A new generalized fractional Dirac soliton hierarchy and its fractional Hamiltonian structure

Based on the differential forms and exterior derivatives of fractional orders,Wu first presented the generalized Tu formula to construct the generalized Hamiltonian structure of the fractional soliton equation.We apply the generalized Tu formula to calculate the fractional Dirac soliton equation hierarchy and its Hamiltonian structure.The method can be generalized to the other fractional soliton hierarchy.     

A Type of New Loop Algebra and a Generalized Tu Formula

A new Lie algebra, which is far different form the known An-1, is established, for which the corresponding loop algebra is given. From this, two isospectral problems are revealed, whose compatibility condition reads a kind of zero curvature equation, which permits Lax integrable hierarchies of soliton equations. To aim at generating Hamiltonian structures of such soliton-equation hierarchies, a beautiful Killing-Cartan form, a generalized trace functional of matrices, is given, for which a generalized Tu formula （GTF） is obtained, while the trace identity proposed by Tu Guizhang [J. Math. Phys. 30 （1989） 330] is a special case of the GTF. The computing formula on the constant γ to be determined appearing in the GTF is worked out, which ensures the exact and simple computation on it. Finally, we take two examples to reveal the applications of the theory presented in the article. In details, the first example reveals a new Liouville-integrable hierarchy of soliton equations along with two potential functions and Hamiltonian structure. To obtain the second integrable hierarchy of soliton equations, a higher-dimensional loop algebra is first constructed. Thus, the second example shows another new Liouville integrable hierarchy with 5-potential component functions and bi- Hamiltonian structure. The approach presented in the paper may be extensively used to generate other new integrable soliton-equation hierarchies with multi-Hamiltonian structures.     

Fractional Zero Curvature Equation and Generalized Hamiltonian Structure of Soliton Equation Hierarchy

We presented the fractional zero curvature equation and generalized Hamiltonian structure by using of the differential forms of fractional orders. Example of the fractional AKNS soliton equation hierarchy and its Hamiltonian system are obtained.     

The multi-component Tu hierarchy of soliton equations and its multi-component integrable couplings system

A new simple loop algebra GM is constructed, which is devoted to the establishing of an isospectral problem. By making use of the Tu scheme, the multi-component Tu hierarchy is obtained.Furthermore, an expanding loop algebra FM of the loop algebra GM is presented. Based on the FM, the multi-component integrable coupling system of the multi-component Tu hierarchy has been worked out. The method can be applied to other nonlinear evolution equation hierarchies.     

The quadratic-form identity for constructing Hamiltonian structures of the Guo hierarchy

The trace identity is extended to the quadratic-form identity. The Hamiltonian structures of the multi-component Guo hierarchy, integrable coupling of Guo hierarchy and (2+1)-dimensional Guo hierarchy are obtained by the quadratic-form identity. The method can be used to produce the Hamiltonian structures of the other integrable couplings or multi-component hierarchies.     

A generalized SHGI integrable hierarchy and its expanding integrable model

An anti-symmetric loop algebra \overline{A}_2 is constructed. It follows that an integrable system is obtained by use of Tu's scheme. The eminent feature of this integrable system is that it is reduced to a generalized Schr?dinger equation, the well-known heat-conduction equation and a Gerdjkov－Ivanov (GI) equation. Therefore, we call it a generalized SHGI hierarchy. Next, a new high-dimensional subalgebra \tilde{G} of the loop algebra ?_2 is constructed. As its application, a new expanding integrable system with six potential functions is engendered.     

Multi-component Harry--Dym hierarchy and its integrable couplings as well as their Hamiltonian structures

This paper obtains the multi-component Harry--Dym (H--D) hierarchy and its integrable couplings by using two kinds of vector loop algebras \widetilde{G}₃ and \widetilde{G}₆. The Hamiltonian structures of the above system are given by the quadratic-form identity. The method can be used to produce the Hamiltonian structures of the other integrable couplings or multi-component hierarchies.     

Minimal atmospheric finite-mode models preserving symmetry and generalized Hamiltonian structures

A typical problem with the conventional Galerkin approach for the construction of finite-mode models is to keep structural properties unaffected in the process of discretization. We present two examples of finite-mode approximations that in some respect preserve the geometric attributes inherited from their continuous models: a three-component model of the barotropic vorticity equation known as Lorenz’ maximum simplification equations [E.N. Lorenz, Maximum simplification of the dynamic equations, Tellus 12 (3) (1960) 243-254] and a six-component model of the two-dimensional Rayleigh-Bénard convection problem. It is reviewed that the Lorenz-1960 model respects both the maximal set of admitted point symmetries and an extension of the noncanonical Hamiltonian form (Nambu form). In a similar fashion, it is proved that the famous Lorenz-1963 model violates the structural properties of the Saltzman equations and hence cannot be considered as the maximum simplification of the Rayleigh-Bénard convection problem. Using a six-component truncation, we show that it is again possible to retain both symmetries and the Nambu representation in the course of discretization. The conservative part of this six-component reduction is related to the Lagrange top equations. Dissipation is incorporated using a metric tensor.     

A real nonlinear integrable couplings of continuous soliton hierarchy and its Hamiltonian structure

Some integrable coupling systems of existing papers are linear integrable couplings. In the Letter, beginning with Lax pairs from special non-semisimple matrix Lie algebras, we establish a scheme for constructing real nonlinear integrable couplings of continuous soliton hierarchy. A direct application to the AKNS spectral problem leads to a novel nonlinear integrable couplings, then we consider the Hamiltonian structures of nonlinear integrable couplings of AKNS hierarchy with the component-trace identity.     

Papoulis-like generalized sampling expansions in fractional Fourier domains and their application to superresolution

We present a generalized convolution theorem in the fractional Fourier domains that preserves the convolution theorem of the conventional Fourier transform. The Papoulis-like generalized sampling expansions in the fractional Fourier domains using this generalized convolution theorem are also derived and it is shown that the classical generalized Papoulis sampling expansion is a special case of it. Its application in the context of the image superresolution is also discussed.     

Singular densities,test particles and generalized Hamiltonian systems in general relativity

We derive the motion equations and the structure equations of neutral and charged test particles, starting from the gravitational field equations. The method consists in the application of conservation laws to singular tensor densities, which represent regions of strong matter concentration. Moreover, a Hamiltonian formulation of the particle equations is given, in the form of implicit differential equations generated by Hamiltonian Morse families.     

An integrable Hamiltonian hierarchy and associated integrable couplings system

This paper establishes a new isospectral problem. By making use of the Tu scheme, a new integrable system is obtained. It gives integrable couplings of the system obtained. Finally, the Hamiltonian form of a binary symmetric constrained flow of the system obtained is presented.     

广义Hamilton系统的Lie对称性与守恒量

研究广义Hamilton系统Lie对称性导致的新型守恒量.首先,建立系统的微分方程.其次,研究一类特殊无限小变换下系统的Lie对称性.第三,将Hojman定理推广到广义Hamilton系统.最后,举例说明结果的应用. 关键词： 广义Hamilton系统 Lie对称性 守恒量     

Hamiltonian structures and their reciprocal transformations for the -KdV–CH hierarchy

The r-KdV–CH hierarchy is a generalization of the Korteweg–de Vries and Camassa–Holm hierarchies parameterized by r+1 constants. In this paper we clarify some properties of its multi-Hamiltonian structures including the explicit expressions of the Hamiltonians, the formulae of the central invariants of the associated bihamiltonian structures and the relationship of these bihamiltonian structures with Frobenius manifolds. By introducing a class of generalized Hamiltonian structures, we present in a natural way the transformation formulae of the Hamiltonian structures of the hierarchy under certain reciprocal transformations, and prove the validity of the formulae at the level of dispersionless limit.     

An integrable Hamiltonian hierarchy, a high-dimensional loop algebra and associated integrable coupling system

A subalgebra of loop algebra ?_2 is established. Therefore, a new isospectral problem is designed. By making use of Tu's scheme, a new integrable system is obtained, which possesses bi-Hamiltonian structure. As its reductions, a formalism similar to the well-known Ablowitz－Kaup－Newell－Segur (AKNS) hierarchy and a generalized standard form of the Schr?dinger equation are presented. In addition, in order for a kind of expanding integrable system to be obtained, a proper algebraic transformation is supplied to change loop algebra ?_2 into loop algebra ?_1. Furthermore, a high-dimensional loop algebra is constructed, which is different from any previous one. An integrable coupling of the system obtained is given. Finally, the Hamiltonian form of a binary symmetric constrained flow of the system obtained is presented.     

广义Hamilton系统的Mei对称性导致的Mei守恒量

研究广义Hamilton系统的Mei对称性导致的守恒量. 首先,在群的一般无限小变换下给出广义Hamilton系统的Mei对称性的定义、判据和确定方程;其次,研究系统的Mei守恒量存在的条件和形式,得到Mei对称性直接导致的Mei守恒量; 而后,进一步给出带附加项的广义Hamilton系统Mei守恒量的存在定理; 最后,研究一类新的三维广义Hamilton系统,并研究三体问题中3个涡旋的平面运动. 关键词： 广义Hamilton系统 Mei对称性 Mei守恒量 三体问题     

Application of the two-mode squeezed coherent state representation in deriving generalized optical Collins formula

We propose a new two-mode squeezed coherent state representation |z₁, z₂〉_g which is characteristic of the correlation between the squeezing and the displacement. Based on it and using the technique of integration within an ordered product of operators we obtain a generalized two-mode Fresnel operator (GTFO), which is an image of the mapping from (z₁, z₂) to in |z₁, z₂〉_g representation. The matrix element of GTFO in the coordinate representation leads to a generalized two-dimensional Collins formula (Huygens-Fresnel integration transformation describing optical diffraction) in entangled form.     

Two Types of Expanding Lie Algebra and New Expanding Integrable Systems

From a new Lie algebra proposed by Zhang, two expanding Lie algebras and its corresponding loop algebras are obtained. Two expanding integrable systems are produced with the help of the generalized zero curvature equation. One of them has complex Hamiltion structure with the help of generalized Tu formula （GTM）.     

The Liouville integrable coupling system of the m-AKNS hierarchy and its Hamiltonian structure

In this paper a type of 9-dimensional vector loop algebra \tilde{F} is constructed, which is devoted to establish an isospectral problem. It follows that a Liouville integrable coupling system of the m-AKNS hierarchy is obtained by employing the Tu scheme, whose Hamiltonian structure is worked out by making use of constructed quadratic identity. The method given in the paper can be used to obtain many other integrable couplings and their Hamiltonian structures.