive model is based on the experimental data collected during a campaign of tensile tests carried out on copper and stainless steel samples immersed in liquid helium (4.5 K), by means of a unique equipment developed at CERN.     

On the Occurrence of Portevin–Le Châtelier Instabilities in Ultrafine-Grained 5083 Aluminum Alloys

The Portevin–Le Châtelier (PLC) instability is commonly observed in Al–Mg alloys and is manifested in serrated flow within the stress–strain response. We investigate the persistence of this instability with reduction in grain size by studying an ultrafine-grained (ufg) aluminum alloy (Al5083) and a conventional grain size Al5083. Micro-scale tensile tests combined with digital image correlation (DIC) reveal strength anisotropy and heterogeneity of the deformation in the three material directions (extrusion, rolled, and transverse). For the same applied displacement rate, the PLC effect in ufg-Al5083 is observed only over a small strain range immediately following the yield, while the coarse-grained Al5083 exhibits serrated flow over nearly the entire plastic strain range. These observations are explained using the stability analysis of Hähner (Acta Mater 45:3695–3707, 1997), and implications for nanocrystalline (nc) alloys are discussed.