New derivatives of 4-quinaldinol

The reactions of 1, 1, 3-trichloro-1-propene and also 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2-propene with acetoacetic ester gave α-(γ, γ-dichlorallyl)acetoacetic ester (I). In the reactions with aniline and o- and p-toluidines, the corresponding α-(γ, γ-dichloroallyl)-β-arylamino-crotonic esters were produced, thermal cyclization of which gave 2-methyl-3-(γ, γ-dichloroallyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline (II) and its 6CH₃- (III) and 8CH₃- (IV) homologs. With phosphorus oxychloride, II–IV gave the corresponding 4-chloro-substituted quinolines (V–VII); with concentrated sulfuric acid, II–VII were converted into the corresponding β-quinolinylpropionic acids VIII–XIII.     

The cohydrolysis of γ-trifluoropropenylmethyldichlorosilane with dimethyldichlorosilane and the polymerization of the products obtained

The cohydrolysis of γ-trifluoropropenylmethyldichlorosilane and dimethyldichlorosilane at 70°–75° C leads to the formation of γ-trifluoropropenylnonamethylcyclopentasiloxane, γ-trifluoropropenyl-pentamethylcyclotrisiloxane, and bis(γ-trifluoropropenyl)hexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane. These oligomers were polymerized in the presence of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, forming low-molecular-weight oily polymers with M = 1000–3000.     

Indole derivatives

Reduction of 2,2,4-trimethyl-, 2,2,4,4,6-pentamethyl-, and 2,2, 4,4,9-pentamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-γ-carboline gives 1,2,3,4, 4a,9a-hexahydro-γ-carbolines, along with products of destructive hydrogenation. The sole reduction product of 2,2,3,4,4-pentamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-γ-carboline is 2-(β-methylaminoisobutyl)indoline.     

Thermophoto-emf of hot carriers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">γ</Emphasis>-irradiated single crystals of Cadmium Mercury Tellurides

The effect of γ-irradiation on thermophoto-emf of hot carriers in n-Cd_0.94Hg_0.06Тe and р-Cd_0.82Hg_0.18Тe single crystals has been studied. The dependence of the pattern of |U_tp| curves on E in the test Cd_xHg_1—хTe crystals is explained by the change in the degree of spatial heterogeneity of these crystals resulted from the accumulation of point radiation defects at relatively low D_γ and their spatial ordering caused by the introduction of a large number of point radiation defects at higher exposures. The proposed mechanism for the effect of γ-irradiation on the thermophoto-emf of hot carriers explains satisfactorily the dependence of |U_tp| kinetics on radiation dose, sample composition, temperature, and field strength.     

Thermal parameters determination of Co–Al–W as-cast alloy homogenization by DTA analysis

The γ–γ′ Co-based superalloys are newly developed class of refractory alloys which may replace commercial Ni-based superalloys owing to their favorable properties at high temperature. In case of new Co-based superalloys, the heat treatment aims to obtain microstructure composed of appropriate volume fraction of small cuboidal γ′-Co₃(Al,W) precipitates within the γ-Co matrix. However, due to a high tendency to interdendritic segregations of alloying elements, the alloys based on Co–Al–W system should be normally homogenized before further steps of heat treatment (solutionizing and aging). In this study, thermal analysis was applied for determination of temperature range for primary heat treatment of the Co–9Al–9W (at.%). The differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements were carried out on the thermal analyzer NETZSCH STA 449 F3 Jupiter. On the base of obtained results, respectively, solvus of γ′ phase and solidus temperatures were determined, as well as the thermal range of Co₃W (DO₁₉) phase precipitation. As a consequence, the heat treatment without homogenizing (only solution and aging) was proposed as a most suitable way to obtain beneficial microstructure.     

Solubility of B-Nb<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript> and the Hydrolysis of Niobium(V) in Aqueous Solution as a Function of Temperature and Ionic Strength

B-Nb₂O₅ was recrystallized from commercially available oxide, and XRD analyses indicated that it is stable in contact with solutions over the pH range 0 to 9, whereas solid polyniobates such as Na₈Nb₆O₁₉?13H₂O(s) appear to predominate at pH>9. Solubilities of the crystalline B-Nb₂O₅ were determined in five NaClO₄ solutions (0.1≤I _m /mol?kg^?1≤1.0) over a wide pH range at (25.0±0.1)?°C and at 0.1 MPa. A limited number of measurements were also made at I _m =6.0 mol?kg^?1, whereas at I _m =1.0 mol?kg^?1 the full range of pH was also covered at (10, 50 and 70)?°C. The pH of these solutions was fixed using either HClO₄ (pH≤4) or NaOH (pH≥10) and determined by mass balance, whereas the pH on the molality scale was measured in buffer mixtures of acetic acid?+?acetate (4≤pH≤6), Bis-Tris (pH≈7), Tris (pH≈8) and boric acid?+?borate (pH≈9). Treatment of the solubility results indicated the presence of four species, \(\mathrm{Nb(OH)}_{n}^{5-n}\) (where n=4–7), so that the molal solubility quotients were determined according to:

$0\mathrm{.5Nb}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{5}\mathrm{(cr)+0}\mathrm{.5(2}n-5\mathrm{)H}_{2}\mathrm{O(l)}_{\leftarrow}^{\to}\mathrm{Nb(OH)}_{n}^{5-n}+(n-5)\mathrm{H}^{+}\quad (n=4\mbox{--}7)$

and were fitted empirically as a function of ionic strength and temperature, including the appropriate Debye-Hückel term. A Specific Interaction Theory (SIT) approach was also attempted. The former approach yielded the following values of log?₁₀ K _sn (infinite dilution) at 25?°C: ?(7.4±0.2) for n=4; ?(9.1±0.1) for n=5; ?(14.1±0.3) for n=6; and ?(23.9±0.6) for n=7. Given the experimental uncertainties (2σ), it is interesting to note that the effect of ionic strength only exceeded the combined uncertainties significantly in the case of log?₁₀ K _s6 to I _m =1.0 mol?kg^?1, such that these values may be of use by defining their magnitudes in other media. Values of Δ _f G ^o, Δ _f H ^o, S ^o and \(C_{p}^{\mathrm{o}}\) (298.15 K, 0.1 MPa) for each hydrolysis product were calculated and tabulated.

     

An efficient synthesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-methoxycarbonyl-<Emphasis Type="Italic">γ</Emphasis>-butyrolactones

β-Methoxycarbonyl-γ-butyrolactones bearing a γ-aromatic substituent were prepared via copper-catalyzed reductive aldol addition/lactonization domino reactions of ketones with α,β-unsaturated dicarboxylate esters and a silane under ambient temperature. The reaction has advantage of using readily available reagents, mild conditions and high efficiency.     

The Role of Temperature in Enantioseparation of Norgestrel with Native Cyclodextrins: A Combined LC and NMR Study

Temperature dependence (10–50 °C) of the chiral LC separation of norgestrel was studied using native CDs added to a methanol–water 1:1 eluent. α- or β-CDs gave no enantiodiscrimination, while baseline LC separation was achieved with γ-CD. ¹H NMR titrations of the racemate with α-CD showed only weak complexation, while β- or γ-CDs caused enantiomeric splitting of the steroid signals. Both the chiral selectivity values and their insignificant temperature dependence measured in the γ-CD-modified LC system were successfully reproduced by NMR titrations. This agreement corroborates the intuitive view for a wider temperature range that the stability difference of the diastereomeric γ-CD/steroid complexes governs this LC enantioseparation.     

Heterologous Expression of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactococcus lactis</Emphasis> for Acetaldehyde Detoxification at Low pH

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.x) can catalyze detoxification of acetaldehydes. A novel acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (istALDH) from the non-Saccharomyces yeast Issatchenkia terricola strain XJ-2 has been previously characterized. In this work, Lactococcus lactis with the NIsin Controlled Expression (NICE) System was applied to express the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (istALDH) in order to catalyze oxidation of acetaldehyde at low pH. A recombinant L. lactis NZ3900 was obtained and applied for the detoxification of acetaldehyde as whole-cell biocatalysts. The activity of IstALDH in L. lactis NZ3900 (pNZ8148-istALDH) reached 36.4 U mL^?1 when the recombinant cells were induced with 50 ng mL^?1 nisin at 20 °C for 2 h. The IstALDH activity of recombinant L. lactis cells showed higher stability at 37 °C and pH 4.0 compared with the crude enzyme. L. lactis NZ3900 (pNZ8148-istALDH) could convert acetaldehyde at pH 2.0 while the crude enzyme could not. Moreover, the resting cells of L. lactis NZ3900 (pNZ8148-istALDH) showed a 2.5-fold higher activity and better stability in catalyzing oxidation of acetaldehyde at pH 2.0 compared with that of Escherichia coli expressing the IstALDH. Taken together, the L. lactis cells expressing recombinant IstALDH are potential whole-cell biocatalysts that can be applied in the detoxification of aldehydes.     

Synthesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">ortho</Emphasis>-carboranyl derivatives of (<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>)-asparagine and (<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>)-glutamine

(S)-Asparagine and (S)-glutamine ortho-carboranyl derivatives with free amino and carboxy groups in the α-position were synthesized. By an example of N ^γ-(1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecarboran-3-yl)-(S)-glutamine it was demonstrated that the developed synthetic approach carboranyl derivatives of amino acids allowed the preparation of optically pure isomers.     

Impact of poly(vinyl alcohol) adsorption on the surface characteristics of mixed oxide Mn<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>O<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">y</Emphasis></Subscript>–SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) influence on the adsorption and electrokinetic properties of the mixed oxide Mn _x O _y –SiO₂/polymer solution system was examined. Three oxides differing with the Mn _x O _y contents were applied (0.2; 1 and 3 mmol/g SiO₂, respectively). The PVA with the molecular weight 100 kDa was characterized with the acetate groups content equal to 14 %. Adsorption, solid surface charge and zeta potential measurements were made as a function of solution pH (3–10). The obtained results showed that the PVA adsorption amount strongly depends on not only the solution pH, but also manganese oxide content on the mixed oxide surface. The higher solution pH value (or Mn _x O _y content) is, the higher polymer adsorption is obtained. The PVA addition to the solid suspension causes minimal changes of the mixed oxide surface charge density, whereas the zeta potential of solid particles increases significantly in the polymer presence.     

Two 1,8-naphthalimide-based proton-receptor fluorescent probes for pH determination

Two newly synthesised 1,8-naphthalimide-based proton-receptor fluorescent probes N-allyl-4-(4’-N,N-diethylpropionamide-acetamido-piperazinyl)-1,8-naphthalimide I and N-(N,N-dibenzylpro- pionamide-acetamido)-4-allyl-1-piperazinyl-1,8-naphthalimide II were synthesised to monitor the change in pH in such a way that the presence of protons can increase the fluorescence intensity of these compounds. Unlike most of the other pH-sensitive probes reported, the probes possess the obvious advantage of being able to detect stronger acids at pH ≈ 2 and a combination of the two probes could detect a wider pH scale from 1.98 to 6.59; this should be very useful for monitoring the pH of the environment.     

Quelques considérations sur la structure électronique du naphtalène

Theπ electronic structure of naphtalene is studied, using a semi-empirical approximation for coulombic and resonance integrals; forH andS (H, hamiltonian;S, overlap) the complete matrices are adopted, together withKohlrausch's nuclear effective charges. A non uniform charge distribution is obtained, with charge accumulation at the tertiary carbons. Bond orders between non neighboring atoms indicate contributions to the fundamental state from other structures besides the classical ones. A comparative study of the obtained interatomic distances is carried. It is shown that [H, S]=0 is not a sufficient condition for the identity of the bond orders for the fundamental state calculated with and without overlap.     

Computational Studies on the Mo-Doped Gold Nanoclusters Au<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis></Subscript>Mo(<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis> = 1–10): Structures,Stabilities and Magnetic Properties

The geometric structures, relative stabilities, magnetic properties of Mo-doped gold clusters Au _n Mo(n = 1–10) have been investigated at the PBE1PBE/def2TZVP level of theory. The results show that molybdenum doping has a significant effect on the geometric structures and electronic properties of Au _n Mo(n = 1–10) clusters. For the lowest energy structures of Au _n Mo(n = 1–10), the two dimensional to three dimensional transition occurs at cluster size n ≥ 8, and their relative stabilities exhibit odd–even oscillation with the change of Au atom number. It is found that charge in corresponding Au _n Mo clusters transfers from Mo atom to Au _n host in the size range n = 1–7, whereas the charge in opposition direction in the size range n = 8–10. In addition, the magnetic properties of Au _n Mo clusters are enhanced after doping single Mo atom into the corresponding gold clusters. Our results are valuable for the design of magnetic material.     

Production and Accumulation of 4-<Emphasis Type="Italic">O</Emphasis>-Methyl-α-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-Glucuronosyl-Xylotriose by Growing Culture of Thermophilic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anoxybacillus</Emphasis> sp. Strain JT-12

A thermophilic Anoxybacillus sp. strain JT-12, isolated from soil, produced acidic xylotriose, 4-O-methyl-α-d-glucuronosyl-xylotriose (MeGlcAX₃), as a main product from birchwood xylan and accumulated them in the culture under optimum conditions at pH 7.0 and 55 °C using 0.75% (w/v) birchwood xylan as a carbon source for 42–72 h. The acidic xylotriose was purified by ethanol precipitation and high-performance liquid chromatography using NH₂ Lichosher® 100 column. The results of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, mass to charge ratio (m/z) 603.23, confirmed that the purified sample was acidic xylotriose that had benefits and applications in many fields.     

Substituted benzotriazoles as inhibitors of copper corrosion in borate buffer solutions

The adsorption of substituted 1,2,3-benzotriazoles (R-BTAs) onto copper is measured via ellipsometry in a pure borate buffer (pH 7.4) and satisfactorily described by Temkin’s isotherm. The adsorption free energy (?ΔG _a ⁰ ) values of these azoles are determined. The (?ΔG _a ⁰ ) values are found to rise as their hydrophobicity, characterized by the logarithm of the partition coefficient of a substituted BTA in a model octanol–water system (logP), grows. The minimum concentration sufficient for the spontaneous passivation of copper (C _min) and a shift in the potential of local copper depassivation with chlorides (E _pt) after an azole is added to the solution (i.e., ΔE = E _pt ⁱⁿ ? E _pt ^backgr characterizing the ability of its adsorption to stabilize passivation) are determined in the same solution containing a corrosion additive (0.01М NaCl) for each azole under study. Both criteria of the passivating properties of azoles (logC _min and ΔE) are shown to correlate linearly with logP, testifying to the role played by surface activity of this family of organic inhibitors in protecting copper in an aqueous solution.     

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Black Liquor Xylan by a Novel Xylose-Tolerant,Thermostable β-Xylosidase from a Tropical Strain of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aureobasidium pullulans</Emphasis> CBS 135684

From three cell-associated β-xylosidases produced by Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 135684, the principal enzyme was enriched to apparent homogeneity and found to be active at high temperatures (60–70 °C) over a pH range of 5–9 with a specific activity of 163.3 units (U) mg^?1. The enzyme was thermostable, retaining over 80% of its initial activity after a 12-h incubation at 60 °C, with half-lives of 38, 22, and 10 h at 60, 65, and 70 °C, respectively. Moreover, it was tolerant to xylose inhibition with a K _i value of 18 mM. The K _m and V _max values against p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside were 5.57 ± 0.27 mM and 137.0 ± 4.8 μmol min^?1 mg^?1 protein, respectively. When combining this β-xylosidase with xylanase from the same A. pullulans strain, the rate of black liquor xylan hydrolysis was significantly improved by up to 1.6-fold. The maximum xylose yield (0.812 ± 0.015 g g^?1 dry weight) was obtained from a reaction mixture containing 10% (w/v) black liquor xylan, 6 U g^?1 β-xylosidase and 16 U g^?1 xylanase after incubation for 4 h at 70 °C and pH 6.0.     

Catalytic alkylation of cycloalkaneindoles and tetrahydro-γ-carboline with 9-oxiranylmethylcarbazole

Catalytic alkylation of substituted indoles such as cycloalkaneindoles and tetrahydro-γ-carboline using 9-oxiranylmethylcarbazole leads to the formation of 1-(carbazol-9-yl)-3-{dihydrocycloalkane[b]indol-4(1H)-yl}propan-2-ols and 1-(carbazol-9-yl)-3-{2,8-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-5(2H)-yl}propan-2-ol, conjugates containing 2-hydroxypropylene spacer.     

Temperature and pH dually-responsive poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-amino ester) nanoparticles for drug delivery

Stimuli-responsive polymers have undoubtedly been of great interest in the past decades due to a variety of their potential applications in biomedical territory. However, their non-degradability limits their in vivo applications. Herein, we report a novel pH and temperature dual-stimuli responsive-poly(β-amino ester). The pH/temperature sensitivities are interrelated and can be easily tuned by changing PEG-diacrylate chain length and the percentage of biamines in the feed ratio. These dual-responsive polymers are very useful in drug delivery. Reaction of methyl ether poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and poly(β-amino ester) resulted in an amphiphilic MPEG-PBAE block copolymer which could form nanoparticles by self-assembly. A hydrophobic drug (DOX) was loaded in the self-assembled nanoparticles at low temperature without using organic solvents. The loaded drug was released very slowly and steadily at 37 °C under physiological conditions (pH 7.4), but rapidly released from the micelles in weakly acidic environments (pH 6.4 and 5.0) for intracellular drug release. Thus, these poly(β-amino ester) polymers constitute ideal drug carriers since their thermal sensitivity allows the drug loadings without using organic solvent and their pH sensitivity permits fast intracellular drug release.     

Discovery of novel inhibitors for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leishmania</Emphasis> nucleoside diphosphatase kinase (NDK) based on its structural and functional characterization

Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDKs) are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate moiety from an NTP donor to an NDP acceptor, crucial for maintaining the cellular level of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs). The inability of trypanosomatids to synthesize purines de novo and their dependence on the salvage pathway makes NDK an attractive target to develop drugs for the diseases they cause. Here we report the discovery of novel inhibitors for Leishmania NDK based on the structural and functional characterization of purified recombinant NDK from Leishmania amazonensis. Recombinant LaNDK possesses auto-phosphorylation, phosphotransferase and kinase activities with Histidine 117 playing an essential role. LaNDK crystals were grown by hanging drop vapour diffusion method in a solution containing 18% PEG-MME 500, 100 mM Bis-Tris propane pH 6.0 and 50 mM MgCl₂. It belongs to the hexagonal space group P6₃22 with unit cell parameters a?=?b?=?115.18, c?=?62.18 Å and α?=?β?=?90°, γ?=?120°. The structure solved by molecular replacement methods was refined to crystallographic R-factor and R_free values of 22.54 and 26.52%, respectively. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation-based virtual screening identified putative binding compounds. Protein inhibition studies of selected hits identified five inhibitors effective at micromolar concentrations. One of the compounds showed ~45% inhibition of Leishmania promastigotes proliferation. Analysis of inhibitor-NDK complexes reveals the mode of their binding, facilitating design of new compounds for optimization of activities as drugs against leishmaniasis.