硫化物对Pd/树脂催化剂上异戊二烯选择加氢催化性能的影响

 在流体并流向上的气液固三相固定床反应器中考察了多种硫化物\r\n对负载Pd催化剂上异二戊烯加氢反应活性的影响．结果表明，在低温（\r\n60℃）和液相加氢条件下，硫化氢、二硫化碳、二甲基硫醚、二甲基二\r\n硫醚、硫醇及噻吩都能使强酸性树脂负载的Pd催化剂上异戊二烯加氢反\r\n应活性下降；随着硫化物含量的增加，异戊二烯加氢活性下降的程度增\r\n大．在硫的质量分数相同（8×10－6）的情况下，这些硫化物使催化剂\r\n失活程度的大小顺序为：二硫化碳＞硫化氢＞二甲基二硫醚≈乙硫醇＞\r\n二甲基硫醚＞噻吩．其中噻吩基本上不导致催化剂失活．     

镍基催化剂上硫醇与异戊二烯硫醚化反应的研究

在上流式气-液-固三相固定床微型反应装置上，对Ni／Al2O3催化剂上硫醇与异戊二烯硫醚化反应进行了研究，并考察了反应温度、压力、空速、临氢条件对催化剂二烯硫醚化反应性能的影响。结果表明，异戊二烯与硫醇在镍基催化剂的作用下，可以发生反应生成高沸点的硫醚化合物，反应温度和空速对催化剂二烯硫醚化活性有明显的影响，提高反应温度和降低空速有利于提高硫醇在二烯硫醚化反应过程中的转化率，在临氢反应条下，可以提高催化剂二烯硫醚化反应的活性和稳定性。     

亚磷酸氢锆／聚乙烯吡咯烷酮／钯催化剂的催化加氢性能

制得了亚磷酸氢锆-聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（Zr（HPO3）2·H2O-PVP）载体和相应的钯催化剂．用IR、TG、TDA、BET表面积和XRS对其进行表征．载体中PVP的含量可达到41～51g／mol．所制得的钯催化剂对所试验的7个取代烯烃和硝基苯的常压催化加氢转化率皆高于97．4％．研究了保温晶化时间、Pd的质量分数、VP单元与Pd的比值、催化剂用量、反应温度、溶剂、介质的pH值和底物对催化加氢活性的影响．催化剂重复使用15次无明显失活．最后将催化剂与同条件下的Zr（HPO4）2·H2O-PVP－Pd催化剂活性作了比较．     

用低负载钯作催化剂的丙烯腈催化加氢反应

低负载钯(w(Pd)=0.05%)催化剂对含其它不饱和基团的双键加氢有很好的选择性和活性,应用于丙烯腈气相加氢可得到高收率的丙腈.采用积分固定床反应器,研究了丙烯腈气相加氢的最佳工艺条件∶温度140℃、n(氢气)∶n(腈)=9∶1.但催化剂失活严重,红外测试表明∶催化剂失活主要源于产物及原料在催化剂上的吸附,可通过焙烧除去吸附物,从而使活性恢复.     

钯系催化剂的氨中毒研究

 考察了CO常压气相偶联合成草酸酯反应体系中在不同氨含量下P\r\nd系催化剂活性随反应时间的变化．结果表明，随着氨含量的增加，催\r\n化剂活性降低的速率加快，氨含量不超过0．54％时，仅引起催化剂活\r\n性下降，但不会造成催化剂完全失活；当氨含量达1．16％时，催化剂\r\n活性随反应时间迅速下降，直至完全失活．同时，观测了催化剂氨中毒\r\n的不可逆性．利用XPS和TEM表征手段探讨了Pd系催化剂氨中毒机理，并\r\n分析了在工业生产条件下催化剂氨中毒不可逆性的原因．     

脂肪腈加氢胺化过程中Pd/C催化剂失活原因探讨

以活性炭为载体,负载氯化钯溶液,制备钯/炭催化剂,在循环使用于催化脂肪腈加氢制备单烷基二甲基叔胺时发现,催化剂活性持续下降。通过氮吸附、热重分析、X射线能谱和透射电子显微镜等手段,对催化剂失活前后的表面积、孔径分布变化、催化剂的失重状况、Pd的价态变化以及Pd晶粒的粒径变化研究表明,导致钯/炭催化剂失活的原因主要是反应过程中积炭的生成、Pd的价态变化和Pd晶粒粒径的增大。     

CeO2改性的Pd/Al2O3催化剂在加氢脱硫反应中的抗硫性能

采用浸渍法制备CeO2改性的Pd/Al2O3催化剂,以噻吩加氢脱硫为探针反应,考察了Pd/Al2O3 和Pd-CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的活性和抗硫性能,并运用CO吸附、FT-IR、TG等分析测试技术研究表征了催化剂性质. 结果表明,Pd-CeO2/Al2O3催化剂比Pd /Al2O3催化剂具有较低的硫化度. 在连续反应中,Pd-CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的抗硫失活能力较强. CeO2的加入导致了Pd-S键能的减弱,在Pd-CeO2/Al2O3催化剂上H2S主要吸附在CeO2上而不是Pd原子上. Pd-CeO2/Al2O3抗硫能力的提高是由于Pd-Ce结合导致Pd缺电子状态,减少了Pd的硫化失活而引起. CeO2对H2S的竞争吸附造成与CeO2结合作用的Pd处于较低的H2S分压,减少了Pd失活的几率.     

馏分油浆态床加氢处理研究：ⅡFCC柴油加氢工艺条件及动力学研究

对FCC柴油在浆态床柴油加氢催化剂SP25上的加氢工艺条件进行了优化,并考察了加氢脱硫（HDS）和加氢脱氮（HDN）动力学。结果表明,提高反应温度、提高反应压力、增加催化剂的加入量、延长反应时间都能提高催化剂的加氢精制活性,最佳的FCC柴油浆态床加氢工艺条件为,温度350℃、压力6MPa、催化剂加入量6％、反应时间2h。催化剂循环使用性能的考察结果表明,SP25催化剂具有良好的活性稳定性。动力学研究结果表明,FCC柴油的加氢脱硫反应过程可以分为两个阶段。第一阶段为较易脱除的苯并噻吩类（BTs）硫化物的加氢脱硫反应,反应活化能为70．00kJ／mol;第二阶段为较难脱除的二苯并噻吩类（DBTs）硫化物的加氢脱硫反应,反应活化能为85．65kJ／mol。FCC柴油HDN反应的活化能为79．91kJ／mol。烷基取代的二苯并噻吩类硫化物（特别是DMDBTs）是加氢精制反应中最难脱除的含杂原子（S或N）烃类化合物。     

Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂对轻质C5馏分加氢的催化性

 利用X射线衍射、热重-差热分析和孔结构分析对新鲜和失活的Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂进行了表征,讨论了催化剂的失活机理,并考察了催化剂在轻质C5馏分加氢反应中的稳定性和加氢工艺条件. 结果表明,催化剂失活的主要原因是加氢原料中的硫化物与催化剂活性组分镍发生反应生成了Ni3S2、镍晶粒长大和催化剂结焦. 使用氧化锌脱硫剂将加氢原料脱硫后,在单个反应器内,用饱和烷烃稀释C5馏分至其中二烯烃的质量分数为6%～9%,在加氢压力为1.3～2.5 MPa,体积空速为5.0～6.0 h-1,H2/油体积比为80～120的条件下,原料中二烯烃和炔烃转化率为100%,单烯烃转化率在97%以上. 催化剂连续运行375 h后,其催化活性与新鲜催化剂基本相同.     

Pd对Zr－Mn－K催化CO加氢合成甲醇与异丁醇的影响

 考察了添加Pd对Zr－Mn－K催化CO加氢合成甲醇与异丁醇的影响．与Zr－Mn－K催化剂相比，Pd／Zr－Mn－K催化剂的催化活性及异丁醇选择性明显升高．在SV＝10000h－1，p＝8．0MPa和T＝673K的反应条件下，1．5％Pd／Zr－Mn－K催化剂上醇的时空收率由原来的122．8升高到232．6g／（kg·h），异丁醇的选择性由原来的15．5％升高到21．7％．当Pd的添加量大于1．5％时，催化剂的活性及异丁醇选择性开始下降．H2和CO吸附实验结果表明，Pd／Zr－Mn－K催化剂表面维持有较高的H2和CO吸附量，有利于甲醇与异丁醇生成速率的提高．当Pd的添加量超过1．5％时，Pd的分散度降低，粒径变大，吸附H2和CO的量减少，致使合成甲醇和异丁醇的性能降低．     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.