蔬菜中残留农药的石墨化碳黑净化和气相色谱-质谱检测方法

研究石墨化碳黑对不同类型农药的吸附规律和对色素的吸附能力,比较了不同洗脱溶剂对色素的洗脱能力和对待测物在GCB上洗脱顺序的影响。同时测试了GCB和活性炭的吸附-解吸附等温线,表明不同的表面结构造成了两种吸附剂不同的吸附机理及对色素吸附能力的显著差别。结果表明,GCB对含有芳香环、结构具有一定对称性的农药吸附力最强,而对叶绿素吸附强于叶黄素和番茄红素。最后根据实验结果针对性地建立了残留在蔬菜中农药多残留方法:样品经GCB净化,以丙酮/乙酸乙酯(1∶1,V/V)为洗脱液,最后用气相色谱-质谱选择离子存储(GC-MS/SIS)检测,所有农药的检出限保持在0.002~0.10 mg/kg范围内。     

石墨化碳黑色谱柱在分析脂肪酸方面的应用

本文提出采用新研制的石墨化碳黑涂壁,丁二酸二乙二醇聚酯为固定液的多孔层开口(PLOT)弹性石英玻璃毛细管柱分析野生植物油中脂肪酸成分的方法。此法不仅能使脂肪酸按碳数,按不饱和度分离,而且还能对油酸及反油酸作较好的分离。是一种具有一定推广价值的分析脂肪酸的新方法。     

Adsorption and Chromatographic Separation of Thiophene Derivatives on Graphitized Thermal Carbon Black

Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A - The thermodynamic characteristics of adsorption (TCA) of thiophene and its derivatives are determined under the conditions of equilibrium gas adsorption...     

Adsorption of Water Vapor on a Graphitized Carbon Black

Absorption isotherms for water vapor on a highly graphitized carbon black, Sterling FT-G (2700), have been determined at 280.15 and 295.15 K. Interparticle capillary condensation with extensive hysteresis is observed but capillary condensation (adsorption) occurs under metastable, supersaturation conditions. Contact angles for water adsorbed on this carbon black are calculated and two models for capillary condensation are discussed. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Single and Mixed Gas Adsorption Equilibria of Carbon Dioxide/Methane on Activated Carbon

Single gas adsorption isotherms of methane and carbon dioxide on micro-porous Norit RB1 activated carbon were determined in a gravimetric analyser in the temperature range of 292 to 349 K and pressures to 0.8 Mpa. Furthermore binary isotherms of carbon dioxide and methane mixtures were determined at 292 K and pressures up to 0.65 MPa. Adsorbed phase compositions were determined from the gravimetric data by the rigorous thermodynamic method of Van Ness.These experimental binary equilibrium data were compared with equilibrium data calculated by the Ideal Adsorbed Solution (IAS) model. Only moderate agreement could be obtained.Finally, activity coefficients, accounting for the non-ideality of the adsorbate mixture, were calculated from the experimental data. The Wilson equation, derived for bulk solutions, was fitted on these activity data and the Wilson interaction parameters were determined. The Wilson equation proved to correlate the experimental data reasonably. However, the Wilson interaction parameters are not only completely different from those found for bulk solutions, but also the physical interpretation of these parameter values is completely lacking.It is concluded that new solution models should be developed encompassing both non-ideal solution behaviour and surface heterogeneity.     

Interaction Between Fe and Cl2 in the Bed of Graphitized Carbon Black

A possible route to remove Fe catalyst from graphitized carbon black synthesized in Boudouard's reaction is employment of gaseous chlorine in role of carrier. This process was explored by means of DTA method using the equipment designed in the laboratory. Obtained results demonstrate the complexity of processes occurring in systems containing Fe, C and Cl₂. Reactions in the system are highly influenced by the geometry of reacting solids. Process of FeCl₃ intercalation between graphite layers was observed analyzing DTA curves. The amount of Fe in the raw product of Boudouard's reaction was determined during the process of chlorination. Obtained results indicate that Cl₂ stream does not remove all the Fe even at high temperatures and prolonged chlorinating time. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An Equilibrium Relation for Gas Adsorption Applications

A new multicomponent equilibrium relation is proposed for engineering applications. This relation is based on a lattice model for mixtures of unequally sized molecules. An approximation is introduced for loading-dependent enthalies of adsorption that simplifies the energy balance in fixed-bed models and allows efficient solution of the equation set in process simulations. Comparisons are made with nonideal binary data in the literature.     

Analysis of Adsorption Isotherms: Lattice Theory Predictions, Classification of Isotherms for Gas–Solid Equilibria, and Similarities in Gas and Liquid Adsorption Behavior

Adsorption at fluid–solid interfaces is considered in the framework of a lattice with boundaries. Using ideas proposed by S. Ono and S. Kondo (in“Molecular Theory of Surface Tension in Liquids” (S. Flügge, Ed.), Encyclopedia of Physics, Vol. 10, p. 134. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1960), a lattice model is derived, both rigorously and phenomenologically, and applied to macro-, meso-, and microporous adsorbents by imposing different boundary conditions. It is shown that this lattice theory can predict the entire spectrum of behavior observed when gases, liquids, or supercritical fluids adsorb on solid surfaces. In particular, it is able to predict steps in the isotherms, scaling behavior near saturation conditions, supercritical behavior, and adsorption hysteresis. It is shown that there is a profound analogy in the adsorption behavior of a one-component gas to that of a binary liquid mixture. This analysis leads to a new classification of physisorption isotherms for fluid/solid equilibria.     

Carbon Nanostructures Doped with Transition Metals for Pollutant Gas Adsorption Systems

The adsorption of molecules usually increases capacity and/or strength with the doping of surfaces with transition metals; furthermore, carbon nanostructures, i.e., graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphdiyne, etc., have a large specific area for gas adsorption. This review focuses on the reports (experimental or theoretical) of systems using these structures decorated with transition metals for mainly pollutant molecules’ adsorption. Furthermore, we aim to present the expanding application of nanomaterials on environmental problems, mainly over the last 10 years. We found a wide range of pollutant molecules investigated for adsorption in carbon nanostructures, including greenhouse gases, anticancer drugs, and chemical warfare agents, among many more.     

Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on Activated Carbon

The adsorption of CO2 on a raw activated carbon A and three modified activated carbon samples B, C, and D at temperatures ranging from 303 to 333 K and the thermodynamics of adsorption have been investigated using a vacuum adsorption apparatus in order to obtain more information about the effect of CO2 on removal of organic sulfur-containing compounds in industrial gases. The active ingredients impregnated in the carbon samples show significant influence on the adsorption for CO2 and its volumes adsorbed on modified carbon samples B, C, and D are all larger than that on the raw carbon sample A. On the other hand, the physical parameters such as surface area, pore volume, and micropore volume of carbon samples show no influence on the adsorbed amount of CO2. The Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) equation was the best model for fitting the adsorption data on carbon samples A and B, while the Preundlich equation was the best fit for the adsorption on carbon samples C and D. The isosteric heats of adsorption on carbon samples A, B, C, and D derived from the adsorption isotherms using the Clapeyron equation decreased slightly increasing surface loading. The heat of adsorption lay between 10.5 and 28.4 kJ/mol, with the carbon sample D having the highest value at all surface coverages that were studied. The observed entropy change associated with the adsorption for the carbon samples A, B, and C (above the surface coverage of 7 ml/g) was lower than the theoretical value for mobile adsorption. However, it was higher than the theoretical value for mobile adsorption but lower than the theoretical value for localized adsorption for carbon sample D.     

High Pressure Adsorption Data of Methane, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide and their Binary and Ternary Mixtures on Activated Carbon

Adsorption equilibria of the gases CH₄, N₂, and CO₂ and their binary and ternary mixtures on activated carbon Norit R1 Extra have been measured in the pressure range 0 P 6 MPa at T = 298 K. Pure gas adsorption equilibria were measured gravimetrically. Coadsorption data of the three binary mixtures CH₄/N₂, CH₄/CO₂, and CO₂/N₂ were obtained by the volume-gravimetric method. Isotherms of five ternary mixtures CH₄/CO₂/N₂ were measured using the volumetric-chromatographic method. First, we present in a short overview the method and procedure of measurement. In a second part, the measured data of pressures, surface excess amounts adsorbed and absolute amounts adsorbed are presented and analyzed. In the last part of the paper the resulting pure gas adsorption data are correlated using a generalized dual-site Langmuir isotherm. Mixture adsorption can be predicted by this model using only pure component parameters with fair accuracy. Results are presented and discussed in several tables and figures.     

TENAX/吸附浓缩/热脱附/气相色谱法监测装药车间空气中的TDI

用Tenax/吸附浓缩/气相色谱法分析大气中的TDI,得到了一个Tenax适宜的吸附流量(0.5L/min)和热脱附温度(280℃);每克Tenax吸附TDI的最小量为0.41g;每克Tenax吸附TDI的最大量为474g,方法的标准偏差为0.383%;变异系数为3.01%;回收率为98.2%.     

载铜活性炭吸附一氧化碳的密度泛函理论计算

应用密度泛函理论和相对论有效核势方法, 用C₁₆H₁₀, C₁₃H₉, C₁₂H₁₂原子簇模型模拟活性炭表面, 计算得到了CO在载铜活性炭上的吸附位、吸附构型和吸附能. 研究表明: 载铜活性炭吸附CO的过程, 本质上是Cu(I)通过σ-π配键与CO络合, 形成Cu—C键的过程. 载铜活性炭对CO的络合吸附能在50～60 kJ/mol之间, 远大于活性炭对CO的物理吸附能(9.15 kJ/mol), 因而络合吸附更稳定, 选择性也更高. Cu(I)选择吸附在活性炭表面的顶位和桥位, 一个Cu(I)至多可以吸附一个到两个CO分子, 但吸附一个CO比吸附两个CO稳定.     

Experimental Determination and Analysis of High Pressure Adsorption Data of Pure Gases and Gas Mixtures

Adsorption data of the pure gases ethane, methane and their mixtures on zeolite 13X and the pure gases carbon dioxide, nitrogen and their mixtures on activated carbon Norit R1 were measured gravimetrically at a temperature of 298 K and pressures up to 15 MPa. From the total loads the partial loads were calculated by the modified van Ness approach. The calculated loads show a good agreement with the experimental data.     

气相色谱法测定黑色PMMA燃烧产物中的一氧化碳和二氧化碳含量

利用气相色谱法检测黑色PMMA完全燃烧烟气中的常量二氧化碳和微量一氧化碳,建立了双气路双检测器的检测方法。恒定色谱柱温度,通过定量管进样,Poropak T色谱柱预分离后,采用阀切换及柱反吹技术使不同组分分别流入5A分子筛色谱柱和Poropak N色谱柱中。5A分子筛色谱柱用于分离一氧化碳,经Ni催化甲烷化转化后用FID检测器测定;Poropak N色谱柱分离二氧化碳后进入电导检测器测定。采用峰面积法建立标准曲线,一氧化碳和二氧化碳的线性相关系数分别为0.999 9和0.999 6。用该法测定标准气体,其测定值与标准值的相对误差小于2%,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于1%。该方法可用于烟气毒性的分析。     

Adsorption of N-Nitrosodiethylamine and N-Nitrosodimethylamine on Activated Carbon: A Pre-Concentration Procedure for Gas Chromatographic Analysis

In this study, a rapid pre-concentration procedure, which employs powdered activated carbon as a clean-up and pre-concentration material, is described for the gas chromatographic analysis of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in aqueous solutions. It was found that powdered activated carbon is suitable for the adsorption of volatile N-nitrosamine compounds from aqueous solutions. Adsorption efficiency with spiked beer samples (alcohol content 5% v/v) was found to be 80.5% (NDMA) and 89.4% (NDEA) and recovery of extraction from activated carbon was calculated as 82.1% (NDMA) and 89.7% (NDEA), respectively. The effect of 100µgmL^–1 of tannic acid on the adsorption was also studied, and no significant effect on the adsorption and extraction of volatile N-nitrosamine compounds was found.     

强磁场碳黑催化法制备纳米新金刚石粉

在直流恒稳强磁场(10T)作用下,以纳米铁为催化剂,碳黑为碳源,在常压和1100℃下保温100min成功地制备出了类金刚石和新金刚石,并用XRD,TEM和Raman对制备的样品粉末进行表征．结果表明,样品粉末是由纳米类金刚石粉和石墨包覆新金刚石纳米颗粒组成,纳米类金刚石粉的大小为20nm,石墨包覆新金刚石的大小为100nm．     

Supercapacitive Swing Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide

An electrical effect, the supercapacitive swing adsorption (SSA) effect is reported, which allows for reversible adsorption and desorption of carbon dioxide by capacitive charge and discharge of electrically conducting porous carbon materials. The SSA effect can be observed when an electrically conducting, nanoporous carbon material is brought into contact with carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous electrolyte. Charging the supercapacitor electrodes initiates the spontaneous organization of electrolyte ions into an electric double layer at the surface of each porous electrode. The presence of this double layer leads to reversible, selective uptake and release of the CO₂ as the supercapacitor is charged and discharged.     

Measurement of Gas Mixture Adsorption Equilibria of Natural Gas Compounds on Microporous Sorbents

Physisorption equilibria of multicomponent gases on microporous solids like zeolites or activated carbons are considered. In view of lack of reliable and simple methods to calculate mixture adsorption isotherms from pure component data, experiments are still indispensable. An overview of classical and new methods to measure multicomponent gas adsorption equilibria is given. Some of the basic concepts like the Gibbs excess mass and the absolute mass adsorbed underlying these methods are discussed. Experimental data and a class of new adsorption isotherms for inhomogeneous microporous adsorbents of fractal dimension will be given in another subsequent paper (ADSO 635-98) by the same group of authors.     

活性炭对蔗糖的吸附特性

活性炭吸附蔗糖是一种化学吸附过程，蔗糖是单分子铺展的形式被吸附于活性炭表面，其吸附速率由内扩散所控制。