共振光声光谱系统中椭球形光声池的理论分析

实时在线气体检测在石油化工、现代工业、环境、医学诊断、智能电网中变压器在线监测等领域具有非常重要的意义。光声光谱气体检测技术是一种基于光声效应的气体检测技术,由于其具有检测灵敏度高、选择性强、分辨率高、检测范围宽、可实时在线监测等优点,已被广泛用于痕量气体检测。在光声光谱系统中,光声池是最重要的组成部分,其性能的好坏对于系统检测灵敏度和分辨率有着直接的影响。近些年来,光声光谱气体检测系统主要采用标准圆柱形共振光声池,系统的检测灵敏度和分辨率主要由微音器决定。为了进一步提高光声光谱法对于痕量气体检测的灵敏度和分辨率,对光声池进行深入研究分析,提出一种高灵敏度的椭球形共振光声池。结合气体热动力学和声学理论,利用COMSOL软件中的热声学模块分别对椭球形光声池和传统的圆柱形光声池进行了有限元方法分析,建立了其声学特征模型,并且对光声池的共振频率,光声池谐振腔内的声压分布情况以及声压级大小等声学特性进行了仿真研究。模拟了椭球形光声池的共振频率和声压信号大小与光声池谐振腔长度和中心半径之间的关系,从而优化了光声池的尺寸结构,选取了长度为100 mm,中心半径为5 mm的椭球形光声池最优结构,与相同外部尺寸下的传统圆柱形光声池进行了对比分析。结果表明,椭球形光声池的共振频率为1 340 Hz,处于共振状态时产生的声压信号达到了5.01×10~(-5) Pa,声压级为11 dB,品质因数为70;圆柱形光声池共振频率为1 650 Hz,共振状态下产生的声压信号大小为5.7×10~(-6)Pa,声压级为-13.9 dB,品质因数为66。对比可知,椭球形光声池的共振频率明显小于圆柱形光声池,且最大声压信号是同尺寸圆柱形共振光声池的8.78倍,声压级提高了24.9 dB。由此可知,设计的椭球形共振光声池体积小,声压信号大,检测灵敏度高,光声池的性能有了明显提升,对于光声光谱法用于微痕量气体检测的灵敏度提高有着重要意义。     

光声光谱技术在多组分气体浓度探测中的应用

CO和CH_4气体作为判断变压器运行状态的故障气体,对其浓度的探测在变压器维护中具有重要意义.为了准确探测变压器运行过程中产生的CH_4和CO气体浓度,本文利用光声光谱技术,设计了一套基于宽带光源的多组分气体探测系统,和共振型光声系统相比,该系统中所用的非共振型光声池体积小,易加工,池内各处信号强度相同,降低了对声学信号探测器的安装要求.系统的性能通过对CO和CH_4气体的探测进行评估.首先,从理论上分析了信号强度与调制频率呈反比,然后根据宽带光声系统在不同调制频率下的响应,确定系统的最佳调制频率为22 Hz.在最佳调制频率下,根据温度与待测气体光声信号的关系,对光声信号进行温度补偿,消除温度变化对光声信号的影响,进一步提高了系统的稳定性.最后,通过不同浓度的CH_4和CO气体对系统进行标定.实验表明,温度补偿前后,光声信号随温度的漂移分别为0.023 23V/℃和8.383 48×10~(-5) V/℃,通过对不同浓度CH_4和CO气体的探测,系统的线性度分别达到0.995和0.998 4.在一个大气压下,积分时间为1s时,宽带光声探测系统对CO和CH_4气体的探测极限浓度能够达到1μL/L.该系统成本低,线性度好,探测灵敏度符合国标对变压器维护过程中CO和CH_4气体的探测要求.     

光声光谱检测装置中光声池的数值计算及优化

利用光声光谱技术进行痕量气体的检测具有独特的优势,光声池是系统装置中最为重要的核心部件,它决定着整机性能的优劣.以一圆柱形共振型光声池为研究对象,基于声学与吸收光谱学的基本理论,建立了光声池声场激发的数学模型;利用数值模拟方法对光声池空腔结构进行了声学模态仿真,获得了前8阶声学模态值以及声压可视化振型;在考虑热黏性声学损耗的作用下,对光声池进行了热-声耦合多物理场仿真计算;将仿真结果与解析计算和实验结果进行对比,明确了利用数值模拟方法来计算光声池有关指标的可靠性与可行性;针对光声池的优化问题,提出了一种将响应面代理模型与遗传算法相结合的优化算法,在将原光声池中的谐振腔两端形貌更改为喇叭口形的情况下,通过优化算法获得了以光声池品质因数Q及池常数C_(cell)为最大值寻优的Pareto最优解集;选取一组解进行考察,结果表明,代理模型预测值与数值模拟值指标最大误差仅为1.3%,优化后的新型光声池Q较之前增长了48.9%, C_(cell)增长了34.4%.研究方法可为光声光谱中光声池的优化设计提供参考借鉴.     

基于共振型高灵敏度光声光谱技术探测痕量乙炔气体浓度

乙炔气体作为判断变压器运行状态的一种故障气体,其浓度的高低反映了变压器的运行状况,因此对其浓度的探测在变压器的维护中具有重要意义。为了准确探测变压器运行过程中产生的乙炔气体浓度,为变压器的维护提供技术参数,针对基于DFB激光器的共振型光声光谱技术痕量乙炔气体检测技术开展研究,对传统的光声光谱探测系统进行改进。根据光声光谱技术的理论可知,光声信号的强度与入射激光的功率成正比,所以在光声池的出射窗口采用一个平面反射镜将红外光再次反射到光声池中以增加入射光功率,增强光声信号强度,进一步提高了光声系统的探测灵敏度。通过一定浓度的乙炔气体在不同调制频率和不同调制深度下光声信号强度的变化,确定光声探测系统的最佳调制频率和最佳调制深度为767 Hz和0.3 mV。利用不同浓度乙炔气体对系统进行标定,然后采用最小二乘法对光声信号与气体浓度进行拟合,二者具有很好的线性度。通过Allan方差计算可知,系统在平均时间达到200 s时,能够达到最低探测极限浓度。实验表明,在一个大气压下,积分时间为10 ms时,改进后的共振型光声光谱探测系统对乙炔气体的最低探测极限浓度达到了0.3 μL·L-1。还将小波去噪技术引入到低浓度下乙炔气体的光声信号处理中,有效消除了低浓度气体光声信号中的噪声,提高了信噪比。设计的共振型光声光谱探测系统操作简单,最低探测浓度符合国标中对变压器维护过程中对乙炔气体的探测需求,在变压器维护领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

NO分子光声光谱的理论分析

采用拉普拉斯变换严格求解二能级系统光与物质相互作用的速率方程,获得了强激光诱导气体分子系统光声信号的解析表达式。结果显示光声信号的大小与样品分子的吸收截面、激发光强度、分子共振跃迁吸收的光子数、分子碰撞弛豫速率等因素有关。借助于光声信号随激光强度的变化关系,将NO分子在420.0～470.0 nm波长区间的激光诱导光声光谱归属于NO分子经X 2Π→A 2Σ的双光子激发跃迁及X 2Π→E 2Σ,F 2Σ,R 2Σ的三光子激发跃迁,由此获得NO分子A 2Σ,E 2Σ,F 2Σ和R 2Σ激发电子态的振动常数分别为2 346,2 342,2 397和2 381 cm-1,结果与采用其他方法测量的结果符合得较好。并对光声信号随缓冲气压升高而出现饱和的现象进行了理论解释。     

面向SF_6气体绝缘设备故障检测的光声CO气体传感器设计和优化

针对电力系统对六氟化硫电气绝缘设备中气体衍生物的在线高精度探测需要,提出了差分双通道结构的光声池作为光声探测模块,并使用中心波长为2.3μm的分布式反馈(distributed feedback laser, DFB)激光器作为激励光源,搭建了一款工作在高浓度六氟化硫背景气体中的一氧化碳气体传感器.通过光声共振理论模拟和设计,在纯六氟化硫气体中光声池的品质因子为84,相对于在氮气载气中的品质因子提高了约4倍.经实验验证,差分结构光声池的最大气体流速较单共振腔光声池提高了6倍,且具有较强的噪声免疫能力.在对传感器系统的共振频率、气流速度和工作压强等参数优化后,在1 s的积分时间下,获得一氧化碳气体的探测灵敏度为体积分数1.18×10~(–6),对应的归一化噪声等效浓度(1σ)为3.68×10~(–8) cm~(–1)·W·Hz~(–1/2).该传感器的灵敏度高,选择性好且噪声免疫能力强,可以为电力系统中潜在性绝缘故障诊断提供一种在线探测技术,具有重要的应用前景.     

固体FTIR光声光谱的共振增强

我们在FTIR光声光谱测量工作中首次观察到由光声池频率响应特性造成的光声信号共振增强现象.研究表明,这种效应起源于样品腔中气体传声器对声压信号的响应不平坦.文中讨论了利用此效应提高光声检测灵敏度和信噪比的可能性,并且给出了一个利用共振增强方法研究导电聚合物PTh样品中SP_3结构缺陷的实例.     

稀土配合物的光声位相研究

对光声位相理论进行了研究,依此理论解释了稀土二苯甲酰甲烷配合物的光声位相谱。利用计算位相的方法得到在配体吸收处不同铽配合物的位相偏移,对位相差与不同铽配合物的分子内弛豫过程作了研究。     

相对湿度对光声信号的影响研究

共振型光声光谱系统容易受到外界环境的影响,其中相对湿度对光声信号的影响会直接降低光声光谱技术在进行痕量气体检测或气溶胶光吸收系数测量时的准确性。利用自制的U形光声池,搭建了一套相对湿度可精确调节的光声光谱测量系统,通过测量不同相对湿度下光声系统的性能参数,分析了相对湿度对光声信号的影响,获得了不同相对湿度下光声信号的修正参数。利用该参数,测量了7172.699cm-1波长处水分子的吸收,并定量分析了相对湿度的影响。该研究结果为光声光谱技术在不同相对湿度环境条件下的应用提供了重要参考。     

可在线校准的大气CO_2浓度光声光谱监测系统研究

Fs光声光谱系统的谐振频率和池常数通常在实验室由标准气体标定得到,但在实际应用中,由于标准气体本身的不确定度以及与被测气体成分的不同、环境温湿度的变化,使得现场测量中谐振频率和池常数与实验室标定结果有偏差,从而导致测量结果不准确。为了解决以上问题,提出了基于大气中氧气的在线校准技术,并将该技术用于检测大气中二氧化碳浓度的光声光谱系统。大气中氧气浓度恒定为20.964%,通过探测氧气在763.73nm附近的扫频信号及峰值信号,实现共振频率和池常数的在线校准。该系统中光声池为直径6mm,长度100mm的一阶纵向共振模式结构。理论上分析了环境温湿度、气体成分对光声池性能的影响,同时给出了用标准气体、室内空气和室外空气标定的谐振频率和池常数,在标定结果的基础上,测量得到室内和室外的二氧化碳浓度值。实验结果显示,与校准过的气体分析仪的测量值相比,用被测大气中的氧气标定的谐振频率和池常数计算的二氧化碳浓度更准确,相对误差小于1%,远小于实验室标准气体标定计算的浓度相对误差。创新处在于,直接利用大气中的氧气对光声池的池常数和共振频率进行在线校准,有效的减小了标准气体标定带来的误差,以及环境变化带来系统漂移,提高光声系统在线监测的准确性和可靠性。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.