鲫鱼C形起动的运动学特征分析

快速起动是鱼类很重要的一种机动能力，有助于鱼类的逃逸和捕食。快速起动通常分为C形起动和S形起动两种模式。本文利用数字式高速摄像机定量地研究了鲫鱼为逃避危险从静止状态做逃逸反应的运动过程。观察发现所有的逃逸反应都是C形起动。仔细分析运动图像后，根据质心和尾鳍的运动，发现C形起动过程大体可以分解为三个阶段。第一阶段，质心保持不动，鱼体在极短的时间内绕质心弯曲呈C形，尾鳍同时迅速摆动；第二阶段，尾鳍作大幅度反向摆动，鱼头转动接近至最终方向；第三阶段，质心沿最终方向作直线运动。本文通过软件分析得到了各个阶段内鱼体躯干曲线的形状，进而给出了鱼体的速度和转动角速度分布，并从力学的角度定性地解释了机动过程。     

斑马鱼C型起动中动力学特性的活体实验研究

提出了一种从鱼类自主游动的运动学实验数据出发推算其动力学特性的实验研究方法。该方法基于变形体动力学方程,不仅可以计算出变形鱼体的整体转动角速度以完善其运动学数据,还可以计算出作用在自主游动的鱼体上的流体合力和流体合力矩,进而分析鱼体的力能学特征。本文运用此方法研究了斑马鱼的两种典型C型起动,对比分析了它们的运动学及力能学特征。结果表明,在相仿的C型弯曲变形下,逃逸型C型起动与非逃逸型C型起动相比,前者推力较大,导致其在前进方向上的质心速率较大;前者侧向力较大,导致其转弯半径较小;前者转矩较大,但因在起动中后期的S型摆动产生了反向转矩,最终导致转动角度小于后者。通过对两种典型C型起动的实验研究发现,斑马鱼会因不同的运动需求而表现出不同的机动性能。     

基于图像处理的蝌蚪匀速直线游泳运动分析

蝌蚪作为两栖类动物变态发育的水生幼体，针对其生物特性的研究较多，但对其行为运动的关注一直较少。作为典型的非流线型游泳动物代表，蝌蚪游泳行为的运动特征和力学机制对相关仿生应用有重要参考意义。本文利用高速摄影技术记录了不同大小和速度的蝌蚪游泳过程，通过图像处理分析游动过程中蝌蚪身体形态的变化，得到了蝌蚪头部偏转角度和尾部摆动频率、变形波长等运动特征参数，并归纳总结了各运动参数随体型、速度等因素的变化规律。根据蝌蚪的身体形态和运动特征，提出了头部转动与尾部摆动二分量组合的游泳运动描述公式，并基于实验数据拟合得到了表征参数，在此基础上对蝌蚪游泳时的流场和力学特性进行了计算分析。研究结果表明：蝌蚪具有可与鱼类相比的游泳能力；中小蝌蚪偏向于相对高频、头部大幅偏转的运动模式，大蝌蚪偏向于相对低频、头部小幅偏转的运动模式；随着相对游泳速度的增加，蝌蚪摆动频率、头部偏转角、尾部摆幅和波长均呈增加趋势；蝌蚪头部偏转的幅值与尾部摆动的频率、幅值呈正相关关系。     

逆流条件下仿生鱼自主游动行为研究

深入开展鱼类自主游动机理研究,对鱼类运动行为以及仿生技术研究都具有重要的意义。以某型仿生鱼为研究对象建立了鱼体的简化模型和鱼体摆动的计算模型,采用动网格技术开发了控制鱼体摆动的UDF程序,利用Fluent软件对仿生鱼的自主游动行为进行了仿真模拟,研究了鱼类自主游动的机理以及在逆流情况下不同来流方向时的受力情况。通过计算发现,逆流时水流方向对仿生鱼的自主游动有很大的影响,当水流方向和鱼游动方向成180°,鱼向前游动的阻力最小,侧向分量的存在会减小鱼向前运动的驱动力。     

基于PIV的拉萨裸裂尻摆尾压力场特征分析

为研究鱼体摆尾时压力场分布特征及其游泳动力的形成过程,本文以拉萨裸裂尻幼鱼为研究对象,利用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)获得幼鱼在自由游泳摆尾的压力分布规律。结果表明:幼鱼需要借助尾鳍的摆动来形成射流推动鱼体前进,沿着尾部轮廓的凹陷处流体压力为负值,正压则沿着尾部轮廓的凸起处分布;拉萨裸裂尻幼鱼的整个摆尾过程可分为"S"形(T=0～50ms)、"C"形(T=50～150ms)和"C"形回摆(T=150～400ms)三个阶段。"S"形阶段,正压区合力F随时间T先减小后增大,负压区合力F随时间T先增大后减小,正压区和负压区的合力F分布范围为0.88～1.03mN/BL、-0.86～-0.38mN/BL;"C"形阶段,正压区和负压区的合力F分别逐渐增大至3.45mN/BL、-1.62mN/BL;"C"形回摆阶段,正压区和负压区的合力F分别逐渐减小至-0.43mN/BL、1.63mN/BL。     

两关节压力驱动柔性仿生机器鱼的设计与仿真

为研究设计一种柔软度高、环境适应性强的新型仿生机器鱼,模仿鲨鱼外形及鲔科鱼类的游动姿态,设计了一种采用液压柔性驱动结构的仿生机器鱼.针对单关节液压驱动柔性机器鱼存在其C型摆动姿态不符合鲔科鱼类摆动规律的问题,采用两关节液压柔性驱动模拟鱼类S型摆动,并根据液压柔性驱动器原理设计仿生鱼的内部结构.依据理论波动方程确定机器鱼的摆动幅值,借助数值模拟计算施加在柔性驱动器内部的压强载荷大小,并分析计算液压柔性驱动器的驱动效率.应用有限元分析软件模拟仿生鱼在流体中的自主游动过程,并将两关节机器鱼与单关节机器鱼的自主巡游过程进行对比仿真,获得两种机器鱼在流体中自主巡游时的运动姿态、游动速度及流场情况.结果表明,在相同的频率与尾鳍摆幅下,两关节柔性机器鱼的巡游平均速度为0.29 BL/s(BL为鱼体体长),高于单关节机器鱼巡游平均速度0.15 BL/s,且由速度矢量图可得出两关节仿生鱼的S型摆动姿态更接近真实鱼类摆动规律,并在运动过程中会产生一系列离散的反向卡门涡街,推进效率高.     

两关节压力驱动柔性仿生机器鱼的设计与仿真

为研究设计一种柔软度高、环境适应性强的新型仿生机器鱼, 模仿鲨鱼外形及鲔科鱼类的游动姿态, 设计了一种采用液压柔性驱动结构的仿生机器鱼. 针对单关节液压驱动柔性机器鱼存在其C型摆动姿态不符合鲔科鱼类摆动规律的问题, 采用两关节液压柔性驱动模拟鱼类S型摆动, 并根据液压柔性驱动器原理设计仿生鱼的内部结构. 依据理论波动方程确定机器鱼的摆动幅值, 借助数值模拟计算施加在柔性驱动器内部的压强载荷大小, 并分析计算液压柔性驱动器的驱动效率. 应用有限元分析软件模拟仿生鱼在流体中的自主游动过程, 并将两关节机器鱼与单关节机器鱼的自主巡游过程进行对比仿真, 获得两种机器鱼在流体中自主巡游时的运动姿态、游动速度及流场情况. 结果表明, 在相同的频率与尾鳍摆幅下, 两关节柔性机器鱼的巡游平均速度为0.29 BL/s (BL为鱼体体长), 高于单关节机器鱼巡游平均速度0.15 BL/s, 且由速度矢量图可得出两关节仿生鱼的S型摆动姿态更接近真实鱼类摆动规律, 并在运动过程中会产生一系列离散的反向卡门涡街, 推进效率高.      

斑马鱼直线加速游动试验研究

海洋生物低噪音、高速、髙效游动能力是任何人造水下航行器所无法比拟的. 借助时间解析粒子图像测速技术对斑马鱼直线加速游动过程进行精细流场测量, 对其运动学行为特性和动力学机理进行分析. 同时应用双正交分解对涡量场进行模态分解, 获取流场的时间演化和空间分布特征. 从流动机理的角度探究斑马鱼游动过程的流动结构特征及旋涡动态演化特性. 试验结果表明: 流动可视化展现了整体涡流尾迹的结构分布,方便探究运动特性与旋涡尾迹之间的耦合关系. 斑马鱼从运动开始时体干保持着鲹科式的运动规律, 游动时的动能主要由前几次大幅的摆尾过程提供, 后续的摆尾主要调整方向及姿态. 两次不同方向的摆尾动作会形成一对方向相反的旋涡, 并在时序下旋涡逐渐脱落. 同时尾流的涡量变化在一定程度上反映鱼体的游向的变化. 基于双正交分解分解后的时间演化结果验证本次试验在时间上涡量场具有合理的恒定幅度, 空间分布表明低阶空间模态表征斑马鱼游动的主要涡流动结构, 高阶空间模态表征涡流动的细节结构. 研究鱼类游动时的摆尾推进机制与动力学特性能够为高效率的仿鱼类推进装置设计提供一定科学参考.      

基于浸入边界法的鱼体自主游动的数值模拟

对游动或飞行生物自主运动特性的深入研究,可促进仿生学的进一步发展。本文以"C"型游动鱼作为研究对象,建立了自主游动的柔性鱼模型。此模型较为真实地反映了鱼自主游动时鱼体内力(由鱼体肌肉收缩提供)、鱼体运动和外界流体之间的耦合作用。基于传统的反馈力方法和混合有限元浸入边界法对鱼的自主游动进行了数值模拟。分析了鱼自主游动启动阶段和巡游阶段流场特性及鱼体运动特征。模拟结果表明,受到鱼体自身组织结构和外界流场作用,鱼游动时通过呈"C"型和类"S"型的不断转换,以获取能量,实现鱼体自主游动。     

草鱼幼鱼周身压力与曲率相关性数值模拟研究

为研究草鱼幼鱼稳定游泳状态下的周身流体压力与鱼体曲率的相关性,采用PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)实测和数值模拟相结合的方式对草鱼幼鱼周身流体压力和鱼体曲率进行量化分析。结果表明,鱼体振幅曲线的三次拟合相比于传统的二次拟合曲线得到的幼鱼周身流体压力与PIV的实测结果吻合度更高,在幼鱼的中部和尾部,鱼体的中线曲率与体表曲率呈现较为明显的线性关系(P<0.05),且前半个运动周期内的幼鱼周身流体压力与鱼体体表和中线的曲率均呈现线性关系(P<0.05),鱼体中间部位中线曲率的变化要滞后于周身流体压力,而幼鱼尾部和头部的中线曲率则分别与鱼体上下侧流体压力的变化趋势基本一致。     

Impulse generated during unsteady maneuvering of swimming fish

The relationship between the maneuvering kinematics of a Giant Danio (Danio aequipinnatus) and the resulting vortical wake is investigated for a rapid, ‘C’-start maneuver using fully time-resolved (500 Hz) particle image velocimetry (PIV). PIV illuminates the two distinct vortices formed during the turn. The fish body rotation is facilitated by the initial, or “maneuvering” vortex formation, and the final fish velocity is augmented by the strength of the second, “propulsive” vortex. Results confirm that the axisymmetric vortex ring model is reasonable to use in calculating the hydrodynamic impulse acting on the fish. The total linear momentum change of the fish from its initial swimming trajectory to its final swimming trajectory is balanced by the vector sum of the impulses of both vortex rings. The timing of vortex formation is uniquely synchronized with the fish motion, and the choreography of the maneuver is addressed in the context of the resulting hydrodynamic forces.     

Effect of delay on a predator–prey model with parasitic infection

In the paper an eco-epidemic system with delay and parasitic infection in the prey is investigated. The conditions for asymptotic stability of steady states are derived and the length of the delay preserving the stability is also estimated. Further, the criterion for existence of Hopf-type small amplitude periodic oscillations of the predator and prey biomass is derived. Numerical results indicate that the delay does not affect the stability of the system in the process but makes all populations oscillate more intensively. In addition, the results show that the recovery makes the levels of the infected prey and the predator become lower but makes the sound prey higher in limit time.     

Time resolved measurements of the flow generated by suction feeding fish

The majority of aquatic vertebrates are suction feeders: by rapidly expanding the mouth cavity they generate a fluid flow outside of their head in order to draw prey into their mouth. In addition to the biological relevance, the generated flow field is interesting fluid mechanically as it incorporates high velocities, is localized in front of the mouth, and is unsteady, typically lasting between 10 and 50 ms. Using manometry and high-speed particle image velocimetry, this is the first study to quantify pressure within and outside the mouth of a feeding fish while simultaneously measuring the velocity field outside the mouth. Measurements with a high temporal (2 ms) and spatial (<1 mm) resolution were made for several feeding events of a single largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). General properties of the flow were evaluated, including the transient velocity field, its relationship to pressure within the mouth and pressure at the prey. We find that throughout the feeding event a relationship exists for the magnitude of fluid speed as a function of distance from the predator mouth that is based on scaling the velocity field according to the size of the mouth opening and the magnitude of fluid speed at the mouth. The velocity field is concentrated within an area extending approximately one mouth diameter from the fish and the generated pressure field is even more local to the mouth aperture. Although peak suction pressures measured inside the mouth were slightly larger than those that were predicted using the equations of motion, we find that these equations give a very accurate prediction of the timing of peak pressure, so long as the unsteady nature of the flow is included.     

A simplified model system for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Toxoplasma gondii</Emphasis> spread within a heterogeneous environment

This study is dedicated to building and analyzing the spatial spread of Toxoplasma gondii through a heterogeneous predator–prey system. The spatial domain is made of N patches hosting various population species, some of them being prey, others being predators. Predators offer strong heterogeneities with respect to local sustainable resources yielding variable growth rates, from exponential decay to logistic regulation. T. gondii life cycle goes through several stages, starting in the environment where oocysts are released from cat feces, reaching prey within which asexual reproduction yields cysts and then predators wherein sexual reproduction takes place. The resulting model system is complex to handle. We consider some relevant toy models with three patches, two resident predator species and Lotka–Volterra functional responses to predation. We provide the existence and local stability of a persistent stationary state for the underlying predator–prey model systems. The reproduction number R ₀ is computed in the quasistationary case; it simplifies when slow–fast dynamics are considered. Numerical experiments illustrate our analysis.     

Time-gated measurements of electron beam generated Kα emission lines from brass planar wire array implosions

The relative amount of Kα radiation emitted by partially ionized copper and zinc from planar wire arrays on the 1 MA Zebra generator at the University of Nevada, Reno, does not correspond to the composition (70% copper, 30% zinc) of the array's brass wires. For example, the copper Kα line at 8 keV was observed to be much stronger than would be expected from zinc's Kα radiation at 8.6 keV, but this ratio also reversed, more emission from zinc than from copper, during the X-ray pulse. An excess of Kα photons from copper is consistent with a beam of electrons with energies above copper's K-edge but below that of zinc, but the opposite case is perplexing. Preferential ablation of Zn over Cu early in the current pulse could be a contributing factor, but opacity effects are not. Synthetic spectra for brass computed by a non-LTE collisional-radiative model that includes an electron beam component compare well with observed K-shell spectra, and suggest the parent ions of the Kα emission. These ionization stages are consistent with L-shell spectra. This comparison also indicates that the total energy in the electron beam increases towards the end of the radiation pulse while the electron temperature decreases. The crucial diagnostic in this measurement is a time-resolved X-ray spectrometer based on a LiF crystal.     

Searching for efficient X-ray radiators for wire array Z-pinch plasmas using mid-atomic-number single planar wire arrays on Zebra at UNR

We continue to search for more efficient X-ray radiators from wire array Z-pinch plasmas. The results of recent experiments with single planar wire array (SPWA) loads made from mid-atomic-number material wires such as Alumel, Cu, Mo, and Ag are presented and compared. In particular, two new efficient X-ray radiators, Alumel (95% Ni, 2% Al, and 2% Si) and Ag, are introduced, and their radiative properties are discussed in detail. The experiments were performed on the 1 MA Zebra generator at UNR. The X-ray yields from such mid-atomic-number SPWAs exceed twice those from low-atomic-number SPWAs, such as Al, and increase with the atomic number to reach more than 27–29 kJ for Ag. To consider the main contributions to the total radiation, we divided the time interval of the Z-pinch dynamic where wire ablation and implosion, stagnation, and plasma expansion occur in corresponding phases and studied the radiative and implosion characteristics within them. Theoretical tools such as non-LTE kinetics and wire ablation dynamic models were applied in the data analysis. These results and the models developed have much broader applications, not only for SPWAs on Zebra, but for other HED plasmas with mid-atomic-number ions.     

Numerical analysis on the propulsive performance and vortex shedding of fish‐like travelling wavy plate

Numerical analysis is carried out to investigate viscous flow over a travelling wavy plate undergoing lateral motion in the form of a streamwise travelling wave, which is similar to the backbone undulation of swimming fish. The two‐dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved using the finite element technique with the deforming‐spatial‐domain/stabilized space–time formulation. The objective of this study is to elucidate hydrodynamic features of flow structure and vortex shedding near the travelling wavy plate and to get into physical insights to the understanding of fish‐like swimming mechanisms in terms of drag reduction and optimal propulsive performance. The effects of some typical parameters, including the phase speed, amplitude, and relative wavelength of travelling wavy plate, on the flow structures, the forces, and the power consumption required for the propulsive motion of the plate are analysed. These results predicted by the present numerical analysis are well consistent with the available data obtained for the wave‐like swimming motion of live fish in nature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An error threshold criterion for singular value decomposition modes extracted from PIV data

Singular value decomposition (SVD) is often used as a tool to analyze particle image velocimetry (PIV) data. However, experimental error tends to corrupt higher SVD modes, in which the root mean square velocity value is smaller than the experimental error. Therefore, we suggest that the threshold criterion, $s_k >\sqrt{DT}\epsilon,$s_k >\sqrt{DT}\epsilon, can be used as a rough limit of the validity of SVD modes extracted from experimental data (where s _k is the singular value of mode k, D and T are the number of data sites and time steps, respectively, and e\epsilon is the root mean square PIV error). By synthesizing the relationship between the general SVD procedure and its two special cases—biorthogonal decomposition (BOD) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)—we show that our criterion can be used to assess modes extracted by either BOD or POD. We apply our threshold criterion to PIV data of the wake behind a live swimming Giant Danio (Danio aequipinnatus). The biorthogonal decomposition of the fish wake, which is a reverse-Kármán street, reveals that the first four modes are similar to the modes of a regular Kármán street created in the wake of a stationary cylinder and that higher modes are corrupted by experimental error.     

A review of predator–prey systems with dormancy of predators

The predator–prey system has received much attention in the field of ecology and evolution. The interaction and competition between populations in nature can be described by the predator–prey system. Under large-amplitude fluctuations caused by harsh environmental conditions, the dormant progeny has been found as an effective strategy to prevent extinction. In this review paper, recent developments of dormancy in predator–prey systems are reviewed. The significant impacts of dormancy on the competition and evolution in predator–prey systems are then discussed through different models. The connections between dormancy in predator–prey systems and the game-theoretic Parrondo’s paradox are also discussed: the dormitive predator with inferior traits can outcompete the perennially active predator by switching between two losing strategies. Future outlook about the dormancy research in predator–prey systems is also discussed.