Synthesis and properties of 2-substituted 1-aryl-7,8-dihydro-6H-pyrimido[4,5-b]pyrindine-4-ones

In reaction with acylating agents, 2-aryl-2-methyl-7,8-dihydro-6H-pyrimido[4,5-b]pyrindin-4-ones are acylated at the methyl group and also enter into reaction with diethyl oxalate. 1-Aryl-2-phenacyl-7,8-dihydro-6H-pyrimido[4,5-b]pyrindin-4-ones undergo dehydration under the influence of concentrated sulfuric acid. On the basis of the PMR and UV spectra, it was concluded that 1-aryl-2-acetonyl(phenacyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-pyrimido[4,5-b]pyrindin-4-ones exist in two tautomeric forms with strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds of the chelate type — enaminocarbonyl and enol.     

Mechanism of dihydroneopterin aldolase: a molecular dynamics study of the apo enzyme and its product complex

Dihydroneopterin aldolase (DHNA), an enzyme in the pathway that generates folic acid in bacteria, is investigated by a series of molecular dynamics simulations in its free form and complexed with its product, 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin (HP). The active sites in DHNA are formed at the interface between pairs of protomers in this octameric protein. On the basis of root-mean-square deviation and root-mean-square fluctuation analyses of the trajectories, which take advantage of the presence of eight active sites, flexible regions of the apo protein surrounding the active site are identified and, upon binding HP, show that the active site is rigidified. Specific residues, associated with binding and the catalytic mechanism of DHNA, are associated with these flexible regions, and their interactions with HP account for most of the binding energy. A Principal Component Analysis shows rigidification of DHNA upon HP binding and that only a few modes of motion capture most of the atomic fluctuations in both apo and HP-bound forms. HP is pushed out of the active site in a series of simulations with different restrained positions between HP and DHNA to obtain a view of the exit pathway and energetic barrier to product release. The chosen pathway leads to a minimal disturbance of the system and provides a barrier consistent with the experimentally determined rate of product release. An analysis of the various components that contribute to the exit path energy and entropy provides insight into the energy-entropy compensation for product release.     

果糖低温快速热解制备糠醛的机理研究

果糖低温快速热解制备5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)的过程中,糠醛(FF)是一种重要的副产物。通过Py-GC/MS(快速热解-气相色谱/质谱联用)实验考察果糖低温快速热解过程中FF的形成特性。结果表明,FF的产率和相对含量都随着热解温度的提高先增大后减小,并在350℃时达到最大值,最高相对峰面积含量达到11.6%。此外,通过密度泛函理论计算,研究果糖热解形成FF的四条可能途径,计算结果表明,果糖热解形成FF的最优途径为路径2,即果糖首先经历一个协同的六元环过渡态,C5-C6键断裂的同时C6位羟基上的氢与C4位的羟基发生脱水反应,脱出一分子甲醛和一分子水,生成含C4=C5双键的二氢呋喃中间体,随后C2位上的羟基与C1位上的氢通过一个四元环过渡态又脱出一分子水,生成的烯醇中间体中烯醇氢与C3位的羟基最后经历一个六元环的过渡态再脱出一分子水,最终形成FF。     

Mechanism of Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Conia‐ene Reaction of β‐Ketoesters with Alkynes: A DFT Study

Density functional calculations have been performed to comparatively investigate two possible pathways of Au(I)‐catalyzed Conia‐ene reaction of β‐ketoesters with alkynes. Our studies find that, under the assistance of trifluoromethanesulfonate (TfO), the β‐ketoester is the most likely to undergo Model II to isomerize into its enol form, in which TfO plays a proton transfer role through a 6‐membered ring transition state. The coordination of the Au(I) catalyst to the alkynes triple bond can enhance the eletrophilic capability and reaction activity of the alkynes moiety, which triggers the nucleophilic addition of the enol moiety on the alkynes moiety to give a vinyl‐Au intermediate. This cycloisomerizaion step is exothermal by 21.3 kJ/mol with an energy barrier of 56.0 kJ/mol. In the whole catalytic process, the protonation of vinyl‐Au is almost spontaneous, and the formation of enol is a rate‐limiting step. The generation of enol and the activation of Au(I) catalyst on the alkynes are the key reasons why the Conia‐ene reaction can occur in mild condition. These calculations support that Au(I)‐catalyzed Conia‐ene reactions of β‐ketoesters with alkynes go through the pathway 2 proposed by Toste.     

The photo-Nazarov cyclisation of 1-cyclohexenyl-phenyl-methanone revisited: II: Reaction between primary and secondary key intermediates

Trans-1-cyclohexenyl-phenyl-methanone (2) and enol 4, both key intermediates in the title reaction, react with each other in a Michael-type addition to form predominantly enol 10. This enol, kinetically stable but too reactive to be isolated, reveals its presence in the irradiated solutions by formation of the isomeric ketone 11 on acid catalysis, and by formation of the oxidation product 9 on exposure to atmospheric oxygen. In the absence of acid, formation of 10 competes significantly with the title reaction of cis-1-cyclohexenyl-phenyl-methanone (1). In a secondary photoreaction of 10, 1,6-hydrogen abstraction by the excited carbonyl group and cyclisation afford 13 and 14. Enols 4, 10, and 13, in striking contrast to enol ethers and to thermodynamically stable enols, are unstable towards atmospheric oxygen. Thus, 4 autoxidises to form five compounds (Ox-1 through Ox-5), 10 to form 9, and 13 to form 15.     

Ringerweiterung bei der Reaktion eines 1,3-Cyclohexandions mit Diphenylcyclopropenon

Ring Expansion during the Reaction of a 1,3-Cyclohexanedione with Diphenylcyclopropenone The reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione ( 1 ) in form of its Na-salt with diphenylcyclopropenone ( 2 ) in DMF yielded the bicyclic triketone 3 (58 %), the structure of which was deduced as an enolizeable bicyclo[5.2.0]nonane-β-diketone from spectral data and from the following reactions: hydrolysis or methanolysis of 3 cleaved the β-dicarbonyl moiety, thereby opening the 4-membered ring to yield the keto acid 9 or its methyl ester 10 . Methylation of 3 afforded the two enol ethers 4 and 5 . The ether 5 readily underwent a thermal electrocyclic ring opening to the monocyclic enol ether 8 , whereas the ether 4 was thermally stable. The same electrocylic ring opening (in boiling benzene) converted 3 (probably via 3b ) to the monocyclic triketone 7 , which was also the hydrolysis product of the ring-opened enol ether 8 . By heating 3 in DMF/H₂O, a partial (56 %) conversion to the lactone 6 took place. The tricyclic intermediate 11 was found useful to rationalize the ring expansion during the formation of 3 from 1 and 2 as well as the corresponding ring contraction during the conversion of 3 into 6 .     

核磁共振法研究1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰吡唑酮(5)在溶剂中的异构体性质

1959年,B.S.Jensen制得一系列酰代吡唑酮,并指出这类化合物可用于多种金属元素的液液萃取,但没有萃取的实验数据。本文的部分作者曾于1962年复制了1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰吡唑酮(5),并研究了它的萃取性质及其萃合物。继后,又研究了它对钼、钨的萃取以及钼氧螯合物的晶体结构。这种萃取剂对金属的分析分离研究在国内外也受到广泛重视。然而,对它在溶剂中的异构互变平衡及其异构体的性质,尚不清楚。本文试图利用核磁共振方法,在不破坏异构体互变平衡的条件下,观测α-质子的信号,从而阐明这个螯合剂在溶剂中的异构体性质。     

A catalytic antibody against a tocopherol cyclase inhibitor

The cyclic ammonium cation 5 and its guanidinium analogue 4 are inhibitors of tocopherol cyclase. Monoclonal antibodies were raised against protein conjugates of the haptens 1-3 and screened for catalytic reactions with alkene 8, a short chain analogue of the natural substrate phytyl-hydroquinone 6, and its enol ether analogues 10a,b. Antibody 16E7 raised against hapten 3 was found to catalyze the hydrolysis of Z enol ether 10a to form hemiacetal 12 with an apparent rate acceleration of k(cat)/k(uncat)=1400. Antibody 16E7 also catalyzed the elimination of Kemp's benzisoxazole 59. The absence of cyclization in the reaction of enol ether 10a was attributed to the competition of water molecules for the oxocarbonium cation intermediate within the antibody binding pocket. Hapten and reaction design features contributing to this outcome are discussed. Antibody 16E7 provides the first example of a carboxyl group acting both as an acid in an intrinsically acid-catalyzed process and as a base in an intrinsically base-catalyzed process, as expected from first principles. In contrast to the many examples of general-acid-catalyzed processes known to be catalyzed by catalytic antibodies, the specific-acid-catalyzed cyclization of phytyl-hydroquinone 6 or its analogue 8 still eludes antibody catalysis.     

A Theoretical Study on the Photochromic Mechanism of 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-4-（6-hydro-4-amino-5-sulfo-2,3-pyrazine）-pyrazole-5-one

The photochromic mechanism of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-（6-hydro-4-amino-5-sulfo-2,3- pyrazine）-pyrazole-5-one has been investigated using the density functional theory（DFT）. The solvent effect is simulated using the polarizable continuum model（PCM） of the self-consistent reaction field theory. According to the crystal structure of the title compound, an intramolecular proton transfer mechanism from enol to keto form was proposed to interpret its photochromism. Bader＇s atom-in-molecule（AIM） theory is used to investigate the nature of hydrogen bonds and ring structures. Time-dependent density functional theory（TDDFT） calculation results show that the photochromic process from enol to keto form is reasonable. The conformation and molecular orbital analysis of enol and keto forms explain why only intramolecular proton transfer is possible. The results from analyzing the energy and dipole moments of enol form, transition state and keto form in the gas phase and in different solvents have been used to assess the stability of the title compound.     

Photochemische Reaktionen 130. Mitteilung. Zur Photochemie von 5,6-Epoxy-1,3-dienen: Der Einfluss eines 7-Hydroxysubstituenten auf die Carbenbildung

Photochemistry of 5,6-Epoxy-1,3-dienes: Influence of a 7-Hydroxy Substituent on the Carbene Formation On singlet excitation (λ=254 nm) in MeCN the hydroxy-epoxydiene (E)- 4 undergoes photocleavage to the carbene intermediates d and e as main processes. The carbene d , showing behaviour typical of vinyl carbenes, undergoes addition to the adjacent double bond furnishing the cyclopropenes 5A + B. The carbene e , however, undergoes an insertion reaction into the neighbouring carbinol C,H-bond leading to the enol intermediate 21 , which gives rise to the compounds 6A + B and 7A + B. To a lesser extent the products 8A + B are formed via another enol intermediate (32). On photolysis of (E)- 4 in MeOH instead of MeCN the enol intermediates 21 and 32 undergo rapid tautomerisation to the ketones 9A + B (main products) and 11.     

Amination of Bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,2-bisketene with secondary amines: formation of aminodihydrofuranones

The bisketene (Me(3)SiC=C=O)(2) (3) reacts rapidly with 1 equiv of secondary amines to form aminodihydrofuranones 11 as the only observable products. This is in contrast to previous studies (J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 4690) of the reactions of 3 with primary amines in which 3 with 1 equiv of amine gives ketenyl amides 4, which slowly cyclize to succinimides 7. The kinetics of the reaction of 3 with morpholine obeyed a rate law with the term [morpholine](2), consistent with rate-limiting formation of the enol amide 14 with catalysis by a second amine molecule. The subsequent formation of 11 is attributed to hindrance of ketonization of intermediate enol amides 14. The furanones 11 react with Me(3)SiOTf to form silyloxyfurans 16, and these react with diethyl diazodicarboxylate, forming maleamide derivatives 17.     

Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition of O-Aryl Ynol Ethers and Enol Ethers: Synthesis of Chromene Derivatives

Gold(I)-catalyzed formal [4+2] cycloaddition of O-aryl ynol ethers 1 and enol ethers 2 is described. This intermolecular reaction between two electron-rich unsaturated systems takes place, under mild conditions, in the presence of 5 mol% [IPrAu(CH₃CN)]SbF₆ as catalyst giving chromene derivatives with good yields. The cycloaddition is completely regio- and stereoselective, as well as versatile for both reactives. Silyl enol ethers can also react in the same way and under the same reaction conditions with quantitative yields. A plausible mechanism through a selective addition of the enol ether to the alkyne gold activated complex followed by an intramolecular aromatic electrophilic substitution is proposed. Several experimental results support the presence of a cationic oxonium intermediate prior to the aromatic substitution. The reaction represents a new entry to the chromene core.     

芳构化法合成2,5-二羟基对苯二甲酸反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）计算,研究了由1,4-环己二酮-2,5-二甲酸二甲酯（DMSS）制备2,5-二羟基对苯二甲酸（DHTA）的反应机理。其中,采用IEFPCM溶剂模型着重计算了DMSS由酮式互变异构为烯醇式的溶剂效应,并探究了碘在催化DMSS烯醇式氧化芳构化过程中的作用机制。计算结果表明,在溶剂分子的辅助下,DMSS酮-烯醇式互变异构反应的能垒显著降低;芳构化过程中,碘首先与过氧化氢反应生成活性物质次碘酸,其催化DMSS烯醇式发生碘代反应,并经过后续的消去和互变异构生成2,5-二羟基对苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMDHT）,DMDHT进一步水解生成DHTA。同时,通过核磁共振氢谱测试验证了DMSS酮-烯醇式互变异构的溶剂效应;反应性能考评实验结果表明,相较于无催化剂,在碘的催化作用下,DMDHT产品的纯度和收率更高。     

Rhodium carbenoid-initiated Claisen rearrangement: scope and mechanistic observations

[formula: see text] It has been shown that alpha-diazoketones react with allylic alcohols in the presence of Rh(II) catalysts to furnish intermediate enols which subsequently undergo Claisen rearrangement to alpha-hydroxyketones. Herein we report (1) studies into the mechanism of this transformation which establish that Claisen rearrangement is neither rhodium- nor acid-catalyzed but a reaction intrinsic to the intermediate enols that proceeds at a rate governed by enol substituents (R3, R4, R5) and (2) the reaction of alpha-diazoketones with propargylic alcohols and preliminary investigations into its scope and mechanism.     

Tetrahydropyran rings from a Mukaiyama-Michael cascade reaction

A new annulation reaction leading to tetrahydropyrans has been discovered. The reaction of homoallylic enol ethers (e.g., 1) with alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones or esters begins with a Mukaiyama-Michael addition. The intermediate oxocarbenium ion undergoes a rapid 2-oxonia-Cope rearrangement, and the resulting zwitterion collapses to form a tetrahydropyran. The reaction is stereoselective with 3-butene-2-one, but leads to diastereomeric mixtures with ethyl acrylate. More complex enones, such as cyclohexenone, also undergo the reaction to produce fused ring products. The optical activity of the substrates is relayed in the tetrahydropyran products.     

Mannich-type reactions in the gas-phase: the addition of enol silanes to cyclic N-acyliminium ions

The intrinsic gas-phase reactivity of cyclic N-acyliminium ions in Mannich-type reactions with the parent enol silane, vinyloxytrimethylsilane, has been investigated by double- and triple-stage pentaquadrupole mass spectrometric experiments. Remarkably distinct reactivities are observed for cyclic N-acyliminium ions bearing either endocyclic or exocyclic carbonyl groups. NH-Acyliminium ions with endocyclic carbonyl groups locked in s-trans forms participate in a novel tandem N-acyliminium ion reaction: the nascent adduct formed by simple addition is unstable and rearranges by intramolecular trimethylsilyl cation shift to the ring nitrogen, and an acetaldehyde enol molecule is eliminated. An NSi(CH(3))(3)-acyliminium ion is formed, and this intermediate ion reacts with a second molecule of vinyloxytrimethylsilane by simple addition to form a stable acyclic adduct. N-Acyl and N,N-diacyliminium ions with endocyclic carbonyl groups, for which the s-cis conformation is favored, react distinctively by mono polar [4(+) + 2] cycloaddition yielding stable, ressonance-stabilized cycloadducts. Product ions were isolated via mass-selection and structurally characterized by triple-stage mass spectrometric experiments. B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) calculations corroborate the proposed reaction mechanisms.     

(2,5)-Ene cyclization catalyzed by mesoporous solid acids: isotope labeling study and ab initio calculation for continuum from concerted to stepwise ene mechanism

(2,5)-Ene reactions catalyzed by mesoporous solid acids are reported from the mechanistic point of view. The continuum (2,5)-ene mechanism from the concerted to the cationic cyclization followed by 1,2-hydride shift is evaluated. The solid-acid-catalyzed cyclization of the oxonium ion intermediate 4 derived from cyclic allylic lactol ether 3 bearing allylic hydroxy group affords the (2,5)-ene product as the enol form, eventually tautomerizing to the corresponding aldehyde 6. The continuum from the concerted to stepwise mechanism is experimentally and theoretically verified in the present ene cyclization of the oxonium ion intermediate such as 4. The stepwise cyclization leading to aldehyde 6 is thus shown to associate with the concerted version as a result of the stabilization of the beta-hydroxycarbenium ion intermediate.     

First stereoselective synthesis of (4aS,5R)-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-4a,5-dimethyl-2(3H)-naphthalenone

The synthesis of enantiomerically pure (4aS,5R)-hexahydro-4a,5-dimethyl-2(3H)-naphthalenone (−)-1 is described for the first time. The synthesis starts from (R)-3-methylcyclohexanone and involves the preparation of Piers enol lactone 6 in its enantiopure form as the key intermediate. Treatment of (+)-6 with methyl lithium followed by an intramolecular aldol reaction gives the bicyclic enone (−)-1.     

Acetyltrimethylsilane, trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane, and prenyl esters: a three-component system for the synthesis of gem-difluoroanalogues of monoterpenes

The preparation of 3,3-difluoro-6-methylhept-5-en-2-one 1, a key intermediate for the synthesis of 4,4-difluoroterpenes, and applications in linalool and geraniol series are described. The process involves 1,1-difluoro-2-trimethylsilyoxypropene, an enol silyl ether prepared from acetyltrimethylsilane and trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane, and its reaction in situ with prenyl benzoate, under catalysis by trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. Optimized conditions leading to either the desired enol silyl ether or the unprecedented methyl(trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilyl carbinol 4 have been achieved. The prenylation of the enol silyl ether gives a 9/1 mixture of regioisomers, in favor of the expected ketone 1. Treatment of 1 with vinylmagnesium bromide leads to (+/-)-4,4-difluorolinalool 7. Reaction with the lithium enolate of ethyl diethylphosphonoacetate, and then LAH reduction, converts 1 to 4,4-difluorogeraniol 11, with complete stereoselectivity.     

Nickel‐Catalyzed CO2 Rearrangement of Enol Metal Carbonates for the Efficient Synthesis of β‐Ketocarboxylic Acids

4‐Methylene‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ones underwent oxidative addition of a Ni⁰ catalyst in the presence of Me₂Al(OMe), followed by a coupling reaction with alkynes, to form δ,ϵ‐unsaturated β‐ketocarboxylic acids with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The reaction proceeds by [1,3] rearrangement of an enol metal carbonate intermediate and the formal reinsertion of CO₂.