溶胀预处理改善煤超临界萃取研究

兴隆煤分别用甲醇、四氢呋喃和吡啶溶胀处理后，再进行超临界甲苯萃取实验，以考察溶胀预处理对超临界萃取结果的影响。研究结果表明；煤经吡啶或呋喃溶胀处理后，可以明显改善２萃取过程转化率及轻组分油的收率；在考察的萃取温度范围（３４０－４００℃）内，吡啶溶胀煤 煤相比，始终具有较高的萃取转化率和较低的气体产率；增大煤比和萃取压力有助于改善吡啶溶胀煤的超临界萃取效果。此外用ＦＴＩＲ和ＳＥＭ对溶胀前后煤的结构变     

煤的吡啶吸附等温线及影响煤吸附行为因素的研究

采用四种标准煤样和模型化合物(WK11离子交换树脂及其Na和Ca类型),在30℃～60℃对比研究煤的吡啶气相吸附等温线和影响其吸附行为的因素。模型化合物结果表明:吡啶能断开WK11中的固有氢键,形成更强的吡啶-羧基官能团氢键,Na或Ca型WK11由于无法与吡啶形成氢键,因此吸附量很小,并几乎无溶胀现象。四种煤样的吡啶吸附结果表明:由于煤化程度和结构的不同,至少有两种类型的吡啶吸附等温线。同时,煤的吡啶吸附总量并不仅取决于在吸附过程中形成的氢键数量,而且也受其它特殊作用力的影响,这种影响对于高阶煤尤其显著。     

聚乙烯交联过程结构演化的流变学研究

采用耐压等级分别为35kV及110kV的两种不同商业化可交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆料为研究模型,考察其化学交联过程中结构演化与线性黏弹响应的关系.研究结果表明,流变学方法可敏感表征较低温度、较长时间下XLPE交联过程的结构演化.随着交联温度的升高,体系预交联时间缩短,而黏弹特性的变化速率不变;交联导致体系弹性和黏性均增加,但弹性增加幅度远大于黏性增加幅度.比较两种样品交联过程的流变行为,发现随着交联反应的进行,两者的黏性增长速率基本一致,但35kV电缆料样品的弹性增长略大.采用低频率区域(频率末端区)的动态储能模量(G′),计算体系交联点之间的平均分子量(Mc),以表征样品的交联密度.同时用常规的溶胀平衡法研究了两种电缆料Mc与交联时间的依赖关系.     

煤热解过程中Na对吡啶氮迁移释放的影响机理

基于密度泛函理论和过渡态原理,在M06-2X/6-311G(d)水平上研究了煤热解过程中碱金属Na对HCN和NH3形成的反应机理和生成路径的影响。选择含吡啶的七元环作为煤模型,以Na在煤表面的吸附结构作为含Na煤模型。结果表明,Na的存在显著增强了吡啶环中N、C原子间键合力,使N原子从苯环中剥离需要更高的活化能,从而抑制了HCN的生成;但Na能提高煤的表面活性,Na存在时NH3生成的速率决定步骤能垒值比无Na时低271.35 kJ/mol,对NH3的形成有明显促进作用。     

吡啶与脂肪酸的烷基化反应研究

吡啶与脂肪酸在酸性环境中用过二硫酸铵和硝酸银催化，发生自由基烷基化反应，得到产物主要是α－ 单取代吡啶。其结构经ＵＶ、ＩＲ、１ＨＮＭＲ证实     

煤在含有吡啶的二元溶液中吸附和溶胀行为的研究

本实验采用WK11模型化合物及ND褐煤和IL烟煤，在含有吡啶的水、环己烷、甲苯双溶液系统中研究其吸附和溶胀行为。研究结果显示，在稀溶液条件下吡啶吸附量和溶胀率都很低，而且即使在很长的反应时间内溶液中的吡啶也不能被全部吸附。这表明虽然由于热力学有利的熵变，吡啶可以断开煤中所有的氢键交联结构而形成新的氢键，但溶剂环境的影响和孔径等因素的扩散限制，也显著影响煤的吡啶吸附量和溶胀行为。在低吡啶浓度时，煤的溶胀率与吸附量无线性关系。在高吡啶浓度时，溶胀率随吸附量的增大而增加。但吡啶浓度超过一定值时，由于吡啶的强抽提作用，一定反应时间后煤和溶剂界面消失。     

神木煤显微组分加氢热解的TG/MS研究

在TG-151热天平上考察了神木煤显微组分加氢热解的热重特性；用质谱对加氢热解气体进行了在线检测分析。结果表明，镜质组比惰质组有较高的挥发分收率和最大失重速率；较低的起始热解温度和热解峰温。镜质组有较高的C1～C4轻质烃类和C6～C8芳香烃类收率，原煤居中，惰质组最少；镜质组比惰质组有较高的水生成， 加氢热解过程中各种烃类和水的逸出都高于相应热解下的。     

吡啶的亲电取代反应

介绍了吡啶的硝化、磺化、卤代等亲电取代反应，并对吡啶难以进行亲电取代反应的原因进行了分析讨论。     

2,6—二氨基吡啶的缩合反应研究

2,6-二氨基吡啶与苦基氯的缩合反应机理,不是反应方程式所描述的三级反应:过程因空间位阻的增大和碰撞中心的减少使反应能垒较高。学的观点来看,这个缩合反应的自发性很大。因为反应物二氨基毗吮在空气中易被氧化发黑,苦基氯易被水解为苦味酸,     

Effects of temperature and holding time during torrefaction on the pyrolysis behaviors of woody biomass

Torrefaction is the thermal treatment techniques performed at relatively low temperature (<300 °C) in an inert atmosphere, which aims to improve the fuel properties attractively. In this study, woody biomass (Leucaena leucocephala) was torrefied at various temperatures and holding times and the pyrolysis behaviors of the torrefied wood were examined in detail by using TG-MS technique. It was found that the carbon content and the calorific value of the torrefied leucaena increased significantly when temperature and holding time during the torrefaction increased. From the TG-MS analysis, the pyrolysis behaviors of the torrefied leucaena were significantly different from those of the raw leucaena. The char yield at 800 °C for the torrefied leucaena was increased when increasing the holding time during the torrefaction. On the other hand, the tar yield during the pyrolysis decreased significantly with the increase in the holding time during the torrefaction. Through the results from the TG-MS analysis, it was concluded that the structure of leucaena was changed by the torrefaction at temperature below 275 °C and the cross-linking reactions occurred during the pyrolysis resulting in increase in char yields and decrease in tar yields. It was also suggested that the longer the holding time during the torrefaction, the more the cross-linking reactions proceed during the pyrolysis. The results obtained from the study provide the basic information for the pyrolyser and/or gasifier design by using torrefied biomass as a fuel.     

Kinetics of formation of HCN during pyridine pyrolysis

The rate of HCN evolution during the inert pyrolysis of pyridine in the temperature range of 900–1000°C was determined in a flow system using a stirred-flow reactor. The data indicated that HCN was formed through a sequence of reactions rather than during the initial step(s) involving the disappearance of pyridine. The Arrhenius parameters for the first-order step yielding HCN were 39.5 kcal/mol and 6.8 for the activation energy and log frequency factor, respectively. The mechanistic implications of the rate data are discussed, and these are related to the overall pyridine pyrolysis mechanism.     

TG-MS与Py-GC相结合法研究惰性气氛下含硫模型化合物热解过程中硫的脱除及释放行为研究

采用热重-质谱法( TG-MS)和热解-气相色谱法( Py-MS)相结合的方法对模型化合物(十四硫醇、二丁基硫醚、苯硫醚、二甲基噻吩、苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩等)在惰性气氛下硫的脱除及释放行为进行研究。惰性气氛下硫的脱除顺序为：十四硫醇>二丁基硫醚>二甲基噻吩>苯并噻吩>苯硫醚>二苯并噻吩,苯硫醚除外,该顺序与含硫官能团的热分解顺序一致。在热解过程中,所有模型化合物在质谱和气相色谱仪上均被检测到SO2;除苯硫醚和二苯并噻吩外,其他模型化合物中均检测到了COS;而只在十四硫醇、二丁基硫醚和二甲基噻吩中检测到了H2 S。且热解气中SO2含量要显著高于H2 S和COS。这是由于活性炭作载体时,惰性气氛下内部氢的含量显著小于内部氧的含量,所以大多数的含硫自由基易与内部氧结合以SO2的形式逸出。对于苯硫醚、苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩中没有检测到H2 S,是由于内部氢的不足,使得含硫自由基不能与内部氢结合,所以没有检测到H2 S逸出。     

预热处理对褐煤热解过程氧元素迁移的影响

以中国呼伦贝尔褐煤为原料,基于工业分析、元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱联用分析,考察140-230℃预热处理对褐煤650℃等温热解氧迁移的影响。结果表明,与未经预热处理的干煤热解相比,褐煤经200℃预热处理后热解,迁移至热解水和半焦中的氧分别下降7.55%和1.43%,迁移至焦油和气体中的氧分别增加6.66%和1.61%,焦油中酚类氧增加一倍。褐煤预热过程中氢键的减少与热解焦油中正己烷可溶物所含酚类化合物的增加,经原位红外漫反射光谱分析,发现源自OH…π、OH…N和羟基自缔合氢键在预热过程中断裂形成自由OH·,导致酚类化合物中苯酚和甲酚含量增加。     

TG-MS与Py-GC相结合法研究惰性气氛下含硫模型化合物热解过程中硫的脱除及释放行为研究

采用热重-质谱法(TG-MS)和热解-气相色谱法(Py-MS)相结合的方法对模型化合物(十四硫醇、二丁基硫醚、苯硫醚、二甲基噻吩、苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩等)在惰性气氛下硫的脱除及释放行为进行研究。惰性气氛下硫的脱除顺序为:十四硫醇>二丁基硫醚>二甲基噻吩>苯并噻吩>苯硫醚>二苯并噻吩,苯硫醚除外,该顺序与含硫官能团的热分解顺序一致。在热解过程中,所有模型化合物在质谱和气相色谱仪上均被检测到SO₂;除苯硫醚和二苯并噻吩外,其他模型化合物中均检测到了COS;而只在十四硫醇、二丁基硫醚和二甲基噻吩中检测到了H₂S。且热解气中SO₂含量要显著高于H₂S和COS。这是由于活性炭作载体时,惰性气氛下内部氢的含量显著小于内部氧的含量,所以大多数的含硫自由基易与内部氧结合以SO₂的形式逸出。对于苯硫醚、苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩中没有检测到H₂S,是由于内部氢的不足,使得含硫自由基不能与内部氢结合,所以没有检测到H₂S逸出。     

热预处理影响褐煤热解行为研究

采用固定床反应器研究了不同气氛热预处理对内蒙胜利褐煤结构的改变,及其对后续热解行为的影响。结果表明,与原煤相比,热预处理后煤中羟基含量和芳香氢与脂肪氢的比减少,脂肪氢的相对含量增加。与未经处理的煤热解相比,N2、N2+O2、CO2气氛下热预处理后热解水收率下降,热解气收率增加,热解气中CO2含量增高,导致高位热值下降。过热水蒸气热预处理后,焦油质量收率提高3～4个百分点。热解焦油组成的变化与预处理气氛、温度密切相关,过热水蒸气200℃下预处理使得焦油中轻质组分的含量(沸点低于360℃的馏分)比原煤焦油提高了约27个百分点;水蒸气和模拟烟气混合气氛下在200℃及250℃预处理后,其热解焦油中轻油和酚油含量分别提高约60和42个百分点。     

低温加压热解脱氧对胜利褐煤亲水性的影响

在固定床反应器中考察了低温（200~350 ℃）、加压（0.25~8.00 MPa）热解条件下胜利褐煤主要含氧官能团的变化规律,并进一步分析了褐煤中含氧官能团的脱除对其吸水能力的影响。结果表明,温度升高对胜利褐煤中羧基和酚羟基的脱除非常有效,压力变化对羧基脱除影响极小,而在3.00~4.00 MPa时对酚羟基脱除效果最佳;同时羧基对煤样的表面极性和亲水性具有决定性作用,当羧基含量不变时,固体比表面积对煤样的吸水性影响相对较明显。     

TG-MS as a technique for a better monitoring of the pyrolysis,gasification and combustion of two kinds of sewage sludge

Sewage sludge disposal is a difficult task owing to increasingly restrictive re-use policies. Its final destination will obviously depend on its nature and composition but the generation of energy is a significant option. The thermochemical conversion requires exhaustive gas emission controls. In this regard, this paper offers the results of the use of mass spectrometry together with a thermogravimetric analysis system used to study the thermal conversion processes of two kinds of sewage sludge under different atmospheres simulating pyrolysis, gasification and combustion. This TG-MS combination indicates that gasification is the best process for one kind of sludge while a co-combustion process is more suitable for the other. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Surface characteristics of activated carbons obtained by pyrolysis of plasma pretreated PET

Activated carbon materials have been prepared by pyrolysis of plasma pretreated recycled PET. The obtained carbon materials have been texturally characterized by N2 (77 K) and CO2 (273 K) adsorption. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) have been used to analyze the surface of the treated precursors. Carbon materials obtained by He, N2, and CO2 plasma pretreatments (4 min) of the precursor and subsequent pyrolysis have shown a higher adsorption capacity than the corresponding chars (untreated pyrolised PET). This effect seems to be related to the elimination by the plasma treatments of low-molecular-weight products in the precursor, which are responsible for the formation of amorphous carbon deposits during the carbonization that blocks the porosity. Longer periods of treatment (15 min) do not favor the opening of the microporosity because cross-linking reactions in the precursor producing high molecular weight deposits prevail. The development of porosity is less relevant if oxygen plasma is used, as a considerable amount of oxygen functionalities are also formed. These groups can decompose during pyrolysation producing the above-mentioned amorphous carbon deposits. The textural characteristics of the carbon materials obtained after 4 min of plasma treatment on the precursor are very similar to those obtained after 4 h of CO2 (1073 K) activation of the same char. Therefore, this method can be an alternative to avoid the burnoff and high energy cost of the activation step.     

吡啶萃取对烟煤热解过程焦油生成特性的影响

煤中含有以非共价键结合的可萃取物,煤的萃取物和萃余物热解反应性不同。本研究首先用醋酸消除煤中静电作用力,再以吡啶萃取消除氢键作用力,通过热重和固定床研究了煤萃取物和萃余物的热解特性。相对于原煤,萃取物（E1）的H/C原子比较高,而萃余物（R1）比原煤的孔径有所增大。热重实验表明,萃取物热分解温度低,失重率大;萃余物在485℃之前失重大于原煤,温度高于485℃小于原煤。固定床氮气热解表明,萃取物（E1）的焦油产率和气体比原煤高;萃余物（R1）的焦油产率低于原煤焦油产率。而氢气气氛下,萃取残渣的焦油产率明显高于原煤,这是由于吡啶萃余物具有更开放的孔结构,有利于加氢热解过程氢向孔内扩散,减少了缩聚反应。