V2O5在载体表面的分散状态与表面酸性

用ＸＲＤ，ＸＰＳ研究了Ｖ２Ｏ５在γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３，ＳｉＯ２，ＴｉＯ２等载体上的分散状态，测定了最大分散容量。结果表明，Ｖ２Ｏ５在γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＳｉＯ２上能形成亚单层分散，分散容量分别为理论单层量的６０％和４５％；Ｖ２Ｏ５在ＴｉＯ２上优先形成单层，然后形成多层结构。Ｖ２Ｏ５在γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３上分散可使表面酸性有所增加；Ｖ２Ｏ５在ＳｉＯ２上分散使表面酸性剧增，酸位数和表面Ｖ＾５＋的摩尔比高达０．５左右；     

改性γ—Al2O3载体上钴和钼的分散状态

利用ＸＲＤ、ＢＥＴ磁性分析等手段研究了在磷或钾改性的γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３上钴和钼的存在形态，在Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３负载型催化剂中，载体γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３的改性处理对钴和钼的分散程度有显著影响．用磷酸处理γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３载体时，由于载体的表面形成了类似ＡｌＰＯ４式的结构，从而抑制了Ｍｏ－Ｏ－Ａｌ的生成，使钼以ＭｏＯ３的形式存在．而在此载体上，弱碱性的钴则与磷酸在γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３表面形成了类似磷酸钴式的结构，达到了较均匀的分散．用碳酸钾处理γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３载体时，载体表面的强碱性抑制了钴的分散，使之形成了较大的Ｃｏ３Ｏ４晶粒．相反，钼的分散度得到了提高     

钨基加氢脱氮催化剂载体与活性前身物的作用

为研究载体表面化学性质和钨前物结构对钨基加氢脱氮催化剂活性的影响，以ＩＲ，ＸＲＤ，程序升温硫化方法，研究了十二磷钨酸和偏钨酸铵两种不同结构的前身物在Ａｌ２Ｏ３的活性表面的分散状态。     

Sm2O3对CuO-γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

在色谱微反流动法实验装置上考察了负载Ｓｍ２Ｏ３对ＣｕＯγＡｌ２Ｏ３催化剂ＣＯ氧化活性的影响，并运用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）、程序升温还原（ＴＰＲ）及程序升温脱附（ＴＰＤＭＳ）技术研究了Ｓｍ２Ｏ３对ＣｕＯγＡｌ２Ｏ３催化剂的物相结构、氧化还原特性及表面氧的脱附与恢复行为的影响。结果表明，负载适量的Ｓｍ２Ｏ３对ＣｕＯγＡｌ２Ｏ３催化剂表面氧的脱出与恢复有促进作用，可使部分γＡｌ２Ｏ３相变成γＡｌ２Ｏ３和θＡｌ２Ｏ３的混合型。负载适量的Ｓｍ２Ｏ３能改善催化活性，而负载过量的Ｓｍ２Ｏ３则使ＣｕＯ催化剂上ＣｕＯ的晶粒增大，从而对催化活性起了抑制作用。     

CeO2对SrTiO3陶瓷电导性的影响

ＣｅＯ＿２改性的ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３陶瓷采用传统的陶瓷工艺制备。ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３基质与ＣｅＯ＿２按化学式ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３＋ｘ（ＣｅＯ＿２ｎＴｉＯ＿２）配比［ｘ（ｗｔ％）分别为２、５、１０、１５、２０、２５和３０］。样品在１４００℃下烧结１ｈ。Ｃｅ在ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３陶瓷中起施主杂质作用。扫描电镜形貌分析和Ｘ射线物相观察表明，在此种陶瓷中有Ｃｅ＿２Ｏ＿３第二相即玻璃相存在，并对毒害ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３陶瓷半导体化的杂质有固溶性质；同时，Ｃｅ＿２Ｏ＿３第二相还具有减薄晶粒表面氧化层的作用，从而增加了晶粒电导特性。在室温下，ＣｅＯ＿２改性的半导体ＳｒＴｉＯ＿３陶瓷具有畸变的立方结构。     

MoO3／（Tio2—SiO2）催化剂的表面分散状态及催化性能的研究

用气相流动吸附法制备复合载体，用浸渍法制备ＭｏＯ３（ＴｉＯ２－ＳｉＯ２）催化剂，应用ＬＲＳ和ＴＰＲ技术研究ＭｏＯ３在复合载体ＴｉＯ２－ＳｉＯ２表面的分散发现ＴｉＯ２在ＳｉＯ２表面的分散可增强ＭｏＯ３与载体之间的相互作用，提高ＭｏＯ３在载体表面的分散阈值。     

新型固体强碱KNO3/Al2O3的碱性

剖析了不同ＫＮＯ３负载量在Ａｌ２Ｏ３上的分散及分解，测定了ＫＮＯ３／Ａｌ２Ｏ３的碱量及碱强度，负载量低于其单层分散阈值时可被均匀分散，碱强度为１８．４；高于单层分散阈值时，只有７％和ＫＮＯ３与Ａｌ２Ｏ３表面相互作用而分散并在温和条件下分解，大部分ＫＮＯ３在８７３Ｋ活化才分解并重新分布，形成Ｋ２Ｏ类物种的多层叠合结构，产生碱强度为２７．０的超强碱位。     

碳氟醇对阳离子表面活性及胶团反离子结合度的影响

用表面张力及电动势法研究了Ｃ１０Ｈ２１Ｎ（ＣＨ３）３Ｂｒ，Ｃ１２Ｈ２５Ｎ（ＣＨ３）３Ｂｒ和Ｃ３Ｆ７ＣＨ２ＯＨ混合水溶液的表面与胶团性质。结果表明，对于阳离子表面活性剂，Ｃ３Ｆ７ＣＨ２ＯＨ的加入一方面增加表面活性，另一方面降低胶团反离子结合度。后者不同于阴离子表面活性剂／Ｃ３Ｆ７ＣＨ２ＯＨ混合体系，可归因于Ｃ３Ｆ７ＣＨ２ＯＨ略有酸性，因而具备一些类似阴离子表面活性剂的性质。     

氧化法制备纳米级α－Fe_2O_3气敏陶瓷粉体的比较

分别用空气氧化和Ｈ２Ｏ２氧化沉淀法制得了纳米级α－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３气陶瓷粉料，对粉体进行了ＸＲＤ物相分析及晶粒度、晶格畸变率的测定，以ＴＥＭ观察其形貌并测得了平均粒径，采用迎头色谱法测定其比表面积。结果对照表明，Ｈ２Ｏ２氧化法制得的粉体粒度更小，而且该法还具有不引入有害杂质，便于共沉掺杂等优点，是更有发展前途的α－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３基气敏陶瓷粉料制备方法。     

镍盐和氧化镍在NaY沸石中存在状态研究

用ＸＲＤ、ＥＸＡＦＳ和ＴＰＲ方法研究了Ｎｉ（ＮＯ３）２／ＮａＹ和ＮｉＯ／ＮａＹ分散体系。在沸石上，Ｎｉ（ＮＯ３）２的分散比ＮｉＯ容易得多。ＸＲＤ相定量方法测定的ＮｉＯ在ＮａＹ沸石上的分散阈值很低，仅为密置单层容量的２％左右。在分散阈值关ＮｉＯ在沸石上处于分散相和笼外小晶粒两种状态。分散相ＮｉＯ比笼外ＮｉＯ小晶粒难还原。样品中ＮｉＯ含量超过阈值时，笼外小晶粒长大成ＸＲＤ可检测的较大晶粒。     

Clouding of nonionic surfactants

Nonionic surfactants have broad applications such as cleaning and dispersion stabilization, which frequently are hampered by strong temperature sensitivities. As manifested by clouding and decreased solubility with increasing temperature, the interaction between water and the oligo(oxyethylene) head-groups is becoming less favorable. Different aspects of surfactant self-assembly, like the critical micelle concentration, micelle size and shape, intermicellar interactions and phase separation phenomena are reviewed as well as suggested underlying causes of the temperature dependence. Furthermore, the effect of cosolutes on clouding and the behavior of related systems, non-aqueous solutions and nonionic polymers, are examined.     

Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration of cadmium ions with anionic–nonionic surfactants

Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF), a surfactant-based separation process, is promising in removing multivalent metal ions from aqueous solutions. The micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration of cadmium from aqueous solution was studied in systems of anionic surfactant and mixed anionic/nonionic surfactants. The micelle sizes and zeta potentials were investigated by dynamic light scattering measurements. The effects of feed surfactant concentration, cadmium concentration and the molar ratio of nonionic surfactants to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the cadmium removal efficiency, the rejection of SDS and nonionic surfactants and the permeate flux were investigated. The rejection efficiencies of cadmium in the MEUF operation were enhanced with higher SDS concentration and moderate Cd concentration. When SDS concentration was fixed at 3 mM, the optimal ranges of the molar ratios of nonionic surfactants to SDS for the removal of cadmium were 0.4–0.7 for Brij 35 and 0.5–0.7 for Triton X-100, respectively. With the addition of nonionic surfactants, the SDS dosage and the SDS concentration in the permeate were reduced efficiently.     

Solubility of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Aqueous Solutions of Non-ionic Surfactants

The solubilities of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (MELOXICAM and CELECOXIB) drugs, were determined in aqueous solutions of nonionic (Tween 20, Tween 80, Brij 30, Brij 35, Triton X 100, Triton X 114) surfactants. These surfactants have different numbers of oxyethylene units and their micelles showed different aggregation numbers. It is shown that these surfactants have different abilities to solubilize NSAIDs drugs. The solubilities of the drugs increased linearly with the increase in concentration of surfactants. The sizes of micelles remained constant with the addition of the drugs, except for Triton type surfactants in which case the size of the micelles decreased. It was observed that the number of oxyethylene units in the surfactants, aggregation number of the micelles and HLB play key roles in solubilizing the drugs.     

一种修饰钙掺杂钛酸铅湿敏纳米薄膜的新方法——钾修饰薄膜的制备、湿敏特性和结构表征

为了使感湿性能很差的钛酸铅湿敏改性，选取Ti(O-n-Bu)_4，Pb(OAc)_2和Ca (OAc)_2为起始物，采用溶胶-旋涂法以及烧结晶化过程，在镀有Ag-Pd合金叉指电 极的α-Al_2O_3基片上制备了钾修饰的钙掺杂钛酸铅纳米湿敏薄膜(K~+-Ca_xPb_ (1-x)TiO_3，缩写为K-CPT)。在(20 ± 0.1) ℃常温下、相对湿度RH=8.0%～93.6 之间5个检测点上测试了K-CPT的阻-温特性，并与纯钛酸铅薄膜（PT）、钙掺杂钛 酸铅薄膜(CPT)以及锂修饰的钙掺杂钛酸铅薄膜(Li-CPT)进行了比较，对工艺进行 了正交实验和研究。结果表明：在x = 0.35，K~+含量为1%(K/Ti, mol/mol)，以及 850 ℃/1h的烧结晶化成瓷条件下，所制得的陶瓷薄膜在RH=8.0%～93.6%的实测范 围内，灵敏度S=3.3*10~3，感湿响应时间τ=15s，湿滞 ≤ ±2%；而在RH=0%～ 100%的全湿范围内，总的电阻值降低值约为10~4 kΩ，即全湿范围内的灵敏度可达 四个数量级；S=10~4kΩ/100△RH(%)。通过XRD，SEM和TEM手段对薄膜的晶相结构 及显微结构进行了表征，薄膜为四方多晶，具有网状孔道和岛形晶界，晶粒呈极度 化定向排列的电畴结构，粒度为10nm，岛的平均面积为4μm*5μm。     

Abnormal micellar growth in sugar-based and ethoxylated nonionic surfactants and their mixtures in dilute regimes using analytical ultracentrifugation

To develop structure-property relationships for surfactants that control their adsorption, solubilization, and micellization behavior in mixed systems and to develop predictive models based on such relationships, it is necessary to acquire quantitative information on various species present in these complex systems. The analytical ultracentrifugation technique is selected for the first time to characterize the species present in mixed micellar solutions due to its powerful ability to separate particles on the basis of their size and shape. Two nonionic surfactants, n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside (DM) and nonyl phenol ethoxylated decyl ether (NP-10), and their 1:1 molar ratio mixture were investigated in this study. Micelles of the nonionic surfactants and their mixture are asymmetrical in shape at the critical micelle concentration (cmc). Interestingly, unlike ionic surfactants, the micellar growths of the nonionic surfactants were found to occur at concentrations immediately above the cmc. The results from both sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium experiments suggest coexistence of two types of micelles in nonyl phenol ethoxylated decyl ether solutions and in its mixture with n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside, while only one micellar species is present in n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside solutions. Type 1 micelles were primary micelles at the cmc, while type 2 micelles were elongated micelles. The differences in the micellar shapes of n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside and nonyl phenol ethoxylated decyl ether are attributed to packing parameters detected by their molecular structures.     

Effect of surfactant type on surfactant-maltodextrin interactions: isothermal titration calorimetry, surface tensiometry, and ultrasonic velocimetry study

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), surface tensiometry, and ultrasonic velocimetry were used to characterize surfactant-maltodextrin interactions in buffer solutions (pH 7.0, 10 mM NaCl, 20 mM Trizma base, 30.0 degrees C). Experiments were carried out using three surfactants with similar nonpolar tail groups (C12) but different charged headgroups: anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), cationic (dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, DTAB), and nonionic (polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether, Brij35). All three surfactants bound to maltodextrin, with the binding characteristics depending on whether the surfactant headgroup was ionic or nonionic. The amounts of surfactant bound to 0.5% w/v maltodextrin (DE 5) at saturation were < 0.3 mM Brij35, approximately 1-1.6 mM SDS, and approximately 1.5 mM DTAB. ITC measurements indicated that surfactant binding to maltodextrin was exothermic. Surface tension measurements indicated that the DTAB-maltodextrin complex was more surface active than DTAB alone but that SDS- and Brij35- maltodextrin complexes were less surface active than the surfactants alone.     

CPS LG 315 Correlation between the phase behavior of ternary systems and removal of oil in the washing process

The correlation between the phase behavior of aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants and the removal of oil from fabrics has been determined. Model washing experiments with pure and technical grade nonionic surfactants indicated that, in the dispersion ranges of liquid crystals, oil removal is substantially more temperature-dependent compared to micellar or surfactant liquid phases. In this phase region, interfacial tension does not seem to play a substantial role. The results are discussed in terms of the macroscopic properties of mesophases.The publications on which this report is based were promoted with funds of the Federal German Ministry of Research and Technology (No. 03 C 219 2). However, the authors alone are responsible for its contents.     

Effect of Surfactants on the Formation,Morphology, and Surface Property of Synthesized SiO2 Nanoparticles

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of cationic, anionic (saturated and unsaturated), and nonionic surfactants on the formation, morphology, and surface properties of silica nanoparticles synthesized by the ammonium‐catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane in alcoholic media. Results indicate that at a relatively low surfactant concentration (1 × 10^?3–1 × 10^?6 M), cationic surfactants significantly affected the growth of silica particles as measured by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic analyses. In contrast, the anionic and nonionic surfactants showed relatively minor effects in the low concentration range. The magnitude of negative zeta potential was reduced for silica colloids that were synthesized in the presence of cationic surfactant because of charge neutralization. The presence of anionic surfactants only slightly increased the negative zeta potential while the nonionic surfactant showed no obvious effects. At high surfactant concentrations (>1 × 10^?3 M), cationic and anionic surfactants both induced colloid aggregation, while the nonionic surfactant showed no effect on particle size. Raman spectroscopic analysis suggests that molecules of cationic surfactants adsorb on silica surfaces via head groups, aided by favorable electrostatic attraction, while molecules of anionic and nonionic surfactants adsorb via their hydrophobic tails.     

Micellar structure in gemini nonionic surfactants from small-angle neutron scattering

The size and shape of micelles formed by dimeric polyoxyethylene (nonionic gemini) surfactants having the structure (Cn-2H2n-3CHCH2(OCH2CH2)mOH)2(CH2)6 with alkyl and ethoxy chain lengths ranging from n = 12-20 and m = 5-30 have been determined using small angle neutron scattering (SANS). The surfactants are polydisperse in the hydrophilic groups but otherwise analogous to the widely studied monomeric poly(oxyethylene) alkanols. We find that longer ethoxylated chains are needed to confer solubility on the gemini surfactants and that these chains in the hydrophilic corona around the alkyl core of the micelles are reasonably well described as a homogeneous random coil in a good solvent. Spherical micelles are formed by the surfactants with the longest ethoxylated chains. Shorter chains lead first to rods and ultimately a vesicle dispersion. These solutions exhibit conventional cloud point behavior, and on warming, a sphere to rod transition can be observed. For the n = 20 and m = 15 surfactant, this shape transition is accompanied by a striking increase in viscosity at low concentration and gelation at higher concentrations.     

非离子表面活性剂的雾点研究-电解质的影响

研究了１－１型钠盐对五种非 离子表面活性剂水溶液雾点的影响，有九种钠盐使雾点下降，下降的依次是ＩＯ＾－３＞ＯＨ＾－＞Ｆ＾－＞ＣＨ３ＣＯＯ＾－＞ＢｒＯ＾－３＜＞Ｃｌ＾－＞Ｂｒ＾＿＞ＣｌＯ３＾－≥ＮＯ＾－３；有三种钠盐使雾点升高，升高的效率依次是ＣＮＳ＾－＞ＣｌＯ＾－＞Ｉ＾－。