飞秒光场中锂原子三重电离的光电子关联动量与能量谱研究（特邀）

理论研究了飞秒光场中锂原子的三重电离问题。改进经典轨道蒙特卡罗方法获得了锂原子基态的稳定构型并数值计算了激光强度范围为1013W/cm2至1017W/cm2锂的电离率。分析电离后Li3+的动量谱,揭示了包括非序列三重电离与序列三重电离的电离机制。根据Dalitz图中绘制的电子能量分布的关联谱,发现在非序列三重电离过程中存在明确的（e,3e）电子关联效应,即率先电离的电子与母离子发生再散射,使得内壳层的两个电子同时电离。此外,模拟表明即使在强度高达1017W/cm2的序列三重电离区域也存在电子再散射过程。     

平行电磁场中里德堡氢原子的自相似结构研究

利用半经典方法研究了平行电磁场中里德堡氢原子的分形自相似现象. 通过研究平行电磁场中里德堡氢原子的逃逸时间和初始出射角间的关系, 发现了逃逸时间图的自相似结构, 并通过研究与图中冰柱对应的逃逸轨道, 得到了自相似结构和逃逸轨道之间的关系, 发现了该类自相似逃逸轨道满足的规律. 进一步研究了标度能量和标度磁场对体系动力学的影响, 表明标度能量和标度磁场均控制体系的分形自相似结构. 当标度能量或标度磁场比较小时, 没有自相似现象, 随着标度能量或标度磁场的增大, 自相似出现, 体系变复杂.     

平行电磁场中高里德堡态锂原子自电离的半经典分析

利用Poincaré截面和标度回归谱理论对平行电磁场中高里德堡态锂原子自电离现象进行了半经典分析.并与相同条件下氢原子的相应性质进行比较,结果表明两者有很大不同,这主要是由于离子实散射引起的.从而表明离子实对非氢原子的混沌性质起着非常重要的作用.     

强激光场中原子单电离的半经典方法

随着激光器技术的发展,实验室中可获得的激光场强度不断增大,可以观测到各种高度非线性的实验现象,比如原子分子中的电子可以从强激光场中吸收比克服电离能需要的光子数更多的光子而发生电离,被称为阈上电离.这些非线性现象向量子力学的微扰理论提出了挑战,而精确求解含时薛定谔方程的方法只局限在少数的简单原子或分子,并且计算复杂.在这种情形下,基于电子轨迹的半经典理论由于其物理过程清晰、计算简单等优点应运而生,在强场光电离领域已经广泛应用.本文从原子分子电离的经典描述出发,介绍了半经典理论的发展.半经典理论结合了量子力学隧穿效应、电子经典的轨道描述以及量子的相位信息,能够很好地解释在强场隧穿区的各种实验现象.文中重点介绍两种已经发展得较为成熟的半经典方法,即量子轨道蒙特卡罗方法 (quantum trajectory Monte Carlo)和库仑修正下的强场近似方法 (Coulomb-corrected strong field approximation).这两种方法的优点在于同时考虑了电子轨迹的库仑势作用以及电子轨迹之间的干涉效应,能够通过追踪电子的运动轨迹对电离电子动量谱中各种结构的形成给出直观清晰的解释.     

氢里德堡原子在磁场中的双脉冲谱

考虑完全相同的两束激光脉冲与原子相互作用的过程,研究氢里德堡波包在磁场中随时间的演化.结果显示了波包的运动与闭合轨道密切相关.讨论了双脉冲的相位参数以及脉冲宽度对谱的影响.     

纳秒脉冲下高能量快电子逃逸过程的计算

基于快电子的逃逸击穿机理将是一种能解释纳秒脉冲高过电压倍数下气体放电现象的理论，对高能量快电子的逃逸运动、碰撞电离引导电子崩的发展等进行了分析，并根据电子能量与阻力关系式，对电子的俘获或逃逸过程进行了计算.结果表明外加场强越高，更多的电子能逃逸，逃逸的能量阈值越低，气压对电子的逃逸过程影响也较大.同时也定性描述了纳秒脉冲下逃逸击穿放电过程. 关键词： 气体放电 快电子 逃逸击穿 纳秒脉冲     

磁场中的原子

本文简要地描述了关于磁场中原子问题的研究进展，介绍了此问题与可积性和混沌之间的关系，并着重说明了电离阈附近吸收谱振荡现象的封闭轨道理论．     

强电,磁场中的原子

简要地叙述了强电场和强磁场中的原子物理问题的研究进展，着重介绍了原子电场电离的实验结果和理论分析，对称性对磁场中原子行为的影响，以及与经典混沌和量子谱相关的共振现象。     

氢里德堡原子在磁场中的双脉冲谱

考虑完全相同的两束激光脉冲与原子相互作用的过程，研究氢里德堡波包在磁场中随时间的演化。结果显示了波包的运动与闭合轨道密切相关。讨论了双脉冲的相位参数以及脉冲宽度对谱的影响。     

非圆截面环流器中逃逸电子实验分析

本文描述和分析非圆截面环流器中逃逸电子的行为。计算了临界场、临界速度、逃逸率、逃逸电子轨道漂移位移和约束条件。测量了硬X射线闪烁谱及其空间分布,讨论了逃逸电子产生的硬X射线强度与充气压强、环电流、纵向磁场之间的关系。     

包含激发-自电离的类锂离子的电子碰撞电离截面

利用扭曲波玻恩交换近似,计算了类锂离子的电子碰撞激发-自电离截面和总电离截面,与紧耦合计算及实验数据比较,得到了比较令人满意的结果。同时给出计算各种离子内层激发截面的一般公式。     

Atomic physics with ion accelerators — Beam-foil spectroscopy

A survey is given of research in atomic spectroscopy with accelerated, excited ions (beam-foil spectroscopy). After a short experimental section recent studies of atomic energy levels (particularly multiply excited configurations), radiative transition probabilities, a auto-ionization mechanisms, fine- and hyperfine-structure effects and radiative corrections are summarized.     

Branching ratio and angular distribution of ejected electrons from Eu 4f~76p_(1/2)nd auto-ionizing states

The branching ratios of ions and the angular distributions of electrons ejected from the Eu 4f~76p_(1/2)nd auto-ionizing states are investigated with the velocity-map-imaging technique.To populate the above auto-ionizing states,the relevant bound Rydberg states have to be detected first.Two new bound Rydberg states are identified in the region between41150 cm~(-1)and 44580 cm~(-1),from which auto-ionization spectra of the Eu 4f~76p_(1/2)nd states are observed with isolated core excitation method.With all preparations above,the branching ratios from the above auto-ionizing states to different final ionic states and the angular distributions of electrons ejected from these processes are measured systematically.Energy dependence of branching ratios and anisotropy parameters within the auto-ionization spectra are carefully analyzed,followed by a qualitative interpretation.     

Inner-shell excitation of alkali-metal atoms

Inner-shell excitation of alkali-metal atoms, which leads to auto-ionization, is investigated. Comparison is made with other available data. Basic difficulties in making accurate calculations for inner-shell excitation process are discussed. Suggestions are made for further study of inner-shell process in atoms and ions.     

非厄米哈密顿量的物理意义

分析了一个脉冲激光与原子相互作用的四能级系统，并考虑最上层能级的自电离过程，从而引入非厄米哈密顿量.在缀饰原子模型下，通过直接求解此哈密顿量的本征值与本征函数，得到系统布居的演化函数.与数值方法所得演化函数的对比表明二者相当符合，从而肯定了非厄米哈密顿量在量子力学框架中的地位，并得到其本征值虚部的物理意义.这将使传统量子力学中力学量的定义得以拓展. 关键词： 非厄米哈密顿量 缀饰原子模型     

A model for l-shell auto-ionization in /gb-decay

The previously proposed model for auto-ionization in the K-shell is extended to the L-shell. The comparison between the calculated and available experimental results is not as straightforward as for the K-shell case, due to complications arising from fluorescence yields and Coster-Kronig vacancy shifting probabilities. However, in cases where comparisons are possible the agreements are encouraging.     

On the theory of auto-ionization in electron-capture decay

Existing theories of auto-ionization in electron-capture decay are reviewed. It is proved that the theoretical model recently developed by Law and Campbell is identical with an earlier theory due to the author. Disagreement between the final results obtained from these two theories is traced to additional approximations introduced by Law and Campbell in the course of their calculations. These approximations are critically examined and found to be invalid thus explaining the reported disagreement. The results of various theoretical calculations previously reported by the author are evaluated for several nuclei of interest.     

Foundations of High-Energy Astrophysics,by M. Vietri

Penning ionization is a fundamenta atomic collision process whereby ions are produced in chemical reactions involving excited atoms. The process has been known since the 1920s but until fairly recently has been poorly understood. Over the past decade new experimental techniques such as metastable beams, flowing afterglows and Penning electron spectroscopy have produced a wealth of data on the process and have prompted the development of new theories. The process is now well described by the concept of an excited quasi-molecule which undergoes auto-ionization.

In this article are described the recent experimental and theoretical work which has led to a new understanding of the process.     

The role of auto-ionization transitions in the formation of the extended fine structure of high-energy secondary electron spectra

Extended fine structure (EFS) of secondary electron (SE) spectra has been detected beyond the high-energy (∼720 and ∼840 eV) LVV Auger lines in iron and nickel. Two mechanisms of its formation are considered: 1) direct transitions of electrons to the final state p according to Fermi’s “golden rule” and 2) second-order processes of auto-ionization type, passing through excitation of a core electron to an intermediate state q of the continuum with subsequent filling of the hole formed during this process by a valence electron and transition of the electron from the intermediate state q to the final state p. Interference of the direct wave with the wave reflected from neighboring atoms generates the EFS both in the final (p) and in the intermediate (q) state with two different periods determined by the wave numbers p and q. Comparison of calculated extended fine structures with the experimentally observed ones leads to the conclusion that the structure is formed by second-order auto-ionization processes. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1589–1594 (September 1998)