Holomorphic solutions to functional differential equations

The pantograph equation is perhaps one of the most heavily studied class of functional differential equations owing to its numerous applications in mathematical physics, biology, and problems arising in industry. This equation is characterized by a linear functional argument. Heard (1973) [10] considered a generalization of this equation that included a nonlinear functional argument. His work focussed on the asymptotic behaviour of solutions for a real variable x as x→∞. In this paper, we revisit Heard's equation, but study it in the complex plane. Using results from complex dynamics we show that any nonconstant solution that is holomorphic at the origin must have the unit circle as a natural boundary. We consider solutions that are holomorphic on the Julia set of the nonlinear argument. We show that the solutions are either constant or have a singularity at the origin. There is a special case of Heard's equation that includes only the derivative and the functional term. For this case we construct solutions to the equation and illustrate the general results using classical complex analysis.     

Natural Boundaries for Solutions to a Certain Class of Functional Differential Equations

This paper is concerned with a generalization of a functional differential equation known as the pantograph equation. The pantograph equation contains a linear functional argument. In this paper we generalize this functional argument to include nonlinear polynomials. In contrast to the entire solutions generated by the pantograph equation for the retarded case, we show that in the nonlinear case natural boundaries occur. These boundaries are linked to the Julia set of the polynomial functional argument.     

Holomorphic solutions to pantograph type equations with neutral fixed points

Pantograph type equations have been studied extensively owing to the numerous applications in which these equations arise. These studies focused primarily on the case when the functional argument is linear, and the origin is either a repelling or attracting fixed point. The nonlinear case has been studied by Oberg [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 161 (1971) 302-327] and Marshall et al. [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 268 (2002) 157-170], but the focus again was on repelling or attracting fixed points. Oberg (op. cit.), however, did consider briefly the neutral fixed point case and found a connexion with Siegel discs. In this paper we build on Oberg's work and study the neutral fixed point case. We show that, for nonlinear functional arguments with neutral fixed points, pantograph type equations have nonconstant holomorphic solutions only if the functional argument has a Siegel disc centered at the fixed point. We then show that the boundary of the Siegel disc forms a natural boundary for the nonconstant holomorphic solutions.     

A new Jacobi rational–Gauss collocation method for numerical solution of generalized pantograph equations

This paper is concerned with a generalization of a functional differential equation known as the pantograph equation which contains a linear functional argument. In this article, a new spectral collocation method is applied to solve the generalized pantograph equation with variable coefficients on a semi-infinite domain. This method is based on Jacobi rational functions and Gauss quadrature integration. The Jacobi rational-Gauss method reduces solving the generalized pantograph equation to a system of algebraic equations. Reasonable numerical results are obtained by selecting few Jacobi rational–Gauss collocation points. The proposed Jacobi rational–Gauss method is favorably compared with other methods. Numerical results demonstrate its accuracy, efficiency, and versatility on the half-line.     

A Bessel collocation method for numerical solution of generalized pantograph equations

This article is concerned with a generalization of a functional differential equation known as the pantograph equation which contains a linear functional argument. In this article, we introduce a collocation method based on the Bessel polynomials for the approximate solution of the pantograph equations. The method is illustrated by studying the initial value problems. The results obtained are compared by the known results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2011     

Optimal boundary regularity for nonlinear singular elliptic equations

In this paper we prove the optimal boundary regularity under natural structural conditions for a large class of nonlinear elliptic equations with singular terms near the boundary. By a careful construction of super- and sub-solutions, we obtain precise growth estimates for solutions at the boundary and reduce the boundary regularity to the interior one by a rescaling argument.     

Some remarks on extremal solutions of multivalued differential equations

In this paper, we consider extremal solutions of multivalued differential equations, i.e., solutions that steer to the boundary of the attainable set. Multivalued differential equations arise in a natural way from control systems governed by ordinary differential equations that have a variable control-constraint set. Extremal solutions of multi-valued differential equations are important in the study of the optimal control of such systems. We give conditions under which extremality of a solution at a certain time implies extremality of the solution at all previous times where it is defined. Necessary conditions for extremality are also obtained. We treat both the time-dependent case and the time-independent case.     

Neural network solution of pantograph type differential equations

We investigate the approximate solution of pantograph type functional differential equations using neural networks. The methodology is based on the ideas of Lagaris et al, and itis applied to various problems with a proportional delay term subject to initial or boundary conditions. The proposed methodology proves to be very efficient.     

Analysis of unsteady stagnation‐point flow over a shrinking sheet and solving the equation with rational Chebyshev functions

This paper investigates the nonlinear boundary value problem, resulting from the exact reduction of the Navier–Stokes equations for unsteady laminar boundary layer flow caused by a stretching surface in a quiescent viscous incompressible fluid. We prove existence of solutions for all values of the relevant parameters and provide unique results in the case of a monotonic solution. The results are obtained using a topological shooting argument, which varies a parameter related to the axial shear stress. To solve this equation, a numerical method is proposed based on a rational Chebyshev functions spectral method. Using the operational matrices of derivative, we reduced the problem to a set of algebraic equations. We also compare this work with some other numerical results and present a solution that proves to be highly accurate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability analysis of block boundary value methods for neutral pantograph equation

This paper deals with the convergence and stability properties of block boundary value methods (BBVMs) for the neutral pantograph equation. Due to its unbounded time lags and limited computer memory, a change in the independent variable is used to transform a pantograph equation into a non-autonomous differential equation with a constant delay but variable coefficients. It is shown under the classical Lipschitz condition that a BBVM is convergent of order p if the underlying boundary value method is consistent with order p. Furthermore, it is proved under a certain condition that BBVMs can preserve the asymptotic stability of exact solutions for the neutral pantograph equation. Meanwhile, some numerical experiments are given to confirm the main conclusions.     

Asymptotical Stability of Numerical Methods with Constant Stepsize for Pantograph Equations

In this paper, the asymptotical stability of the analytic solution and the numerical methods with constant stepsize for pantograph equations is investigated using the Razumikhin technique. In particular, the linear pantograph equations with constant coefficients and variable coefficients are considered. The stability conditions of the analytic solutions of those equations and the numerical solutions of the θ-methods with constant stepsize are obtained. As a result Z. Jackiewicz’s conjecture is partially proved. Finally, some experiments are given. AMS subject classification (2000) 65L02, 65L05, 65L20     

A Taylor method for numerical solution of generalized pantograph equations with linear functional argument

This paper is concerned with a generalization of a functional differential equation known as the pantograph equation which contains a linear functional argument. In this paper, we introduce a numerical method based on the Taylor polynomials for the approximate solution of the pantograph equation with retarded case or advanced case. The method is illustrated by studying the initial value problems. The results obtained are compared by the known results.     

Strong unique continuation property for a class of fourth order elliptic equations with strongly singular potentials

In this paper we prove the strong unique continuation property for a class of fourth order elliptic equations involving strongly singular potentials.Our argument is to establish some Hardy-Rellich type inequalities with boundary terms and introduce an Almgren’s type frequency function to show some doubling conditions for the solutions to the above-mentioned equations.     

La série entière 1+zΓ(1+i)+z2Γ(1+2i)+z3Γ(1+3i)+⋯ possède une frontière naturelle !

The lacunary series are the most classic examples among all the power series whose circle of convergence constitutes a natural boundary (Dienes, 1931 [4, 493–94, pp. 372–383], Titchmarsh, 1939 [8, 47.43, p. 223], …). In this Note, we study a family of non-lacunary power series whose coefficients are given by means of values of the Gamma function over vertical line. We explain how to transform these series into lacunary Dirichlet series, which allows us to conclude the existence of their natural boundary. Our results, which illustrate in what manner the Gamma function may have an unpredictable behaviour on any vertical line, may also be partially understood in the framework of our forthcoming work on a class of differential q-difference equations, namely, on pantograph type equations (meanwhile see Kato and McLeod (1971) [6]).     

Delay induced subcritical Hopf bifurcation in a diffusive predator-prey model with herd behavior and hyperbolic mortality

In this paper, we consider the dynamics of a delayed diffusive predator-prey model with herd behavior and hyperbolic mortality under Neumann boundary conditions. Firstly, by analyzing the characteristic equations in detail and taking the delay as a bifurcation parameter, the stability of the positive equilibria and the existence of Hopf bifurcations induced by delay are investigated. Then, applying the normal form theory and the center manifold argument for partial functional differential equations, the formula determining the properties of the Hopf bifurcation are obtained. Finally, some numerical simulations are also carried out and we obtain the unstable spatial periodic solutions, which are induced by the subcritical Hopf bifurcation.     

凹角型区域椭圆边值问题的自然边界归化

In this paper, the natural boundary reduction for some elliptic boundary value problems with concave angle domains and their natural boundary methods are investigated. The natural integral equations and the Poisson integral formulae are given. The finite element methods of the natural integral equations are discussed in details. The convergences of the approximate solutions and their error estimates are obtained. Finally, some numerical examples are presented to show that our methods are effective.     

Dynamics of an Overhead Line and Pantograph System

The dynamic interaction between pantograph and catenary is studied. The overhead electrification system for high speed trains is modelled by visco‐elastically connected double homogeneous strings system, one finite suspended on rigid concentrated supports and the second of infinite length. The pantograph is represented by one degree of freedom oscillator moving along the string at a constant speed. The model is new in that it gives possibility to consider the influence of the locomotive transverse vibrations on railway overhead contact system. The dynamic state of the investigated system is described by a nonlinear set of coupled partial differential equations with complicated boundary conditions. Dynamic transverse displacements of the connected strings are determined. General results are illustrated by numerical examples.     

一类高阶常微分方程的共振周期解的存在唯一性

利用min-max原理的非变分形式给出了一系列有关高阶常微分方程共振周期解的存在唯一性结论．     

An exponential approximation for solutions of generalized pantograph-delay differential equations

In this paper, a new matrix method based on exponential polynomials and collocation points is proposed for solutions of pantograph equations with linear functional arguments under the mixed conditions. Also, an error analysis technique based on residual function is developed for the suggested method. Some examples are given to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the method and the comparisons are made with existing results.     

一类具复杂偏差变元的泛函微分方程

本文研究了一类具复杂偏差变元的泛函微分方程强解的存在性及其性态问题，得到了新的结果．