Probing the roles of diethylaluminum chloride in propylene polymerization with MgCl2-supported ziegler-natta catalysts

In this article, the effect of diethylaluminum chloride (DEAC) in propylene polymerization with MgCl₂-supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst was studied. Addition of DEAC in the catalyst system caused evident change in catalytic activity and polymer chain structure. The activity decrease in raising DEAC/Ti molar ratio from 0 to 2 is a result of depressed production of isotactic polypropylene chains. The number of active centers in fractions of each polymer sample was determined by quenching the polymerization with 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride and fractionating the polymer into isotactic, mediumisotactic and atactic fractions. The number of active centers in isotactic fraction ([C_i*]/[Ti]) was lowered by increasing DEAC/Ti molar ratio to 2, but further increasing the DEAC/Ti molar ratio to 20 caused marked increase of [C_i*]/[Ti]. The number of active centers that produce atactic and medium-isotactic PP chains was less influenced by DEAC in the range of DEAC/Ti = 0–10, but increased when the DEAC/Ti molar ratio was further raised to 20. The propagation rate constant of C_i* (k _pi) was evidently increased when DEAC/Ti molar ratio was raised from 0 to 5, but further increase in DEAC/Ti ratio caused gradual decrease in k _pi. The complicated effect of DEAC on the polymerization kinetics, catalysis behaviors and polymer structure can be reasonably explained by adsorption of DEAC on the central metal of the active centers or on Mg atoms adjacent to the central metal.     

Exploring Si/Mg composite supported Ziegler-Natta Ti-based catalysts for propylene polymerization

A series of(Si_O2/MgO/ID/MgCl_2)·TiClx Ziegler-Natta catalysts for propylene polymerization has been prepared with a new method. These catalysts were synthesized using soluble Mg-compounds as the Mg-source and the preparation progress was relatively simple. The catalyst could copy the spherical shape of the carrier very well. The propylene polymerization results showed that the catalyst revealed the best activity with 9,9-di(methoxymethyl)fluorene(BMMF) as internal donor at 50 °C with the optimal molar ratio Al/Ti = 5, which was much lower than what the industrial polypropylene catalyst used(at least molar ratio Al/Ti = 100), resulting in great cost saving. Additionally, the polymerization kinetics of the catalyst exhibited very stable property after achieving a relatively high value. These catalysts possessed rather high activity and good hydrogen response. The isotactic index(Ⅱ.) value of the PP products could be higher than 98% in the presence of both internal and external electron donors. Moreover, temperature rising elution fractionation method was used to understand the influence of donors and H2 on the properties of the PP products.     

非邻苯二甲酸酯内给电子体聚丙烯催化剂的研究进展

本文综述了非邻苯二甲酸酯类内给电子体催化剂的研究进展,对目前已处于工业化应用的3种非邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物催化剂的性能特点进行了详细对比.针对日趋严格的清洁型聚丙烯要求,展望了非邻苯二甲酸酯类给电子体化合物以及相关催化剂的发展前景.     

用于丙烯聚合的MgCl2负载Ziegler-Natta催化剂研究进展

综述了用于丙烯聚合的MgCl2负载Ziegler-Natta催化剂研究进展,包括内给电子体的发展及其作用研究,催化剂活性中心的模型,用MgCl2负载的Z-N催化剂制备抗冲聚丙烯合金.     

石墨烯/二氯化镁负载钛系齐格勒-纳塔催化剂制备及其乙烯聚合性能

石墨烯自2004年发现以来,由于其独一无二的优异性迅速成为科学家们的研究热点.由于石墨烯具有极其优异的电学、力学和热学等性能,因此被广泛应用于高性能聚合物基复合材料的制备.众所周知,纳米填料在聚合物中的分散状态以及与基体间的界面作用是构筑高性能聚合物纳米复合材料的关键因素.由于石墨烯极易团聚,难以通过传统的熔融共混法制备均匀分散的石墨烯增强-聚烯烃纳米复合材料.另一方面,聚烯烃通常需要在较高温度下才能溶于部分有毒溶剂(如:三氯苯和二甲苯等),因此溶液共混法也不适用于聚烯烃-石墨烯纳米复合材料的制备.有鉴于此,本文开发了一种共沉积法制备石墨烯/二氯化镁负载钛系齐格勒-纳塔催化剂的路线.通过原位聚合直接制备出石墨烯均匀分散的聚烯烃/石墨烯纳米复合材料.考察了石墨烯的加入量对催化剂形态及其催化乙烯聚合行为的影响.当石墨烯加入量较低时,多个石墨烯片被包裹于较大的催化剂粒子中.随着石墨烯加入量的增加,催化剂趋向于在石墨烯表面聚集.继续增加石墨烯量将导致石墨烯包裹催化剂粒子,降低过渡金属钛的负载效率.通过三乙基铝活化后,所制备的催化剂具有非常高的乙烯催化活性,所生成的聚乙烯/石墨烯纳米复合材料复制了催化剂的片状结构.同时,通过对所制备的聚乙烯/石墨烯纳米复合材料进行电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析可知,石墨烯均匀分散于聚乙烯基体中,并且没有任何团聚现象发生.该复合材料的热重分析表明,仅加入非常少量的石墨烯就可以使其具有比纯聚乙烯更高的热稳定性,当石墨烯加入量为0.66 wt%时,其5 wt%热分解温度较纯聚乙烯升高了54°C.同时,所制备聚乙烯/石墨烯纳米复合材料具有更优异的机械性能.因此,本研究提供了一个简单高效的高性能聚烯烃/石墨烯纳米复合材料的制备方法.     

Characterization of the changes in the initial morphology for MgCl2-supported Ziegler-Natta polymerization catalysts

Recently considerable detail has become available on the initial morphology and the morphological changes that occur for silica based Cr catalysts for ethylene polymerization. These catalysts are produced as a dry powder and may be employed either in gas phase or in slurry processes. MgCl₂-supported Ziegler-Natta polymerization catalysts are often prepared and employed as slurries. They usually are never dried and thus few studies have employed the spectra of physical techniques common to the characterization of pore structure. In the current study, we have carefully removed the solvent for both ball-milled and precipitated MgCl₂-supported catalysts. These catalysts are characterized by physical sorption, mercury porosimetry, and electron microscopy both as prepared and during the initial stages of polymerization (to ～ 100 g of polymer/g of catalyst). We find that the initial catalyst may be represented by a complex agglomerate of small crystallites as contrasted with the branched pore network found in Cr/silica catalysts. As a result, it is concluded that the initial fragmentation of the MgCl₂ based systems is more uniform as contrasted with the progressive fragmentation of the silica-based system. This fragmentation mechanism facilitates the retention of greater polymer/catalyst surface during the initial stages of the polymerization. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Chemical structure-stereospecificity relationship of internal donor in heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalyst for propylene polymerization by DFT and MM calculations

The effect of chemical structure of 2,2′-disubstituted 1,3-dimethoxypropane (so-called 1,3-diether) on the performance of Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalyst was investigated by using density functional theory and molecular mechanics. Calculation of the energy barrier during insertion of propylene reveals that the isospecific active site created on the (1 0 0) surface of MgCl₂ is more active than the aspecific active site created on the (1 1 0) surface of MgCl₂ for propylene polymerization. When the adsorption energies of various 1,3-diethers are calculated and analyzed in terms of isotacticity, it is found that the isotacticity of polypropylene increases as 1,3-diether is adsorbed more preferentially on the (1 1 0) surface. Since analysis of energetics for insertion of propylene into the active site created on the (1 1 0) surface with 1,3-diether coordinated to Mg atom in the vicinity of the active site reveals that the coordination of 1,3-diether does not transform the aspecific active site on the (1 1 0) surface into isospecific one, it is concluded that the primary function of 1,3-diether is to prevent the formation of aspecific site on the (1 1 0) surface, without significant decrease in the number of the isospecific active site created on the (1 0 0) surface. A systematic analysis of various model compounds for 1,3-diether suggests that the substitution of highly branched hydrocarbon at the C₂ position of 1,3-diether results in better performance of ZN catalyst.     

DNBP给电子体构象分析及在Ziegler-Natta丙烯聚合中作用机理研究

首次采用TINKER构象搜索和DFT结构优化相结合方法,基于对Ziegler-Natta丙烯聚合催化体系邻苯二甲酸正丁酯(DNBP)给电子体快速搜索出的1 023种构象,筛选出其优势构象,减少了给电子体初始稳定结构搭建模型的盲目性和随机性.采用DFT方法,对DNBP两种构象与MgCl2载体相互作用及丙烯插入立体选择性机理进行了研究.结果表明,DNBP构象影响其在MgCl2表面的吸附,s-顺、反式构象可以单齿、桥连和螯合方式吸附在MgCl2(110)表面;s-顺、顺式仅存在桥连吸附.双氯原子缺陷载体模型上TiCl4吸附的稳定性高于DNBP,成为可能的活性中心;给电子体对活性位的作用与其吸附方式有关,DNBP以桥连方式吸附在Ti的邻位,可将无规活性中心有效转化为等规活性中心,而螯合方式不能改善催化剂的立体结构和区域选择性.     

Adsorption of TiCl4 and electron donor on defective MgCl2 surfaces and propylene polymerization over Ziegler-Natta catalyst: A DFT study

The formations of defective MgCl₂ surfaces, and subsequent adsorption of Ti species and electron donor, as well as propylene polymerization over the Ziegler-Natta catalyst have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) method. Twelve possible support models of regular and defective MgCl₂ (110) and (100) surfaces were built. The individual adsorptions of titanium chlorides as mononuclear or dinuclear, and ethyl benzoate (EB) as electron donor, on these models were evaluated. The analysis of energies presented the cases of EB adsorption were generally more stable than titanium chlorides on both surfaces. Thus, EB as internal electron donor mainly prevented TiCl₄ from coordinating on the MgCl₂ surfaces where mostly non-stereospecific active sites could be formed. Exceptionally, A5 the site model with terminal Cl-vacancy on the MgCl₂ support, presented stronger adsorption of TiCl₄ than that of EB on (110) surface. Since the TiCl₄ and ethyl benzoate (EB) would compete to adsorb on the support surface, it seems reasonable to assume that TiCl₄ might predominately occupy this site, which can act as the most plausible active site for propylene polymerization. The first insertion of propylene monomer into the A5 active site model showed that it exhibited good regioselectivity but poor stereospecificity in the absence of electron donor.     

Density functional study on the role of electron donors in propylene polymerization using Ziegler-Natta catalyst

The role of electron donors in propylene polymerization using Ziegler-Natta model catalyst [TiCl₂CH₃]⁺ has been investigated using density functional calculations at B3LYP/6-31G* level. Methyl benzoate (MBz) and para-methoxy methyl benzoate (p-OMe-MBz) are the electron donors considered in this study. We have found two major roles of these electron donors that match well with the corresponding experimental results. First, for both the catalysts having different electron donors, the propylene insertion in Ti-CH₃ bond in syn-fashion rather than anti-fashion has lower activation barriers (E_act). This indicates that the regioselectivity of propylene insertion is maintained in the presence of the electron donors. Secondly, co-ordination of electron donors is found to increase the activation barriers of propylene insertion, which explains the experimentally observed drop in catalytic activity of [TiCl₂Me]⁺ on adding electron donors.     

丙烯聚合用Ziegler-Natta催化剂内、外给电子体研究的最新进展

综述了丙烯聚合用Ziegler—Natta催化剂内、外给电子体的最新进展：内给电子体主要包括1,3-二醚、二醇酯、琥珀酸酯和1-醚-3-酮化合物．外给电子体主要包括复合外给电子体以及含氮硅烷化合物。消费者对聚丙烯材料的清洁性要求越来越高,因此聚丙烯催化剂内、外给电子供体的发展不仅要求能够制备出更高性能的聚丙烯,同时还要...     

Investigation on the particle growth mechanism in propylene polymerization with MgCl2-supported ziegler–natta catalysts

To elucidate the particle growth mechanism in propylene polymerization with high-yield MgCl₂-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts, observations have been carried out by electron microscopy on a series of samples having different degrees of polymer growth (from 0.1 to 1000 g/g of catalyst). Topics such as surface and bulk morphology, catalyst fragmentation, as well as distribution of the catalyst residues in the polymer have been investigated. The experimental data suggest that if the site distribution in the catalyst is uniform and the polymerization conditions are mild, the polymer growth starts uniformly throughout the catalyst particle, which then undergoes an even and progressive fragmentation into very fine units homeogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix. The above results thus provide further experimental support to the particle growth mechanism outlined in the multigrain or polymeric flow models. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Copolymerization of ethylene and propylene catalyzed by magnesium chloride supported vanadium/titanium bimetallic Ziegler-Natta catalysts

Magnesium chloride supported vanadium/titanium bimetallic Ziegler-Natta catalysts with di-i-butyl phthalate as internal donor for copolymerization of ethylene and propylene were prepared.The effects of reaction temperature, ethylene/propylene molar ratio,aluminium/vanadium（Al/V）molar ratio and titanium/vanadium molar ratio on the catalytic activity were investigated.The molecular weight,molecular weight distribution,sequence composition and crystallinity of the products were measured by gel permeation chromatography,¹³C-NMR and differential scanning calorimetry analysis, respectively.In comparison to the vanadium and titanium catalysts,the bimetallic catalyst showed higher catalytic activity and better copolymerization performance.The obtained ethylene/propylene copolymers have high molecular weight （10⁵）,broad molecular weight distribution,high propylene content with random or short blocked sequence structures （r_Er_P=1.919）,low melting temperatures and low crystallinities（X_c<20%）.     

Experimental and Computational Approaches on the Isospecific Role of Monoester-Type Internal Electron Donor for TiCl4/MgCl2 Ziegler-Natta Catalysts

In this work, a combination of experimental and computational approaches on the isospecific role of monoester-type internal electron donors (ED) such as phenylpropionate (PhP), ethylheptanoate (EH), methylbenzoate (MB), ethylbenzoate (EB) for TiCl₄/ED/MgCl₂ Ziegler-Natta catalysts had been performed. The propylene polymerization results revealed that the isospecificity of catalysts increases in the following order: PhP < EH < MB < EB. The subsequent molecular modeling on the electronic properties of the donors and two kinds of cluster model catalysts: TiCl₄/ED/MgCl₂ and TiCl₄/ED/(MgCl₂)₄ based on density functional theory (DFT) method was carried out. Two kinds of ED coordination on MgCl₂ clusters through either O or  O within the monoester-type ED had been disclosed. A perfect correlation between the dipole moment of ED, the coordination bond length of O … Mg, the competitive coordination from  O with Mg ion and the isospecificity of the catalysts had been established.     

Synthesizing UHMWPE Using Ziegler-Natta Catalyst System of MgCl2(ethoxide type)/ TiCl4/tri-isobutylaluminum

Summery: A Ziegler-Natta catalyst of MgCl₂ (ethoxide type)/TiCl₄ has been synthesized. In order to obtain ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tri-isobutylaluminum which is less active to chain transfer was used as cocatalyst. Slurry polymerization was carried out for the polymerization of ethylene while, dilute solution viscometry was performed for the viscosity average molecular weight (Mv) measurement. The effect of [Al]/[Ti] molar ratio, temperature, monomer pressure and polymerization time on the Mv and productivity of the catalyst have been investigated. The results showed increasing [Al]/[Ti] ratio in the range of 78–117, decreased the Mv of the obtained polymer from 7.8 × 10⁶ to 3.7 × 10⁶ however, further increase of the ratio, resulted in decreased of by much slower rate up to [Al]/[Ti] = 588. The higher pressure in the range of 1–7 bars showed the higher the Mv of the polymer obtained, while increasing temperature in the range of 50 to 90 °C decreased the Mv from 9.3 × 10⁶ to 3.7 × 10⁶. The Mv rapidly increase with polymerization time in the first 15 minutes of the reaction, this increase was slowly up to the end of the reaction (120 min). Increasing [Al]/[Ti] ratio raised productivity of the catalyst in the range studied. Rising reaction temperature from 50 to 75 °C increased the productivity of the catalyst however, further increase in the temperature up to the 90 °C decreased activity of the catalyst. Monomer pressure in the range 1 to 7 bars yields higher productivity of the catalyst. Also by varying polymerization conditions synthesizing of UHMWPE with Mv in the range of 3 × 10⁶ to 9 × 10⁶ was feasible.     

Strong influences of cocatalyst on ethylene/propylene copolymerization with a MgCl2/SiO2/TiCl4/diester type Ziegler-Natta catalyst

Using triethylaluminum (TEA), triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) or TEA/TIBA mixtures of molar ratio 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 as the cocatalyst, five different ethylene-propylene copolymer samples were synthesized by a MgCl₂/SiO₂/TiCl₄/diester type Ziegler-Natta catalyst in a slurry polymerization process. The synthesized copolymers are strongly heterogeneous in chain structure and were fractionated into part of nearly random copolymer and part of segmented copolymer. Both polymerization activity and copolymer structure were found to be markedly changed when the cocatalyst was changed from TEA to TEA/TIBA mixtures or pure TIBA. As the content of TEA in cocatalyst increases, yield of the random part of product increases and the yield of the crystalline segmented copolymer part decreases. There is also a decrease in ethylene content of the whole product with increasing TEA amount. Copolymerization behaviors of the TEA/TIBA mixture activated catalysis systems are not simple superposition of those activated by pure TEA and TIBA. When a 50/50 TEA/TIBA mixture was used as cocatalyst, the copolymerization activity became the highest, and yields of both the random copolymer part and the segmented copolymer part are close to the highest level. On the other hand, both parts of the copolymer produced with a 50/50 TEA/TIBA mixture are relatively more blocky than the products of TEA or TIBA systems, and difference in ethylene content between the random part and the segmented part was the smallest. The segmented copolymer part of three typical samples was further fractionated by temperature-gradient extraction fractionation into fractions of different ethylene content and sequence distribution. Changing TEA content in the cocatalyst exerted strong influences also on the fraction distribution of the segmented part of copolymer.     

丙烯等规聚合Ziegler-Natta催化剂体系中给电子体化合物的研究进展

通过对丙烯等规聚合Ziegler-Natta催化剂体系中给电子体化合物的研究进展进行评述,论述了给电子体尤其是内给电子体在聚丙烯催化剂中的作用机理,着重讨论了各种新型内给电子体、外给电子体化合物的设计原理及其对催化剂性能及丙烯聚合反应的调控作用,分析了新型内给电子体化合物1,3-二醚和琥珀酸酯等的特点、给电子体化合物的功能和作用机理,并提出综合考虑内给电子体的空间效应和电子效应以及内、外给电子体的匹配是给电子体研究的发展方向。     

氧化锆负载Pd-Cu双金属催化剂上山梨醇选择性氢解合成乙二醇和丙二醇

山梨醇和木糖醇等多元醇是可再生生物质转化合成液体燃料和化学品的重要平台分子,其中,可通过选择氢解反应一步制备乙二醇和丙二醇等重要化工原料,有望代替从乙烯和丙烯制备二元醇的传统石油化工工艺.目前文献中多元醇氢解反应主要使用Ru基和Ni基催化剂等,但是不可避免地生成C?C键非选择性断裂的副产物甲烷等.与之相比,非贵金属Cu基催化剂往往具有较优异的选择性,但其活性较低和水热稳定性较差.因此,到目前为止研制具有高活性和选择性、以及良好水热稳定性的Cu基催化剂用于生物质基多元醇氢解反应仍然存在挑战.在本文中,我们采用贵金属修饰的方法提高Cu基催化剂在山梨醇选择氢解反应中的活性和水热稳定性.通过分步浸渍法合成了1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2、1%Pt-3%Cu/ZrO2和1%Ru-3%Cu/ZrO2双金属催化剂,并比较了它们在山梨醇氢解反应中的催化性能.在相同的反应条件下,上述催化剂中1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2(Cu/Pd =5)具有最优的活性及乙二醇、丙二醇和甘油的总选择性.以固体碱La(OH)3为助剂,1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2的山梨醇氢解活性高达20.3 h-1,是单金属1%Pd/ZrO2(8.7 h-1)和3%Cu/ZrO2(6.5 h-1)催化剂活性的2-3倍,也高于含有相同Pd、Cu含量的1%Pd/ZrO2和3%Cu/ZrO2机械混合体系的活性(12.2 h-1).而且, Pd-Cu/ZrO2双金属催化剂对C2-C3低碳多元醇的选择性也明显优于Pd/ZrO2和Cu/ZrO2以及二者的机械混合体系.这些结果说明Pd对Cu/ZrO2的促进作用不仅仅需要Pd与Cu两种金属的共同存在,还需要它们两者之间的相互作用.进一步发现, Pd-Cu/ZrO2双金属催化剂在Cu/Pd比为1.5-10.0的较宽范围内都表现出了较高的反应活性(17.8-20.3 h-1)以及乙二醇、丙二醇和甘油的总选择性(57.3%-62.8%),说明较低含量Pd的存在就能够有效地改善Cu催化剂的催化性能.在493 K和5.0 MPa H2的反应条件下,以1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2为催化剂,在山梨醇接近完全转化时,获得了61.7%的乙二醇、丙二醇和甘油的总选择性.同时, Pd的加入还能有效地抑制水热反应条件下Cu粒子的团聚,使得Pd-Cu/ZrO2催化剂在山梨醇氢解反应中具有优良的水热稳定性和循环使用性能.在5次循环实验中1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2的活性和选择性基本保持不变; X-射线粉末衍射结果表明,反应后的催化剂上未观察到Cu的特征衍射峰, Cu粒子仍然保持良好的分散状态.而对于没有Pd修饰的单金属3%Cu/ZrO2催化剂,经5次循环使用后山梨醇氢解反应的活性则下降了42%;在循环反应中Cu粒子显著地聚集而长大到~30 nm. CO吸附漫反射红外光谱结果揭示了Cu粒子倾向于在Pd粒子表面沉积,随着Cu/Pd原子比的增大, Cu粒子逐渐稀释并覆盖Pd的表面位点,说明Pd与Cu粒子之间存在紧密的接触.氢气程序升温还原结果表明,可能与氢溢流有关, Pd的加入促进了CuO的还原.然而,不同于Pd/ZrO2和Cu/ZrO2机械混合样品的TPR图谱,其显示PdO和CuO各自的还原峰, Pd-Cu双金属催化剂则只存在一个宽化的还原峰,这说明了Pd-Cu之间结构上的紧密接触使得两种金属之间存在强相互作用,其中可能存在从Pd向Cu的电子转移.综合这些结构和电子效应,可以推测Pd的存在促进了Cu粒子对山梨醇的脱氢能力和不饱和中间体的加氢能力,进而提高了Cu基催化剂在山梨醇氢解反应中的活性及目标产物的选择性.同时Pd-Cu之间的强相互作用和氢溢流效应抑制了Cu粒子在水热反应条件下的聚集,提高了催化剂的稳定性.这些结果和认识有助于指导人们为多元醇氢解和其它生物质基化学品的转化反应设计具有更高效率和水热稳定性的新型Cu基催化剂.     

Propene polymerization with the MgCl2-supported dichlorobis(β-diketonato)titanium catalysts activated by ordinary alkylaluminums

Several kinds of dichlorobis(β-diketonato)titanium complexes, i.e., Ti(ace-tylacetonato)₂Cl₂, Ti(1-benzoylacetonato)₂Cl₂, Ti(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)₂Cl₂ and Ti(4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedionato)₂Cl₂, were synthesized and the corresponding MgCl₂-supported catalysts were prepared by impregnation method. The test of them for propene polymerization revealed that those MgCl₂-supported catalysts could be activated not only by methylaluminoxane (MAO) but also by ordinary alkylaluminums as well. The effect of typical Lewis bases on the catalyst performance was investigated in some detail, which indicated that organic silanes are most effective for the improvement of isospecificity of those catalysts. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 129–135, 1998