基于DS18B20的冰层温度梯度-厚度传感器的设计

根据高寒地区河流结冰时,河道冰情监测点垂直柱面内空气、冰与水三种介质所表现出的不同温度特性,设计了基于DS18820温度传感器的高显示分辨率冰层温度梯度一厚度自动化检测传感器,传感器内部采用单总线结构,通过MSP430单片机的控制实现了温度梯度各监测点的数字化数据采集,使传感器具有结构简单、功耗低、抗干扰能力强等优点.将新型传感器安装在内蒙古三湖口黄河河道并进行了连续两个月的现场冰情数据采集试验,传感器获得了黄河河道监测点系统的温度梯度数据.通过对采集获得的冰层温度梯度数据的进一步分析,可以全面掌握河道冰层变化的状况,实验结果表明这一新的冰层温度梯度一厚度传感器是一种更加适应于工程应用的冰情检测设备.     

A mathematical model of silicon-based thermobiosensors

A mathematical model of a silicon glucose thermobiosensor thatdetects changes in temperature produced by a biocatalytic reactionis proposed for calculation of transient temperature and reactantconcentration profiles, time-dependencies of the output signal,and calibration curves. Mathematically the model is reducedto a one-dimensional linear initial-boundary-value problem ofthe heat-conduction equation with a thermal source F(x, t).In order to find F(x, t), a system of the second-order nonlinearpartial differential equations for glucose and oxygen concentrations,describing a combination of diffusion-membrane theory and Michaelis-Mentenenzyme reaction theory, has been solved. The computed dependenciesof transient temperature profile and sensor response to variousconditions such as oxygen buffer concentration, membrane thickness,enzyme loading, and operation mode are analysed for the optimaldesign of the tensor.     

同面多极电容感应式冰层厚度传感器的设计及应用

同面多极电容感应式冰层厚度传感器是基于空气、冰与水不同的介电特性,通过对空气层、冰层和冰下水层电容值进行分层测量,从而实现对冰层厚度与水位高度自动检测的一种新型冰情检测传感器.主要融合了单片机技术和电子信息采集,处理,转换技术.利用Maxwell软件对其机理进行仿真,对实验数据进行分析,论证了同面多电极电容感应式冰厚传感器的测量原理;通过分析该传感器在黄河内蒙段的现场检测数据,证明该传感器具有准确度高、误差小、稳定等优点,并能在低温、辐射和强烈振动等恶劣环境下工作,非常适合野外环境中使用.     

Mathematical modeling of a steam generator for sensor fault detection

A dynamic model for a nuclear power plant steam generator (vertical, preheated, U-tube recirculation-type) is formulated as a sixth-order nonlinear system. The model integrates nodal mass and energy balances for the primary water, the U-tube metal and the secondary water and steam. The downcomer flow is determined by a static balance of momentum. The mathematical system is solved using transient input data from the Philippsburg 2 (FRG) nuclear power plant. The results of the calculation are compared with actual measured values. The proposed model provides a low-cost tool for the automatic control and simulation of the steam generating process. The “parity-space” algorithm is used to demonstrate the applicability of the mathematical model for sensor fault detection and identification purposes. This technique provides a powerful means of generating temporal analytic redundancy between sensor signals. It demonstrates good detection rates of sensor errors using relatively few steps of scanning time and allows the reconfiguration of faulty signals.     

A new multidimensional integral relationship between heat flux and temperature for direct internal assessment of heat flux

This paper derives a new integral relationship between heat flux and temperature in a transient, two-dimensional heat conducting half space. A unified mathematical treatment is proposed that is extendable to higher-dimensional and finite-region geometries. The analytic expression provides the local heat flux perpendicular to the front surface solely based on an embedded line of temperature sensors parallel to the surface. The relationship does not require apriori knowledge of the surface boundary condition. A new sensor strategy is analytically conceived based on the integral relationship for estimating the local, in-depth heat flux without surface instrumentation. It should further be clarified that the integral relationship requires only knowledge of the local, in-depth temperature and heating/cooling rate (time rate of change of temperature). The resulting formulation is mildly ill-posed and either requires digital filtering of the temperature signal to remove high frequency components of noise or the development of direct heating/cooling rate sensors. This paper (a) develops the new mathematical relationship; (b) demonstrates that the proposed relationship reduces to well-known (i) one-dimensional results under the appropriate assumptions; and, (ii) two-dimensional surface results; and, (c) provides a simple numerical example validating the concept.     

The determination of the thermal properties of a heat conductor in a nonlinear heat conduction problem

This paper considers the inverse determination of the positive unknown thermal properties K(T), C(T) and the unknown temperature T(_{x, t}) in the nonlinear transient heat conduction equation. In addition to prescribed initial and/or boundary values, specified continuously differentiable temperature data T(x₀, t) with non-zero derivative at a single sensor location x = x₀ is given. When K(T) and C(T) obey a certain relationship which enables one to linearise exactly the nonlinear heat equation then their dependence upon T is obtained explicitly, whilst the unknown temperature T(x, t) is obtained implicitly and is then calculated numerically. Results are presented and discussed for infinite, semi-infinite and finite slabs.     

A new multidimensional integral relationship between heat flux and temperature for direct internal assessment of heat flux

This paper derives a new integral relationship between heat flux and temperature in a transient, two-dimensional heat conducting half space. A unified mathematical treatment is proposed that is extendable to higher-dimensional and finite-region geometries. The analytic expression provides the local heat flux perpendicular to the front surface solely based on an embedded line of temperature sensors parallel to the surface. The relationship does not require apriori knowledge of the surface boundary condition. A new sensor strategy is analytically conceived based on the integral relationship for estimating the local, in-depth heat flux without surface instrumentation. It should further be clarified that the integral relationship requires only knowledge of the local, in-depth temperature and heating/cooling rate (time rate of change of temperature). The resulting formulation is mildly ill-posed and either requires digital filtering of the temperature signal to remove high frequency components of noise or the development of direct heating/cooling rate sensors. This paper (a) develops the new mathematical relationship; (b) demonstrates that the proposed relationship reduces to well-known (i) one-dimensional results under the appropriate assumptions; and, (ii) two-dimensional surface results; and, (c) provides a simple numerical example validating the concept.     

Minimum quench energies of uncooled low temperature superconductors with temperature dependent thermophysical parameters

An analytical method for calculation of minimum quench energies (MQEs) of uncooled composite low temperature superconductors is presented. The method takes into account transient heat transfer in the conductor as well as temperature dependent ohmic heat generation and temperature dependent thermophysical properties of the conductor. MQE of the conductor is calculated based on the analysis of evolution of peak temperature in the normal zone. The method is validated by comparison of the obtained results with the experimental data as well as with analytical and numerical results taken from literature.     

Thermal finite-element analysis of space shuttle main engine turbine blade

Finite-element, transient heat transfer analyses were performed for the first-stage blades of the space shuttle main engine high-pressure fuel turbopump. The analyses were based on test engine data provided by Rocketdyne. Heat transfer coefficients were predicted by performing a boundary-layer analysis at steady-state conditions with the 5 boundary-layer code. Two different peak-temperature overshoots were evaluated for the startup transient. Cutoff transient conditions were also analyzed. A reduced gas temperature profile based on actual thermocouple data was also considered. Transient heat transfer analyses were conducted with the finite-element computer code.     

Outlier detection of air temperature series data using probabilistic finite state automata‐based algorithm

This article proposes a probability finite state automata‐based algorithm (PFSAA) for detecting outliers of air temperature series data caused by sensor errors. This algorithm first divides the training samples of air temperature series data into subclusters that will be further used to build finite state automata by splitting and combining techniques. Then, it creates a dynamic transition matrix of PFSA based on probability theories. Finally, the outliers of the remaining test samples are detected by PFSAA. The proposed algorithm is quantitatively validated by the reference data and a traditional backpropagation neural net model. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012     

Thermal models for copper-alloyed dies in pressure die casting

A recent innovation in pressure die casting is the use of copper-alloyed dies suitably protected with a thermally sprayed steel layer. The thermal response of copper-alloyed dies is dictated principally by the deposited layer, the cooling arrangement and the casting geometry. This paper is concerned with the development of efficient numerical models for the prediction of both steady-state and transient thermal behaviour of the new die designs. Die temperatures are cyclic but useful information is obtained from a steady-state model, which provides for time-averaged temperatures and energy fluxes. The modelling strategy presented in the paper involves the indirect determination of transient temperatures. A perturbation approach is adopted, where a model for the difference between transient and steady-state temperature is developed. It is shown that this approach can be utilised to determine transient temperature efficiently once steady-state information is available with the transient perturbation model only involving surfaces where a significant variation in temperature occurs.     

转臂式离心机工作室内的瞬态温度求解与分析

考虑大型转臂式离心机圆柱形工作室各墙壁(顶板、底板和侧壁)的瞬态导热,建立各墙壁的瞬态温度控制方程,对控制方程进行Laplace变换并求解,得到了透过墙壁内表面的总热流量与工作室内空气温度的关系.同时,综合考虑离心机驱动系统输出功率与工作室内空气和固体部件吸热、墙壁系统的吸热和导热、出风口带出的热量,以及动能与进风口带入的热量和动能之差等供能与耗能之间的平衡关系,建立工作室内瞬态温度控制方程,导出了工作室内空气瞬态温度的Laplace变换像函数的解析表达式.然后,采用求解Laplace逆变换的展开定理,导出了工作室内空气瞬态温度随时间变化的级数型显式表达式.最后,以一台多用途离心机为例,进行了工作室内空气温度的理论计算,与以前只考虑墙壁稳态导热的理论计算相比,瞬态计算结果与实测结果更加接近.所建瞬态温度公式提高了工作室温度的预测精度,有助于提升大型转臂式离心机工作室温控设计的水平.     

南极中山站周边水环境冰情监测系统的设计与研究

系统实现对南极中山站周边冰、水环境的长期连续实时监测,可以为分析南极环境变化是否对全球气候异常变化造成影响提供最基本的科学数据.利用空气,冰与水介质的电导率不同的原理用微控制器控制冰情检测传感器来实现冰水环境的自动化监测,设计了可以实现冰厚度、水深度、温度的定点连续冰情监测系统,监测数据可以存储在系统内嵌的SD存储卡中,方便观测人员进行调用.通过卫星实现数据无线传输.     

模糊传感器训练算法

本文提出了模糊传感器的一种分段式训练调参方法。对温度模糊传感器的仿真结果表明，该方法能在不同的测量结构下，较好地解决人类感知温度的模糊语言描述问题。     

A Free Boundary Problem of Fourth Order: Classical Solutions in Weighted Hölder Spaces

We prove short-time existence and uniqueness of classical solutions in weighted Hölder spaces for the thin-film equation with linear mobility, zero contact angle, and compactly supported initial data. We furthermore show regularity of the free boundary and optimal regularity of the solution in terms of the regularity of the initial data. Our approach relies on Schauder estimates for the operator linearized at the free boundary, obtained through a variant of Safonov's method that is solely based on energy estimates.     

On an unstable thin-film equation in multi-dimensional domains

We study the existence of weak and strong solutions to the initial-boundary value problem for a thin-film type equation with unstable diffusion in multi-dimensional domains. Depending on the initial data and the parameter values, we prove local and global in time existence of nonnegative weak and strong solutions.     

Combined mollification—future temperatures procedure for solution of inverse heat conduction problem

The inverse heat conduction problem involves the calculation of surface heat flux and/or temperature histories from transient, measured temperatures inside solids. This paper proposes and investigates a new combined procedure that is based on two different methods: a data filtering interpretation of the mollification method and Beck's future temperature method. A test case is investigated of a semi-infinite body exposed to a heat flux that is initially zero, has a unit increase, an then drops to zero. The combined procedure is shown to be accurate and stable with respect to perturbations in the data even for small dimensionless time steps. The future temperatures method can be significantly improved upon by the combined procedure.     

基于模糊时间序列的传感器网络感知数据预测模型

传感器网络监控系统属于大型复杂系统,由感知节点以一定的时间间隔向sink节点发送感知数据,以实现对应用环境的监控。由于网络本身及应用环境的影响,得到的感知数据往往存在不确定性。此外,周期性报告数据模式影响到实时监控数据的精确性。本文应用时间序列模型预测传感器数据以响应用户查询,可有效降低网络通信量。通过对无线传感器网络的数据分析,引入多属性模糊时间序列预测模型,充分考虑了无线传感器网络时间序列中存在的趋势因素,并提出了适合于传感器网络的修正预测模型。实验结果表明模糊时间序列模型可有效预测传感器网络数据,且能提高预测精度。     

Collision-free path coloring with application to minimum-delay gathering in sensor networks

Efficient data gathering is an important challenge in sensor networks. In this paper we address the problem of gathering sensed data to the sink of a sensor network minimizing the time to complete the process. We present optimal time data gathering algorithms for any sensor network topology, in the half-duplex with directional antennas model, when each sensor has one data packet to be gathered and merging of packets is not allowed at intermediate nodes. Our results improve on existing approximation algorithms. We approach the gathering problem by obtaining optimal solutions to a path coloring problem in graphs.     

液浮陀螺仪浮筒表面瞬态温度的确定

遵照关肇直先生生前的建议,本文作者之一在文献[1]中,将液浮陀螺仪浮简表面稳态温度估计问题,转化成一个函数空间中的优化问题,然后利用正则化方法,给出了这个问题的近似解法。