Propella[34] prismane and its congeners: A MO-theoretical study

The geometries of a fourfold bridged tricyclo[4.2.0.0^2,5]octa-3,7-diene ( 1 ) and its photoproducts 2 and 3 were calculated by Hartree-Fock ab initio (3-21G and DZP basis) and semiempirical (MNDO, AM1, MINDO /3) methods. It was found that due to the smaller distance between the double bonds in 1 (2.65 Å) as compared to the parent tricyclo[4.2.0.0^2,5]octa-3,7-diene ( 4 ) (2.91 Å), the sequence of the frontier orbitals is different. In the case of 1 , the photochemical [2 + 2]cycloaddition is allowed, whereas in 4 it is forbidden. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

[C]Lithium trimethylsilyl ynolate: a new [C] precursor and its application in heterocyclic synthesis

[¹¹C]Lithium trimethylsilyl ynolate was characterized to be a new precursor in carbon-11 chemistry. It was obtained from [¹¹C]carbon monoxide and lithiated silyldiazomethane. The new precursor might be of high potential for the incorporation of carbon 11 into heterocyclic ring systems for which labeling methods are not well developed. More examples will certainly follow if other researchers will apply this useful method.     

Synthesis, structure, and conformation of aza[1n]metacyclophanes

N-Benzyl substituted aza[1n]metacyclophanes (n = 4, 6, 8, and 10) were prepared in overall 40% isolated yields via Pd-catalyzed aminations. Analyses of the reaction mixtures showed that aza[14]metacyclophane and the related polymer were the primary products ( approximately 60% overall yield); aza[1n]metacyclophanes up to n = 14 and linear oligomers with up to 20 nitrogen atoms (with at least three types of end groups) were detected. Macrocyclic structures for n = 4, 6, and 10 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. 1,3-Alternate (D(2d)) and 1,3,5-alternate (S(6)) conformations in solution on NMR time scale at low temperatures were found for macrocycles with n = 4 and n = 6, respectively; the barrier for ring inversion was considerably lower for the larger macrocycle.     

Synthesis,structure, and conformation of terphenylene-derived azacalix[4]aromatics

Several novel azacalix[4]aromatics constituting terphenylene units have been synthesized via sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of 5′-t-butyl-(1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl)-3,3″-diamine 9 and 5′-t-butyl-(1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl)– 4,4″-diamine 11 with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and cyanuric chloride, respectively. The bridging –NH– functions of the tetra-nitro substituted azacalix[2]arene[2]terphenylenes 1 and 2 have been transformed to the corresponding –N(CH₃)– bridged azacalix[2]arene[2]terphenylenes 3 and 4 via N-alkylation. Single crystal X-ray analysis revealed that the terphenyl-3,3″-diamine derived azacalix[2]terphenylene[2]triazine 5 adopts a distorted chair conformation in the solid state, and the terphenyl-4,4″-diamine derived azacalix[2]terphenylene[2]triazine 6 was found to adopt a 1,3-alternate conformation.     

Absolute configuration and conformation of 1,1′-spirob[benz[g]indan]

Two diastereomers of 3,3′-di-t-butyl-1,1′-spirobi[benz[g]indan] have been prepared; c.d. spectral evidence is presented for the difference between their conformations.     

Organogel formation by a cholesterol-stoppered bistable [2]rotaxane and its dumbbell precursor

The switching properties, gelation behavior, and self-organization of a cholesterol-stoppered bistable [2]rotaxane containing a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring and tetrathiafulvalene/1,5-dioxynaphthalene recognition units situated in the rod portion of the dumbbell component have been investigated by electrochemical, spectroscopic, and microscopic means. The cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring in the [2]rotaxane can be switched between the tetrathiafulvalene and 1,5-dioxynaphthalene recognition units by addressing the redox properties of the tetrathiafulvalene unit. The organogels can be prepared by dissolving the [2]rotaxane and its dumbbell precursor in a CH2Cl2/MeOH (3:2) mixed solvent and liquified by adding the oxidant Fe(ClO4)3. Direct evidence for the self-organization was obtained from AFM investigations which have shown that both of the [2]rotaxane and its dumbbell precursor form linear superstructures which we propose are helical in nature.     

Dibenzo[a,o]phenanthro[3,4-s]pycene,a configurationally stable double helicene: synthesis and determination of its conformation by NMR and GIAO calculations

[reaction: see text] A double helicene formed by a pentahelicene and a heptahelicene with two rings in common was obtained by palladium-catalyzed cyclotrimerization of 3,4-didehydrophenanthrene and was characterized conformationally by NMR and GIAO calculations.     

Preparation and conformation of dioxocalix[4]arene derivatives

CrO(3) oxidation experiments conducted on atropisomeric forms of 2 (2(paco), 2(1,3)(-)(alt), and 2(1,2)(-)(alt)) indicate that under the reaction conditions only methylene groups located between pairs of geminal rings oriented in an anti disposition are oxidized to carbonyls. NMR data suggest that the tetrahydroxydioxocalix[4]arenes 7 and 9 adopt the partial cone and 1,2-alternate conformations, respectively. In the crystal structure of 7.2EtOAc the dioxocalixarene adopts a partial cone conformation, whereas 9 adopts in the crystal a 1,2-alternate conformation. In both conformations, pairs of geminal rings connected to a carbonyl are oriented in an anti fashion. The relative stability of the partial cone and 1,2-alternate conformations of 7 and 9 is underestimated by MM3 calculations. The topomerization barriers of 7 and 9 are 12.8 and 13.6 kcal mol(-)(1), respectively.     

Solution conformation of longifolene and its precursor by NMR and ab initio calculations

We describe the conformation and stereospecific 1H and 13C chemical shift assignments of longifolene 1 and its penultimate precursor 2 through the combined use of ab initio calculations and experimental NMR techniques. The predicted stable conformation for both compounds was similar and adopts a twisted chair conformation at the seven-membered ring where C4 lies on top of the exocyclic double bond. The calculated chemical shifts for the stable conformation agree well with the experimental values.     

Synthesis, structure, and conformation of ortho-linked oxacalix[n]arene[n]hetarenes

ortho-Linked oxacalix[n]arene[n]hetarenes (n=2, 3) were prepared by one-step cyclooligomerization of catechol and meta-dichlorinated nitrogen containing heterocycles or via a two-step reaction process. Solid state structure of the ortho-linked oxacalix[n]arene[n]hetarenes (n=2, 3) has been determined by X-ray crystallography. 1,3-Alternate and 1,3,5-alternate conformations were found for ortho-linked oxacalix[2]arene[2]pyrazine (1) and oxacalix[3]arene[3]pyrazine (2), respectively. However, a core conformation with C₃ symmetry was found for ortho-linked oxacalix[3]arene[3]pyrimidine (4), which is completely different from that of its isomer, compound 2.     

Boat-chair conformation of 2,4-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane

The conformation of 2,4-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane was investigated with the use of ¹H NMR spectroscopy. From the coupling constants, the Nuclear Overhauser Effects and the T₁-relaxation times it was concluded that this compound occurs predominantly in the bc conformation.     

Absolute configuration and conformation of 1,1′-spirobi [benz[f] indan]

Three diastereomers of (1S) 3-3′-di-t-butyl-1,1′-spirobi [benz[f] indan] have been prepared. In the ¹B_b region all the isomers showed typical c.d. couplets of negative sign, reflecting the identity of configuration at the spiro center irrespective of their different conformations.     

A deeper insight into strain for the sila‐bi[6]prismane ( ) cluster with its endohedrally trapped silicon atom,

A new family of over‐coordinated hydrogenated silicon nanoclusters with outstanding optical and mechanical properties has recently been proposed. For one member of this family, namely the highly symmetric Si₁₉H₁₂ nanocrystal, strain calculations have been presented with the goal to question its thermal stability and the underlying mechanism of ultrastability and electron‐deficiency aromaticity. Here, the invalidity of these strain energy (SE) calculations is demonstrated mainly based on a fundamentally wrong usage of homodesmotic reactions, the miscounting of atomic bonds, and arithmetic errors. Since the article in question is entirely anchored on those erroneous SE values, all of its conclusions and predictions become without meaning. We provide evidence here that the nanocrystal in question suffers from such low levels of strain that its thermodynamical stability should be largely sufficient for device fabrication in a realistic plasma reactor. Most remarkably, the two “alternative,” irregular isomers explicitly proposed in the aforementioned article are also electron‐deficient, nontetrahedral, ultrastable, and aromatic nicely underlining the universality of the ultrastability concept for nanometric hydrogenated silicon clusters. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Synthesis of pyrrolidine-fused [34]- and [36]octaphyrins via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

[reaction: see text] The utility of expanded porphyrins as a dipolarophile in cycloaddition reactions has been investigated. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of meso-octakis(pentafluorophenyl)[36]octaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1) with an azomethine ylide provides mono- and bis-pyrrolidine-fused octaphyrins regio- and stereoselectively. Treatment of the cycloadduct with MnO(2) afforded [34]octaphyrin quantitatively.     

Sterically crowded cyclohexanes - 81). Synthesis,crystal structure,conformation and dynamics of pentaspiro[2.0.2.0.2.0.2.0.2.1]hexadecane,pentaspiro[3.0.2.0.3.0.2.0.3.1]- nonadecane and pentaspiro[3.0.3.0.3.0.3.0.3.1] heneicosane

The synthesis, crystal structure (7,8), conformation and dynamics of pentaspiro[2.0.2.0.2.0.2.0.2.1] hexadecane 6, pentaspiro [3.0.2.0.3.0.2.0.3.1] nonadecane 7 and pentaspiro [3.0.3.0.3.0.3.0.3.1] heneicosane 8 are described. Chair conformations have been found in the solid state (7,8) and in solution (6,7,8). The activation parameters of the chair-to-chair interconversion have been determined from bandshape analyses of exchange broadened ¹H-NMR (6,7) and¹³ C-NMR spectra (8), respectively. The results were as follows: 6: ΔH³ = 48.9 ± 0.8 kJ/mol, ΔS³ = -20.7 ± 2.8 J/mol, grd, ΔG³₂₉₈ = 55.0 ± 0.1 kJ/mol; 7: ΔH³=51.2±0.7 kJ/mol, ΔS³ = -12.0±2.4 J/mol, grd, ΔG³₂₉₈ = 54.8±0.1 kJ/mol; 8: ΔH³ - 74.2±0.6 kJ/mol, ΔS³ =-21.9 ± 1.5 J/mol, grd, ΔG³₂₉₈ = 80.7 ± 0.2 kJ/mol. On the basis of these values the barrier of inversion of the still unknown hexaspirane 5 is predicted to exceed 160 kJ/mol.