激光波长对拉曼散射水温遥感系统测温精度及探测深度的影响

机载激光拉曼散射雷达技术可以快速获取次表层海水温度的三维分布,具有重要的实用价值和经济价值.首先,从理论上分析了水的伸缩振动拉曼谱峰值位置和半高全宽与激发波长之间的对应关系,发现随着激发波长的增大,拉曼峰逐渐向长波方向移动,且拉曼光谱半高全宽显著增大.然后,实验测量了不同温度下450 nm激光和532 nm激光激发的水的拉曼光谱,对比验证了上述理论分析结果.并采用单高斯峰拟合法分析了两组拉曼光谱,拟合出高斯峰峰值位置与温度之间的关系,分析了激发波长对温度测量精度的影响.研究发现,采用较长波长的激发光可以提高拉曼光谱的测量精度,从而改善测温精度.最后,建立了拉曼散射雷达方程,分析了拉曼散射系数与激光波长之间的关系,研究了激光波长对雷达系统探测深度的影响.结果表明,激光波长对雷达系统探测深度有很大的影响,采用480 nm以下波长的激光时雷达系统探测深度较大,而采用长波段激光时雷达系统探测深度会大幅降低.实际系统设计中选取激光光源时需要综合考虑上述两方面的影响.     

基于阵列波导光栅的快速波长检测方法

针对现有波长检测技术的不足,提出一种采用阵列波导光栅（AWG）进行波长快速检测的方法,该方法利用AWG对波长信号进行空间分离,将波长信号转化为光场强度信号,利用传统的光场强度检测手段实现波长检测。给出了分析这种检测方法光学特性的数学模型,应用此模型,分析了AWG性能参数对波长检测性能的影响。分析表明：待检测的波长信号可以通过AWG相邻通道的功率比的对数值进行线性表达;减小AWG通道波长间隔或其半波全宽（3dB带宽）可以提高波长检测灵敏度;此方法对AWG的通道不平坦度不敏感;通过对AWG进行±0．1℃的温度控制,此方法可以达到±0．005nm的波长检测精度。     

波前功率谱密度(PSD)测量滤波器的设计

在采用波前功率谱密度评价大口径光学元件时,由于测得的原始数据受到测量系统引入的各种噪音和外界干扰的作用,会使检测准确度下降.对比引入带通滤波技术,对原始数据的有效滤波,减小带外的噪音分量和频谱混叠现象的影响.分别设计了无限脉冲响应带通滤波器和有限脉冲响应带通滤波器,通过模拟分析比较了两者的性能,得出在波前波前功率谱密度用于评价大口径光学元件的面形质量时,采用有限脉冲响应滤波器可以得到更高的测量准确度.     

Passive and temporally continuous optical spectral analyzer of RF signals via wavelength coding

A novel approach realizing an optical spectrum analyzer for photonic detection of an unknown RF carrier signals is presented. The described module may be part of an electronic warfare system in which detection of a narrow band RF signal is required. Moreover, The RF signal is characterized by an unknown time varying carrier frequency embedded in wide band noise. The system uses a passive, fiber based photonic configuration. It allows the spectrum mapping of an incoming electronic RF signal modulated on an optical carrier. The spectral analyzer configuration uses a finite impulse response (FIR) filter that is realized by two different optical paths of parallel fibers which generate a spectral notch filter. Hence, a wavelength coding is realized by chromatic dispersion such that each wavelength is filtered by a different FIR filter. Therefore, the energy at a WDM demux output channels is actually proportional to the spectrum of the input RF signal. This spectral mapping is obtained without lose of temporal RF information.     

探测光波长漂移对能见度测量的影响

为了研究探测光波长的漂移对能见度测量的影响。从Koschmieder经验公式的定义出发,根据实验测得400 nm~1 100 nm波段的气溶胶透过率,分析研究探测光波长漂移对能见度测量结果的影响。结果表明,能见度测量的相对误差与探测光波长和波长的漂移范围以及气溶胶消光特性有关,能见度测量的相对误差随着探测光的波长漂移范围线性增大,随着波长漂移范围的增大,各个波长的能见度测量相对误差线性增大的速率不同,对于相同的波长漂移范围,使用不同的探测光波长产生的能见度测量相对误差不同。对于某一大气环境,使用特定的波长而且中心波长稳定的光作为探测光可以明显减小由于探测光波长漂移引起的能见度测量相对误差。     

基于飞秒激光模间拍频法的大尺寸测距方法

本文基于飞秒激光模间拍频法实现多波长相位式绝对距离测量, 通过改变光频梳重复频率合成波长扩大测距量程, 并采用监测臂和双快门切换系统补偿和消除由电路产生的相位差单向漂移和大幅抖动. 实验中以20倍重复频率的拍频进行测量, 在30 min内相位测量的标准偏差为0.022°; 与双频激光干涉仪比对1125 mm行程内位移测量结果, 测距精度优于50 μm; 实验验证了合成波长方法扩大量程方案的可行性, 获得的测距重复性优于3 μm, 该系统理论上可扩展量程至7.5 km.     

一种基于双波长的光声测温技术

光声测温是一种利用光声效应来进行温度监控的新方法,具有非侵入式、高灵敏度和探测深度较深等优点.但现有的单波长光声测温方法极易受到系统及测量环境干扰而导致测量精度降低.为了解决这一问题,本文提出了一种双波长光声温度测量方法.在光声测温理论的基础上,分析推导了双波长光声测温的基本原理,并进行了仿体及离体组织样品的双波长光声测温实验.实验结果显示,与传统单波长模式相比,双波长模式下的光声温度测量误差明显减小,测量精度平均提高35%以上.研究结果表明双波长光声测温方法能够有效提高光声温度测量的精度和稳定性,可作为一种更精准的光声温度监控方法应用于医疗手术等领域.     

Where the ocean influences the impulse response and its effect on synchronous changes of acoustic travel time

In 1983, sounds at 133 Hz, 0.06 s resolution were transmitted in the Pacific for five days at 2 min intervals over 3709 km between bottom-mounted instruments maintained with atomic clocks. In 1989, a technique was developed to measure changes in acoustic travel time with an accuracy of 135 microseconds at 2 min intervals for selected windows of travel time within the impulse response. The data have short-lived 1 to 10 ms oscillations of travel time with periods less than a few days. Excluding tidal effects, different windows exhibited significant synchronized changes in travel time for periods shorter than 10 h. In the 1980s, this phenomenon was not understood because internal waves have correlation lengths of a few kilometers which are smaller than the way sound was thought to sample the ocean along well-separated and distinct rays corresponding to different windows. The paradox's resolution comes from modern theories that replace the ray-picture with finite wavelength representations that predict sound can be influenced in the upper ocean over horizontal scales such as 20 km or more. Thus, different windows are influenced by the same short-scale fluctuations of sound speed. This conclusion is supported by the data and numerical simulations of the impulse response.     

双气室气体检测系统的研究

基于气体的近红外吸收机理,研究了一种双气室光纤气体检测系统。通过光纤光栅和压电陶瓷对宽带光源LED进行波长调制,获得了与气体吸收峰对应的窄带反射出射光,检测二次谐波,实现气体浓度的较高灵敏度测量。利用测量气室和参考气室的二次谐波的比值来消除吸收系数随环境的变化、光源光功率的波动和光路干扰对测量精度的影响。利用该系统对CH₄气体进行了实验研究,实验表明该系统的测量灵敏度可以达到0.2×10^-6。     

基于谱图还原的中阶梯光栅光谱仪有效波长提取算法

中阶梯光栅光谱仪具有高色散、高分辨率、宽波段、全谱瞬态直读等诸多优点,是先进光谱仪器的代表之一。在中阶梯光栅光谱仪民用化、商品化的发展趋势之下,其二维谱图图像处理的地位越来越重要。目前,国内一般先利用质心提取算法计算光斑质心再结合谱图还原算法计算有效波长,但这种方法难以达到较为理想的要求。为了提升运算速度、波长提取精度以及成像误差补偿能力,提出了基于谱图还原的有效波长提取算法。利用谱图还原算法,将探测器拍摄的二维谱图转换为一维图,通过改进的直方图双峰法选取阈值对一维图降噪,实现了二维谱图中全部有效(x, y)点对应波长的一次性提取。先将二维谱图转换为一维图进行图像处理,使算法在提升运算速度的基础上提取精度也得到了改善,还可以对一定范围内的成像误差进行补偿。采用标准汞灯作为待测光源开展了中阶梯光栅光谱仪成像实验,并使用该算法进行数据处理。实验结果表明,不仅能够自动补偿光谱仪0.05 μm(两个像元)以内的成像偏差,而且能在精确提取有效波长的基础上大幅提升运算速度,波长误差小于0.02 nm,满足中阶梯光栅光谱仪图像处理的要求。     

Effect of the optical excitation signal intensity on the impulse response of a metal-semiconductor-metal photodiode

The effect of the optical excitation signal intensity on the impulse response of a photodetector based on a set of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) rectifier contacts is studied. The response of the detector is better at a low optical excitation signal. When the energy of an optical excitation pulse is high, the response can be improved by increasing the bias voltage. The advantages of a GaN-based MSM diode in detecting high- energy radiation pulses are established. It is shown that the speed of the GaN-based MSM detector may reach 25 ps for a 60-pJ optical excitation pulse at a wavelength of 290 nm.     

改进型光纤布拉格光栅温度检测系统研究

传统的光纤布拉格光栅温度检测系统适用于大范围、多点位的实时温度检测领域,但其温度响应稳定性差,布拉格光栅中心波长偏移量随温度变化量的线性度差。为提高系统温度检测稳定性及其检测精度,设计了一种改进型光纤布拉格光栅温度检测系统。该系统采用双光纤并行采集同点位温度并进行差分处理的方法,实现对测温过程中随机误差的实时有效消除,进而达到提高测温稳定性及检测精度的目的。计算推导了该模式下光纤布拉格光栅中心波长偏移量关于温度变化量的函数关系,给出了新式光纤光栅探头的结构。实验将改进型光纤布拉格光栅温度检测系统与传统系统进行对比,结果显示,改进型系统的温度测量精度可达0.5 ℃,相比传统系统得到了提升,同时,其测温误差也明显优于传统系统,说明采用该设计可以提高系统测温的稳定性。     

Simulating the response of multiple microphones to a single acoustic source in a reverberant room

A method is presented for simulating the impulse response between an acoustic source and multiple microphones in a reverberant room. The method is similar to the image method described by Allen and Berkley [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 943-950 (1979)] but includes modifications to simulate received echo arrival time accurately. The essential modification is to represent each received echo as a low-pass-filtered impulse at the correct arrival time. Using this "low-pass impulse" method, reverberant rooms can be simulated with sufficient accuracy to investigate multiple-microphone systems that are sensitive to interchannel phase.     

利用新型荧光银纳米团簇实现谷胱甘肽的快速精确检测

谷胱甘肽(GSH)是一种含有巯基的三肽分子,参与许多细胞内生化过程,具有抗氧化和整合解毒功能,在生物体内以及医学,食品等领域有着极为重要的作用。GSH参与细胞内、体液中的许多重要生化反应,其在人体内含量的变化,相应地提示了人体的健康问题。目前对GSH的检测手段有表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)、电化学分析、高效液相色谱(HPLC)等,这些方法大都操作复杂、耗时较长或者需要昂贵的仪器。利用一种新型荧光银纳米团簇(Ag NCs)作为探针,通过同时分析银纳米团簇的荧光强度变化以及荧光峰位置移动实现了GSH的高精度快速检测。在检测过程中,GSH分子与荧光探针发生化学反应,改变了荧光探针的光化学特性,其荧光强度因发生猝灭而减弱,且其荧光峰位置因配体的改变也发生移动。通过对照组实验,我们进一步证明了所发展的检测方法对GSH目标具有很好的特异性,综合考察荧光强度和波长的变化数据可以很好地区分GSH以及其他结构类似的分子,同时探针对于多种盐离子及氨基酸等不敏感,能够很好地保证检测的准确性。我们报导的荧光探针合成步骤简单,过程绿色环保,GSH检测的响应速度快、光谱波动较小、相对误差小。进一步的研究有望实现细胞内的GSH高精度检测及成像。     

On the temperature dependent characteristics of a photoacoustic water vapor detector for airborne application

A detailed study on the temperature dependent sensitivity of a wavelength modulated diode laser based photoacoustic (PA) water vapor detection system is presented. The temperature dependence of the resonance frequency, the Q-factor of the resonator, the microphone sensitivity and the response time is investigated. It is shown that the overall temperature dependent sensitivity of the system is primarily determined by the temperature dependence of the microphone sensitivity. Effort was made to improve the system’s accuracy for measurements under varying ambient temperature typical in airborne applications, while maintaining the fast response time of the PA system. For this purpose a wavelength-stabilization method is introduced, with which the wavelength instability of the laser can be decreased to be as low as 0.008 nm. Test measurements proved the feasibility of the implementation of the wavelength locking method within the framework of the CARIBIC (civil aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrument container) project.     

Double Doppler ranging system using FM ultrasound

A new system which detects change in distance between a sound source and a receiver, using FM ultrasound has been developed, the principle of which is based on the Doppler phase shift. The use of FM ultrasound allows simultaneous detection both by carrier signal and by demodulated signal, and by using these methods together, stable measurements with good resolution are possible. Experiments in air and an anechoic water tank confirmed the accuracy of plus or minus half a wavelength for change of distance.     

基于合成波长法的飞秒激光外差干涉测距方法

本文提出了一种基于合成波长法的飞秒激光外差干涉测距方法.系统采用两个带通滤波器产生两个具有一定波长差的单波长,用于产生合成波长.本方法结构简单,能量利用率高.与双频激光干涉仪在40 mm范围内的比对结果表明,该方法比对残差的标准差为91 nm.     

基于彩色共焦的位移测量系统研究

为实现小型化、非接触式、快速高精度的位移测量,设计并搭建了基于光学彩色共焦原理的位移测量系统。系统中数据拟合采用的方法是,对光谱响应函数极值周围的数据进行高斯叠加拟合,以获得光谱响应曲线的峰值,从而得到峰值所对应的波长。经过实验验证,系统的测量范围为2mm,测量精度可以达到10μm,线性度为3.4%,光谱响应的半高宽(FWHM)为49nm。因此能够满足一定精度的位移测量需求。     

一种基于微波谐振测量Sagnac效应的新方案

目前光学陀螺的主要工作原理是Sagnac效应, 如何提高Sagnac效应的测量精度是提高陀螺精度的一个重要研究课题. 传统的光学陀螺利用光短波长的特性来提高检测精度. 但考虑到微波的相位(频率)检测精度远高于光波的相位(频率)检测精度, 如果能够利用微波实现Sagnac效应的检测, 就能得到比光学陀螺更高的检测精度, 从而为实现高精度的微波陀螺提供了可能. 利用基于光电振荡器的光载微波结构实现了微波Sagnac效应的检测. 实验结果证明了微波检测Sagnac效应的可行性, 为将来实现高精度的微波谐振陀螺打下基础.     

Evaluation of mutual radiation impedances between circular pistons by impulse response and asymptotic methods

A general approach is presented to evaluate the mutual radiation impedance between circular pistons of arbitrary size and spacing in an infinite rigid planar baffle. The impedance is expressed as a Fourier transform of a generalized impulse response which is defined by an integral relationship. Although the integral must, in general, be numerically evaluated, several special cases of interest can readily be evaluated by using asymptotic techniques. Several asymptotic expressions for the mutual radiation impedance are developed and their limitations are noted. Numerical results are then presented for the generalized impulse response and mutual radiation impedance corresponding to pistons of equal size and arbitrary spacing. The time domain characteristics of the generalized impulse responses as a function of spacing are noted and related to the frequency characteristics of the mutual radiation impedances as a function of spacing. In addition, the accuracy of a simple closed form expression for the mutual radiation impedance is presented as a function of normalized frequency and spacing.