多障碍物通道中激波诱导气相爆轰的数值研究

应用数值模拟方法,研究了直通道中激波经过多块矩形障碍物时诱导 H2/O2混合气体起爆的物理机制. 研究表明：在前导激波强度不足以诱导波后气 体直接起爆的条件下,经过激波压缩的可燃气体也可能在远离激波的障碍物之间的凹槽部位 起爆;障碍物表面产生的压缩波、膨胀波和气流滑移面对可燃气体的起爆、爆轰波的形成和 传播过程有重要的影响;添加不同稀释比的氮气可以影响爆轰波后流场的温度分布;增加障 碍物的间距可以改变可燃气起爆位置.     

Detonation Initiation by Shock Reflection from an Orifice Plate

Results from an experimental investigation of the interaction of a “non-ideal” shock wave and a single obstacle are reported. The shock wave is produced ahead of an accelerated flame in a 14 cm inner-diameter tube partially filled with orifice plates. The shock wave interacts with a single larger blockage orifice plate placed 15–45 cm after the last orifice plate in the flame acceleration section of the tube. Experiments were performed with stoichiometric ethylene–oxygen mixtures with varying amounts of nitrogen dilution at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The critical nitrogen dilution was found for detonation initiation. It is shown that detonation initiation occurs if the chemical induction time based on the reflected shock state is shorter than the time required for an acoustic wave to traverse the orifice plate upstream surface, from the inner to the outer diameter. The similarity between the present results and those obtained from previous investigators looking at detonation initiation by ideal shock reflection produced in a shock tube indicates that the phenomenon is not sensitive to the detailed structure of the shock front but only on the average shock strength.This paper is based on work that was presented at the 20th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Montreal, Canada, July 31–August 5, 2005.     

激波聚焦诱导点火和爆轰的数值研究

以二维轴对称多组分Euler方程为基础，采用非正交结构化网格和改进的波传播算法，模拟了激波在抛物形反射壁面聚焦反射诱导点火和爆轰的过程，描述了其流场形态。讨论了预混气组成、入射激波强度及反射壁面形状对点火和爆轰的影响。结果表明，激波在抛物形反射壁面顶点处聚焦反射可形成局部高温高压区域，该区域在一定条件下可点燃预混气甚至形成爆轰，其中低稀释剂浓度的预混气、较大的入射激波Mach数和较深的反射壁面有利于可燃预混气形成爆轰。     

用环形激波聚焦实现爆轰波直接起爆的数值模拟

利用基元反应模型和有限体积法对环形激波在可燃气体中聚焦实现爆轰波直接起爆进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明，标准状态下的氢气-空气混合气体在马赫数为3.1以上的环形激波聚焦产生的高温高压区作用下会诱发可燃气体的直接起爆形成爆轰波，爆轰波与激波和接触间断相互作用产生了复杂的波系结构；爆轰波爆点位置在对称轴上并不是固定的点，而是随着初始激波马赫数的变化而发生移动；可燃气体初始温度和压力对起爆临界马赫数都有影响，但是初始温度的影响大得多。     

Interaction of a high-speed combustion front with a closely packed bed of spheres

The head-on collision of a combustion front with a closely packed bed of ceramic-oxide spheres was investigated in a vertical 76.2 mm diameter tube containing a nitrogen diluted stoichiometric ethylene–oxygen mixture. A layer of spherical beads in the diameter range of 3–12.7 mm was placed at the bottom of the tube and a flame was ignited at the top endplate. Four orifice plates spaced at one tube diameter were placed at the ignition end of the tube in order to accelerate the flame to either a “fast-flame” or a detonation wave before the bead layer face. The mixture reactivity was adjusted by varying the initial mixture pressure between 10 and 100 kPa absolute. The pressure before and within the bead layer was measured by flush wall-mounted pressure transducers. For initial pressures where a fast-flame interacts with the bead layer peak pressures recorded at the bead layer face were as high as five times the reflected Chapman–Jouget detonation pressure. The explosion resulting from the interaction developed by two distinct mechanisms; one due to the shock reflection off the bead layer face, and the other due to shock transmission and mixing of burned and unburned gas inside the bead layer. The measured explosion delay time (time after shock reflection from the bead layer face) was found to be independent of the incident shock velocity. As a result, the explosion initiation is not the direct result of the shock reflection process but instead is more likely due to the interaction of the reflected shock wave and the trailing flame. The bead layer was found to be very effective in attenuating the explosion front transmitted through the bead layer and thus isolating the tube endplate. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 21th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitiers, France, July 23–27, 2007.     

气相爆轰波正反射激波加速研究

实验采用压力传感器测量了指定点压力时间曲线。数值模拟基于二维反应欧拉方程和基元反应模型,采用二阶附加半隐的龙格-库塔法和5阶WENO格式分别离散时间和空间导数项,获得了指定点数值压力时间曲线。理论分析基于爆轰理论和激波动力学,分析了气相爆轰波反射过程所涉及的复杂波系演变并获得了反射激波速度。结果表明:本文数值模拟和理论计算定性上重复并解释了实验现象。气相爆轰波在右壁面反射后,右行稀疏波加速反射激波。其加速原因是:尽管激波波前声速减小,但激波马赫数增大,波前气流速度减小。在低初压下,可能还由于爆轰波后未反应或部分反应气体的作用,导致反射激波加速幅度比高初压下大。     

Behavior of detonation waves at low pressures

With respect to stability of gaseous detonations, unsteady behavior of galloping detonations and re-initiation process of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures are studied using a detonation tube of 14 m in length and 45 mm i.d. The arrival of the shock wave and the reaction front is detected individually by a double probe combining of a pressure and an ion probe. The experimental results show that there are two different types of the re-initiation mechanism. One is essentially the same as that of deflagration to detonation transition in the sense that a shock wave generated by flame acceleration causes a local explosion. From calculated values of ignition delay behind the shock wave decoupled from the reaction front, the other is found to be closely related with spontaneous ignition. In this case, the fundamental propagation mode shows a spinning detonation. Received 10 March 1997 / Accepted 8 June 1997     

DDT and detonation waves in dust-air mixtures

This paper summarizes the studies of DDT and stable detonation waves in dust-air mixtures at the Stosswellenlabor of RWTH Aachen. The DDT process and propagation mechanism for stable heterogeneous dust detonations in air are essentially the same as in the oxygen environment studied previously. The dust DDT process in tubes is composed of a reaction compression stage followed by a reaction shock stage as the pre-detonation process. The transverse waves that couple the shock wave and the chemical energy release are responsible for the propagation of a stable dust-air detonation. However, the transverse wave spacing of dust-air mixtures is much larger. Therefore, DDT and propagation of a stable detonation in most industrial and agricultural, combustible dust-air mixtures require a tube that has a large diameter between 0.1 m and 1 m and a sufficient length-diameter ratio beyond 100, when an appropriately strong initiation energy is used. Two dust detonation tubes, 0.14 m and 0.3 m in diameter, were used for observation of the above-mentioned results in cornstarch, anthraquinone and aluminum dust suspended in air. Smoked-foil technique was also used to measure the cellular structure of dust detonations in the 0.3 m detonation tube. Received 11 February 2000 / Accepted 1 August 2000     

Re-initiation phenomenon of gaseous detonation induced by shock reflection

The two-dimensional, time-dependent, reactive Navier–Stokes equations including the effects of viscosity, thermal conduction and molecular diffusion were solved to reveal the wave evolution and chemical dynamics involved in the re-initiation process. The computation was performed for hydrogen–oxygen–argon mixtures at the low initial pressure (8.00 kPa), using detailed chemical reaction model. The results show that, the decoupled leading shock reflects on the right wall of the vertical branch. High temperature and pressure behind the reflected shock induce the generation of hot spots and local explosion. Therefore, the re-initiation of gaseous detonation occurs. In the re-initiation area, there exist very high OH concentration and no H ₂ concentration. However, in front of reflected shock, there exist relatively high H ₂ concentration and no OH radicals. Additionally, the shock–flame interaction induces RM instability. This results in the fast mixing between hot reacted gas mixture and the relatively cold unreacted gas mixture and accelerates the chemical reactions. However, the shock–flame interaction contributes much less to the re-initiation, in contrast with shock reflection. The transition of leading shock from regular reflection to Mach reflection happens during the re-initiation. The computed evolution of wave structures involved in the re-initiation is qualitatively agreeable with that from the experimental schlieren images.      

气相爆轰物理的若干研究进展

爆轰现象的研究已经有一百多年的历史了,爆轰物理的研究取得了许多重要进展.本文从爆轰波的经典理论、胞格爆轰波的多波结构、气相爆轰波形成机理、气相爆轰波传播机制等方面综述了相关的若干研究进展,评述了这些进展的科学性与局限性,并探讨了将来可能的研究方向.这些研究进展主要包括:CJ(Chapman-Jouguet)理论和ZND(Zel'dovich,von Neumann,D?ring)模型、爆轰波多波结构、爆轰胞格特征、直接起爆和爆燃转爆轰过程、热点起爆机制、爆轰波稳定性、扰动爆轰波的传播等.爆轰波是以超声速传播的自持燃烧现象,涉及了激波相互作用、燃烧化学反应、湍流扩散和流动不稳定性等复杂的气动物理过程,相关研究具有重要的学科理论意义.另外,爆轰燃烧具有高效的热化学能释放特点,在先进的热力推进技术方面有着重要的应用背景,因此相关研究也具有重要的工程应用价值.      

Visualization of deflagration-to-detonation transitions in a channel with repeated obstacles using a hydrogen–oxygen mixture

The deflagration-to-detonation transition in a 100 mm square cross-section channel was investigated for a highly reactive stoichiometric hydrogen oxygen mixture at 70 kPa. Obstacles of 5 mm width and 5, 10, and 15 mm heights were equally spaced 60 mm apart at the bottom of the channel. The phenomenon was investigated primarily by time-resolved schlieren visualization from two orthogonal directions using a high-speed video camera. The detonation transition occurred over a remarkably short distance within only three or four repeated obstacles. The global flame speed just before the detonation transition was well below the sound speed of the combustion products and did not reach the sound speed of the initial unreacted gas for tests with an obstacle height of 5 and 10 mm. These results indicate that a detonation transition does not always require global flame acceleration beyond the speed of sound for highly reactive combustible mixtures. A possible mechanism for this detonation initiation was the mixing of the unreacted and reacted gas in the vicinity of the flame front convoluted by the vortex present behind each obstacle, and the formation of a hot spot by the shock wave. The final onset of the detonation originated from the unreacted gas pocket, which was surrounded by the obstacle downstream face and the channel wall.     

Rapid detonation initiation by sparks in a short duct: a numerical study

Rapid onset of detonation can efficiently increase the working frequency of a pulse detonation engine (PDE). In the present study, computations of detonation initiation in a duct are conducted to investigate the mechanisms of detonation initiation. The governing equations are the Euler equations and the chemical kinetic model consists of 19 elementary reactions and nine species. Different techniques of initiation have been studied for the purpose of accelerating detonation onset with a relatively weak ignition energy. It is found that detonation ignition induced by means of multiple sparks is applicable to auto-ignition for a PDE. The interaction among shock waves, flame fronts and the strip of pre-compressed fresh (unburned) mixture plays an important role in rapid onset of detonation.     

INTERFACE EVOLUTIONS AND GROWTH PREDICTIONS OF MIXING ZONE ON PREMIXED FLAME INTERFACE DURING RM INSTABILITY 1)

预混火焰界面的RM (Richtmyer-Meshkov)不稳定导致的界面混合区增长过程在自然界和工程实践中十分常见,但化学反应对其增长的影响机理仍不明确,反应性界面混合区增长速率的预测也未见报道, 因此,开展RM不稳定过程中火焰界面演化和混合区预测的研究十分必要.本文采用带单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和高精度数值格式,研究了正弦形预混火焰界面在平面入射激波及其反射激波作用下的RM不稳定过程.结果表明, 在入射激波作用后的阶段,除RM不稳定本身导致的界面演化为"钉-帽"和"泡"形结构外,化学反应一方面以预混火焰传播的方式促进了界面中"泡"结构的增长,另一方面通过与涡结构的复杂相互作用促进了"钉-帽"结构的增长.化学反应活性越强, 火焰界面的"泡" 结构和"钉-帽"结构的增长越快.在第一次反射激波作用后的阶段,化学反应以相同的火焰传播方式对"泡"和"钉-帽"结构产生影响, 两者效应相抵,因而导致反射激波作用后的阶段中界面混合区增长不受化学反应活性的影响.根据以上分析,分别针对入射激波和第一次反射激波作用后的火焰界面混合区增长速率提出了相应的预测模型,为探索反应性RM不稳定过程的理论预测方法提供了有益参考.     

RM不稳定过程中预混火焰界面演化及混合区增长预测

预混火焰界面的RM (Richtmyer-Meshkov)不稳定导致的界面混合区增长过程在自然界和工程实践中十分常见,但化学反应对其增长的影响机理仍不明确,反应性界面混合区增长速率的预测也未见报道, 因此,开展RM不稳定过程中火焰界面演化和混合区预测的研究十分必要.本文采用带单步化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程和高精度数值格式,研究了正弦形预混火焰界面在平面入射激波及其反射激波作用下的RM不稳定过程.结果表明, 在入射激波作用后的阶段,除RM不稳定本身导致的界面演化为"钉-帽"和"泡"形结构外,化学反应一方面以预混火焰传播的方式促进了界面中"泡"结构的增长,另一方面通过与涡结构的复杂相互作用促进了"钉-帽"结构的增长.化学反应活性越强, 火焰界面的"泡" 结构和"钉-帽"结构的增长越快.在第一次反射激波作用后的阶段,化学反应以相同的火焰传播方式对"泡"和"钉-帽"结构产生影响, 两者效应相抵,因而导致反射激波作用后的阶段中界面混合区增长不受化学反应活性的影响.根据以上分析,分别针对入射激波和第一次反射激波作用后的火焰界面混合区增长速率提出了相应的预测模型,为探索反应性RM不稳定过程的理论预测方法提供了有益参考.      

激波与爆轰波对撞的数值模拟研究

用二阶精度NND差分格式和改进的二阶段化学反应模型模拟了爆轰波与激波的对撞过程,研究了不同强度入射激波对爆轰过渡区域的影响. 当对撞激波较弱时,透射爆轰波演变主要受流动膨胀作用的影响,可划分为对撞影响区、爆轰恢复区和稳定发展区3个阶段. 在爆轰恢复区和稳定发展区,前导激波压力经历一个过冲、然后向稳定爆轰过渡的过程,表现了爆轰波熄爆和再起爆的物理特征. 当对撞激波较强时,可燃混合气体的高热力学参数导致了更高的化学反应活化程度,形成了弱爆轰向稳定爆轰的直接转变.      

Detonation and deflagration initiation at the focusing of shock waves in combustible gaseous mixture

Abstract. Detonation and deflagration initiation under focusing conditions in a lean hydrogen-air mixture was experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out in a shock tube equipped with the laser schlieren system and pressure transducers. Two-dimensional wedges (53° and 90°), semi-cylinder and parabola, were used as the focusing elements. The peculiarities of mild and strong ignition inside the reflector cavity were visualized. A hydrogen-nitrogen mixture was taken for comparison between reactive and inert mixture. It was found that mild ignition inside the reflector cavity can lead to detonation initiation outside the cavity. Schlieren pictures of the process were obtained and the dependence of the distance of detonation initiation on Mach number of the incident shock wave was established. Received 30 August 1999 / Accepted 23 February 2000     

Numerical study of three-dimensional developments of premixed flame induced by multiple shock waves

The three-dimensional interactions of a perturbed premixed flame interface with a planar incident shock wave and its reflected shock waves are numerically simulated by solving the compressible, reactive Navier–Stokes equations with the high-resolution scheme and a single-step chemical reaction. The effects of the initial incident shock wave strength (Mach number) and the initial perturbation pattern of interface on the interactions are investigated. The distinct properties of perturbation growth on the flame interface during the interactions are presented. Our results show that perturbation growth is mainly attributed to the flame stretching and propagation. The flame stretching is associated with the larger-scale vortical flow due to Richtmyer–Meshkov instability while the flame propagation is due to the chemical reaction. The mixing properties of unburned/burned gases on both sides of the flame are quantitatively analyzed by using integral and statistical diagnostics. The results show that the large-scale flow due to the vortical motion always plays a dominating role during the reactive interaction process; however, the effect of chemistry becomes more important at the later stage of the interactions, especially for higher Mach number cases. The scalar dissipation due to the molecular diffusion is always small in the present study and can be negligible.     

CH4-O2 混合气中爆燃爆震转捩的数值模拟

运用化学流体力学基本理论和两步燃烧反应模型原理，建立了一维封闭体系可燃气爆燃爆震转变现象的数学模型，利用拉格朗日质量坐标变换下的Ｌａｘ－Ｗｅｎｄｒｏｆ和Ｍｅｃｏｒｍｉｃ气动差分与Ａｄａｍｓ化学差分格式，求解基本方程，成功地完成了过程的数值模拟，清楚地说明了可燃气中ＤＤＴ现象由压缩波到激波达到稳态爆震的发生机制和火焰带引生爆震波的过程行为。     

气相爆轰波起爆与传播机理研究进展

对近年来气相爆轰起爆及传播在数值模拟和实验方面的研究工作进行了综述,结合作者近几年在这一领域开展的工作,评述了目前的研究热点和难点,简要指出了未来的研究方向。着重介绍了黏性扩散、详细化学反应机理、爆轰胞格不稳定性在爆轰起爆和传播理论和计算研究中的作用,以及爆轰波传播过程中实验技术和理论预测模型的进展。     

超音速来流中爆轰波衍射和二次起爆过程研究

预爆管技术被广泛地应用在爆轰波发动机的起爆过程中,但是在超音速来流中基于预爆管技术起始爆轰波的研究并未被广泛地开展。基于此,本文中数值研究了横向超音速来流对半自由空间内爆轰波的衍射和自发二次起爆、及管道内的衍射和壁面反射二次起爆两种现象的影响。数值模拟的控制方程为二维欧拉方程,空间上使用五阶WENO格式进行数值离散,采用带有诱导步的两步链分支化学反应模型。所模拟的爆轰波具有规则的胞格结构,对应于用惰性气体高度稀释过的可爆混合物中形成的爆轰波。结果表明:在半自由空间内,在本文所模拟的几何尺寸下,爆轰波并未成功发生二次起爆现象,但是爆轰波的自持传播距离随着横向超音速来流强度的增强而增加。在核心的三角形流动区域外,波面诱导产生了更多的横波结构;在管道内,横向的超音速来流在逆流侧对出口气流产生了压缩作用,能有效提高波面压力,因此反射后的激波压力也比较高。在同样的几何尺寸下,爆轰波在静止和超音速(Ma=2.0)气流中分别出现了二次起爆失败和成功两种现象,这是由于在超音速来流中化学反应面的褶皱诱导产生了横波结构,横波与管壁以及其他横波之间的碰撞提高了前导激波的强度,并最终促进了爆轰波在超声速流主管道内的成功起始。