The Sum of a Maximally Monotone Linear Relation and the Subdifferential of a Proper Lower Semicontinuous Convex Function is Maximally Monotone

The most important open problem in Monotone Operator Theory concerns the maximal monotonicity of the sum of two maximally monotone operators provided that Rockafellar’s constraint qualification holds. In this paper, we prove the maximal monotonicity of A+?fA+\partial f provided that A is a maximally monotone linear relation, and f is a proper lower semicontinuous convex function satisfying \operatornamedom A?\operatornameint\operatornamedom ?f 1 \varnothing\operatorname{dom} A\cap\operatorname{int}\operatorname{dom} \partial f\neq\varnothing. Moreover, A+?fA+\partial f is of type (FPV). The maximal monotonicity of A+?fA+\partial f when \operatornameint\operatornamedom A?\operatornamedom ?f 1 \varnothing{\operatorname{int}\operatorname{dom}}\, A\cap\operatorname{dom} \partial f\neq\varnothing follows from a result by Verona and Verona, which the present work complements.     

Conflict free colorings of (strongly) almost disjoint set-systems

\(f\: \cup {\mathcal {A}}\to {\rho}\) is called a conflict free coloring of the set-system\({\mathcal {A}}\)(withρcolors) if

$\forall A\in {\mathcal {A}}\ \exists\, {\zeta}<{\rho} (|A\cap f^{-1}\{{\zeta}\}|=1).$

The conflict free chromatic number\(\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, ({\mathcal {A}})\) of \({\mathcal {A}}\) is the smallest ρ for which \({\mathcal {A}}\) admits a conflict free coloring with ρ colors.

\({\mathcal {A}}\) is a (λ,κ,μ)-system if \(|{\mathcal {A}}| = \lambda\), |A|=κ for all \(A \in {\mathcal {A}}\), and \({\mathcal {A}}\) is μ-almost disjoint, i.e. |A∩A′|<μ for distinct \(A, A'\in {\mathcal {A}}\). Our aim here is to study

$\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\lambda,\kappa,\mu) = \sup \{\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, ({\mathcal {A}})\: {\mathcal {A}}\mbox{ is a } (\lambda,\kappa,\mu)\mbox{-system}\}$

for λ≧κ≧μ, actually restricting ourselves to λ≧ω and μ≦ω.

For instance, we prove that

? for any limit cardinal κ (or κ=ω) and integers n≧0, k>0, GCH implies

$\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\kappa^{+n},t,k+1) =\begin{cases}\kappa^{+(n+1-i)}&; \text{if \ } i\cdot k < t \le (i+1)\cdot k,\ i =1,\dots,n;\\[2pt]\kappa&; \text{if \ } (n+1)\cdot k < t;\end{cases}$

? if λ≧κ≧ω>d>1, then λ<κ ^+ω implies \(\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\lambda,\kappa,d) <\omega\) and λ≧? _ω (κ) implies \(\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\lambda,\kappa,d) = \omega\);? GCH implies \(\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\lambda,\kappa,\omega) \le \omega_{2}\) for λ≧κ≧ω ₂ and V=L implies \(\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\lambda,\kappa,\omega) \le \omega_{1}\) for λ≧κ≧ω ₁;? the existence of a supercompact cardinal implies the consistency of GCH plus \(\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\,(\aleph_{\omega+1},\omega_{1},\omega)= \aleph_{\omega+1}\) and \(\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\aleph_{\omega+1},\omega_{n},\omega) = \omega_{2}\) for 2≦n≦ω;? CH implies \(\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\omega_{1},\omega,\omega) = \operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\omega_{1},\omega_{1},\omega) = \omega_{1}\), while \(MA_{\omega_{1}}\) implies \(\operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\omega_{1},\omega,\omega) = \operatorname {\chi _{\rm CF}}\, (\omega_{1},\omega_{1},\omega) = \omega\).     

A general iterative method for hierarchical variational inequality problems in Hilbert spaces and applications

Let H be a real Hilbert space and let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of H. Let ?? >?0 and let A be an ??-inverse-strongly monotone mapping of C into H and let B be a maximal monotone operator on H. Let F be a maximal monotone operator on H such that the domain of F is included in C. Let 0?< k?<?1 and let g be a k-contraction of H into itself. Let V be a ${\overline{\gamma}}$ -strongly monotone and L-Lipschitzian continuous operator with ${\overline{\gamma} >0 }$ and L >?0. Take ${\mu, \gamma \in \mathbb R}$ as follows: $${0 < \mu < \frac{2\overline{\gamma}}{L^2}, \quad 0 < \gamma < \frac{\overline{\gamma}-\frac{L^2 \mu}{2}}{k}.}$$ In this paper, under the assumption ${(A+B)^{-1}0 \cap F^{-1}0 \neq \emptyset}$ , we prove a strong convergence theorem for finding a point ${z_0\in (A+B)^{-1}0\cap F^{-1}0}$ which is a unique solution of the hierarchical variational inequality $${\langle (V-\gamma g)z_0, q-z_0 \rangle \geq 0, \quad \forall q\in (A+B)^{-1}0 \cap F^{-1}0.}$$ Using this result, we obtain new and well-known strong convergence theorems in a Hilbert space which are useful in nonlinear analysis and optimization.     

Endomorphism algebras and Igusa–Todorov algebras

Let A be an Artin algebra. If $V\in \operatorname{mod} A$ such that the global dimension of  $\operatorname{End}_{A}V$ is at most 3, then for any ${M\in \operatorname{add}_{A}V}$ , both B and B ^op are 2-Igusa–Todorov algebras, where ${B=\operatorname{End}_{A}M}$ . Let ${P\in \operatorname{mod} A}$ be projective and ${B=\operatorname{End}_{A}P}$ such that the projective dimension of P as a right B-module is at most n(<∞). If A is an m-syzygy-finite algebra (resp. an m-Igusa–Todorov algebra), then B is an (m+n)-syzygy-finite algebra (resp. an (m+n)-Igusa–Todorov algebra); in particular, the finitistic dimension of B is finite in both cases. Some applications of these results are given.     

Full regularity of a free boundary problem with two phases

Let ?? be a bounded domain in ${\mathbb{R}^{n}, n\geq2}$ . We use ${\mathcal{M}_{\Omega}}$ to denote the collection of all pairs of (A, u) such that ${A\subset\Omega}$ is a set of finite perimeter and ${u\in H^{1}\left( \Omega\right)}$ satisfies $$u\left( x\right) =0\quad\text{a.e.}x\in A.$$ We consider the energy functional $$E_{\Omega}\left( A,u\right) =\int\limits_{\Omega}\left\vert\triangledown u\right\vert ^{2}+P_{\Omega}\left( A\right)$$ defined on ${\mathcal{M}_{\Omega}}$ , where P _??(A) denotes the perimeter of A inside ??. Let ${\left( A,u\right)\in\mathcal{M}_{\Omega}}$ be a minimizer with volume constraint. Our main result is that when n????7, u is locally Lipschitz and the free boundary ?A is analytic in ??.     

Extensions in the class of countable torsion-free Abelian groups

It is a classical result that for a torsion-free Abelian group A the group $\operatorname {Ext}_{\mathbb {Z}}(A,B)$ is divisible for any Abelian group B. Hence it is of the form for some uniquely determined cardinals r ₀ and r _p . In this paper we clarify when $\operatorname {Ext}_{\mathbb {Z}}(A,B)=0$ and examine the possible values for r ₀ and r _p in case the groups A and B are countable (torsion-free). We also give some methods for constructing torsion-free groups A and B with prescribed cardinals r ₀ and r _p . This is to say that for suitable sequences (r ₀,r _p ∣p∈?) of cardinals we construct torsion-free countable Abelian groups A and B realizing r ₀ and r _p as their invariants of $\operatorname {Ext}_{\mathbb {Z}}(A,B)$ .     

Hardy-Littlewood type inequalities for Vilenkin-Fourier coefficients

The Hardy type inequality $\left( * \right) \left( {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {\frac{{\left| {\hat f\left( k \right)} \right|^p }}{{k^{2 - p} }}} } \right)^{I/p} \leqslant C_p \left\| f \right\|_{H_{ * * }^P } \left( {1/2< p \leqslant 2} \right)$ is proved for functionsf belonging to the Hardy spaceH _** ^p (G_m) defined by means of a maximal function. We extend (*) for 2<p<∞ when the Vilenkin-Fourier coefficients off are λ-blockwise monotone. It will be shown that under certain conditions on the Vilenkin system (in particular, for some unbounded type, too) a converse version of (*) holds also for allp>0 provided that the Vilenkin-Fourier coefficients off are monotone.     

The Algebra of Polynomial Integro-Differential Operators is a Holonomic Bimodule over the Subalgebra of Polynomial Differential Operators

In contrast to its subalgebra $A_n:=K\langle x_1, \ldots , x_n, \frac{\partial}{\partial x_1}, \ldots ,\frac{\partial}{\partial x_n}\rangle $ of polynomial differential operators (i.e. the n’th Weyl algebra), the algebra ${\mathbb{I}}_n:=K\langle x_1, \ldots ,$ $ x_n, \frac{\partial}{\partial x_1}, \ldots ,\frac{\partial}{\partial x_n}, \int_1, \ldots , \int_n\rangle $ of polynomial integro-differential operators is neither left nor right Noetherian algebra; moreover it contains infinite direct sums of nonzero left and right ideals. It is proved that ${\mathbb{I}}_n$ is a left (right) coherent algebra iff n?=?1; the algebra ${\mathbb{I}}_n$ is a holonomic A _n -bimodule of length 3 ⁿ and has multiplicity 3 ⁿ with respect to the filtration of Bernstein, and all 3 ⁿ simple factors of ${\mathbb{I}}_n$ are pairwise non-isomorphic A _n -bimodules. The socle length of the A _n -bimodule ${\mathbb{I}}_n$ is n?+?1, the socle filtration is found, and the m’th term of the socle filtration has length ${n\choose m}2^{n-m}$ . This fact gives a new canonical form for each polynomial integro-differential operator. It is proved that the algebra ${\mathbb{I}}_n$ is the maximal left (resp. right) order in the largest left (resp. right) quotient ring of the algebra ${\mathbb{I}}_n$ .     

A Sequence to Compute the Brauer Group of Certain Quasi-Triangular Hopf Algebras

A deeper understanding of recent computations of the Brauer group of Hopf algebras is attained by explaining why a direct product decomposition for this group holds and describing the non-interpreted factor occurring in it. For a Hopf algebra B in a braided monoidal category ${{\mathcal C}}$ , and under certain assumptions on the braiding (fulfilled if ${{\mathcal C}}$ is symmetric), we construct a sequence for the Brauer group ${{\rm{BM}}}({{\mathcal C}};B)$ of B-module algebras, generalizing Beattie’s one. It allows one to prove that ${{\rm{BM}}}({{\mathcal C}};B) \cong {{\rm{Br}}}({{\mathcal C}}) \times {\operatorname{Gal}}({{\mathcal C}};B)$ , where ${{\rm{Br}}}({{\mathcal C}})$ is the Brauer group of ${{\mathcal C}}$ and ${\operatorname{Gal}}({{\mathcal C}};B)$ the group of B-Galois objects. We also show that ${{\rm{BM}}}({{\mathcal C}};B)$ contains a subgroup isomorphic to ${{\rm{Br}}}({{\mathcal C}}) \times {\operatorname{H^2}}({{\mathcal C}};B,I),$ where ${\operatorname{H^2}}({{\mathcal C}};B,I)$ is the second Sweedler cohomology group of B with values in the unit object I of ${{\mathcal C}}$ . These results are applied to the Brauer group ${{\rm{BM}}}(K,B \times H,{{\mathcal R}})$ of a quasi-triangular Hopf algebra that is a Radford biproduct B × H, where H is a usual Hopf algebra over a field K, the Hopf subalgebra generated by the quasi-triangular structure ${{\mathcal R}}$ is contained in H and B is a Hopf algebra in the category ${}_H{{\mathcal M}}$ of left H-modules. The Hopf algebras whose Brauer group was recently computed fit this framework. We finally show that ${{\rm{BM}}}(K,H,{{\mathcal R}}) \times {\operatorname{H^2}}({}_H{{\mathcal M}};B,K)$ is a subgroup of ${{\rm{BM}}}(K,B \times H,{{\mathcal R}})$ , confirming the suspicion that a certain cohomology group of B × H (second lazy cohomology group was conjectured) embeds into it. New examples of Brauer groups of quasi-triangular Hopf algebras are computed using this sequence.     

Projective Hausdorff gaps

Todor?evi? (Fund Math 150(1):55–66, 1996) shows that there is no Hausdorff gap (A, B) if A is analytic. In this note we extend the result by showing that the assertion “there is no Hausdorff gap (A, B) if A is coanalytic” is equivalent to “there is no Hausdorff gap (A, B) if A is ${{\bf \it{\Sigma}}^{1}_{2}}$ ”, and equivalent to ${\forall r \; (\aleph_1^{L[r]}\,< \aleph_1)}$ . We also consider real-valued games corresponding to Hausdorff gaps, and show that ${\mathsf{AD}_\mathbb{R}}$ for pointclasses Γ implies that there are no Hausdorff gaps (A, B) if ${{\it{A}} \in {\bf \it{\Gamma}}}$ .     

Unitary Equivalence of Proper Extensions of a Symmetric Operator and the Weyl Function

Let A be a densely defined simple symmetric operator in ${\mathfrak{H}}$ , let ${\Pi=\{\mathcal{H},\Gamma_0, \Gamma_1}\}$ be a boundary triplet for A ^* and let M(·) be the corresponding Weyl function. It is known that the Weyl function M(·) determines the boundary triplet Π, in particular, the pair {A, A ₀}, uniquely up to the unitary similarity. Here ${A_0 := A^* \upharpoonright \text{ker}\, \Gamma_0 ( = A^*_0)}$ . At the same time the Weyl function corresponding to a boundary triplet for a dual pair of operators defines it uniquely only up to the weak similarity. We consider a symmetric dual pair {A, A} with symmetric ${A \subset A^*}$ and a special boundary triplet ${\widetilde{\Pi}}$ for{A, A} such that the corresponding Weyl function is ${\widetilde{M}(z) = K^*(B-M(z))^{-1} K}$ , where B is a non-self-adjoint bounded operator in ${\mathcal{H}}$ . We are interested in the problem whether the result on the unitary similarity remains valid for ${\widetilde{M}(\cdot)}$ in place of M(·). We indicate some sufficient conditions in terms of the operators A ₀ and ${A_B= A^* \upharpoonright \text{ker}\, (\Gamma_1-B \Gamma_0)}$ , which guaranty an affirmative answer to this problem. Applying the abstract results to the minimal symmetric 2nth order ordinary differential operator A in ${L^2(\mathbb{R}_+)}$ , we show that ${\widetilde{M}(\cdot)}$ defined in ${\Omega_+ \subset \mathbb{C}_+}$ determines the Dirichlet and Neumann realizations uniquely up to the unitary equivalence. At the same time similar result for realizations of Dirac operator fails. We obtain also some negative abstract results demonstrating that in general the Weyl function ${\widetilde{M}(\cdot)}$ does not determine A _B even up to the similarity.     

Discrepancy, separation and Riesz energy of finite point sets on the unit sphere

For $d \geqslant 2,$ we consider asymptotically equidistributed sequences of $\mathbb S^d$ codes, with an upper bound $\operatorname{\boldsymbol{\delta}}$ on spherical cap discrepancy, and a lower bound Δ on separation. For such sequences, if 0?<?s?<?d, then the difference between the normalized Riesz s energy of each code, and the normalized s-energy double integral on the sphere is bounded above by $\operatorname{O}\big(\operatorname{\boldsymbol{\delta}}^{1-s/d}\,\Delta^{-s}\,N^{-s/d}\big),$ where N is the number of code points. For well separated sequences of spherical codes, this bound becomes $\operatorname{O}\big(\operatorname{\boldsymbol{\delta}}^{1-s/d}\big).$ We apply these bounds to minimum energy sequences, sequences of well separated spherical designs, sequences of extremal fundamental systems, and sequences of equal area points.     

Preserving maximal monotonicity with applications in sum and composition rules

In this paper, we study maximal monotonicity preserving mappings on the Banach space X × X ^*. Indeed, for a maximal monotone set ${M \subset X\times X^*}$ and for a multifunction ${T: X \times X^* \multimap Y \times Y^*}$ , under some sufficient conditions on M and T we show that T(M) is maximal monotone. As two consequences of this result we get sum and composition rules for maximal monotone operators.     

The 3D Incompressible Euler Equations with a Passive Scalar: A Road to Blow-Up?

The three-dimensional incompressible Euler equations with a passive scalar θ are considered in a smooth domain $\varOmega\subset \mathbb{R}^{3}$ with no-normal-flow boundary conditions $\boldsymbol{u}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{n}}|_{\partial\varOmega} = 0$ . It is shown that smooth solutions blow up in a finite time if a null (zero) point develops in the vector B=?q×?θ, provided B has no null points initially: $\boldsymbol{\omega} = \operatorname{curl}\boldsymbol {u}$ is the vorticity and q=ω??θ is a potential vorticity. The presence of the passive scalar concentration θ is an essential component of this criterion in detecting the formation of a singularity. The problem is discussed in the light of a kinematic result by Graham and Henyey (Phys. Fluids 12:744–746, 2000) on the non-existence of Clebsch potentials in the neighbourhood of null points.     

A sharp equivalence between H ∞ functional calculus and square function estimates

Let (T _t ) _{t?≥ 0} be a bounded analytic semigroup on L ^p (Ω), with 1?<?p?<?∞. Let ?A denote its infinitesimal generator. It is known that if A and A ^* both satisfy square function estimates ${\bigl\|\bigl(\int_{0}^{\infty} \vert A^{\frac{1}{2}} T_t(x)\vert^2 {\rm d}t \bigr)^{\frac{1}{2}}\bigr\|_{L^p} \lesssim \|x\|_{L^p}}$ and ${\bigl\|\bigl(\int_{0}^{\infty} \vert A^{*\frac{1}{2}} T_t^*(y) \vert^2 {\rm d}t \bigr)^{\frac{1}{2}}\bigr\|_{L^{p^\prime}} \lesssim \|y\|_{L^{p^\prime}}}$ for ${x\in L^p(\Omega)}$ and ${y\in L^{p^\prime}(\Omega)}$ , then A admits a bounded ${H^{\infty}(\Sigma_\theta)}$ functional calculus for any ${\theta>\frac{\pi}{2}}$ . We show that this actually holds true for some ${\theta<\frac{\pi}{2}}$ .     

About de Smit��s question on flatness

Let ${\varphi : A \rightarrow B}$ be a flat morphism of Artin local rings with the same embedding dimension. Denote by ${\mathfrak{m}_A}$ the maximal ideal of A. Bart de Smit asked whether any finite B-module that is A-flat is B-flat. We prove the conjecture in embedding dimension one or two. In embedding dimension n, we prove the conjecture under an additional assumption on ${B/\mathfrak{m}_{A}B}$ .     

Monotone loop models and rational resonance

Let ${T_{n,m}=\mathbb Z_n\times\mathbb Z_m}$ , and define a random mapping ${\phi\colon T_{n,m}\to T_{n,m}}$ by ${\phi(x,y)=(x+1,y)}$ or (x, y?+?1) independently over x and y and with equal probability. We study the orbit structure of such ??quenched random walks?? ${\phi}$ in the limit m, n ?? ??, and show how it depends sensitively on the ratio m/n. For m/n near a rational p/q, we show that there are likely to be on the order of ${\sqrt{n}}$ cycles, each of length O(n), whereas for m/n far from any rational with small denominator, there are a bounded number of cycles, and for typical m/n each cycle has length on the order of n ^4/3.