Adsorption of Sulfur Dioxide from Pseudo Binary Mixtures on Hydrophobic Zeolites: Modeling of the Breakthrough Curves

The adsorption of SO₂ from pseudo binary mixtures with water and CO₂ on hydrophobic zeolites (MFI and MOR type) was investigated using the breakthrough curve method. The SO₂ and water breakthrough curves were compared with theoretical ones based on an axially dispersed plug flow through the column and the linear driving force rate equation. In addition, different semi-predictive multi-component equilibrium equations were used for the breakthrough modeling: Langmuir 1, Langmuir 2 and Langmuir-Freundlich extended models. The overall mass transfer coefficients were derived by matching theoretical with experimental breakthrough curves for single component systems, i.e., water vapor or SO₂ in a carrier gas. They were also predicted from a simplified bi-porous adsorbent model and compared with experimentally derived values. The presence of CO₂ species in ternary mixtures with water vapor and SO₂, even at relatively high concentrations of 9 vol%, had no significant effect on the breakthrough behavior of the other two species. For that reason the CO₂ species was ignored in the analysis of the resulting pseudo binary mixtures. The breakthrough model was solved by finite element orthogonal collocation method using the commercial software gPROMS. Both extended Langmuir 1 and Langmuir 2 based models gave reasonable predictions of the water and SO₂ breakthrough curves for pseudo binary mixtures involving a mordenite sample for all water concentration levels used in this study (up to 3.5 vol%). However, the same models were successfully used to predict SO₂ breakthrough curves for a MFI sample only at low water concentrations, i.e., 1.5 vol%. At the higher water levels both models failed to describe equilibrium behavior in the MFI sample due to the introduction of multi-layer adsorption in the interstices between small MFI-26 crystals.     

天然产物(±)-Aiphanol的全合成研究

以醛1和5为起始原料,经几步反应后用Ag₂O偶联,得到含苯并二氧六环骨架的化合物7,化合物7经过选择性保护酚羟基,再用NaIO₄/OsO₄(cat.)氧化断裂双键,得到关键中间体9,化合物9和10经过Wittig-Horner反应,并用苯硫酚和AIBN实现了顺式双键向反式的转化,脱去保护基后完成了具有新颖结构的天然产物(±)-Aiphanol(12)的合成.     

过渡金属硫化物催化剂上SO2的还原

 对系列过渡金属硫化物催化剂上CO还原SO2的反应进行了研究．结果表明，FeS的催化性能最好，而MnS的催化性能最差，其他几种催化剂的活性顺序依次为CoS＞CuS＞NiS．催化剂的活性与硫化物自身的氧化还原能力、所具有的晶相结构及其同SO2的吸附键合作用力有密切的关系．在硫化物催化剂上，SO2还原的反应机理很可能是贫、富含硫化合物的交替作用机理．     

Organic Phase Cyclopentadienylnickelthiolate Sensor System for Electrochemical Determination of Sulfur Dioxide

A series of cyclopentadienylnickelthiolate complexes, [Ni(PBu₃)(η⁵‐C₅H₅)(SC₆H₄X‐4)] (X=F, Cl, Br, NH₂), were shown to express stable reversible electrochemical properties even after formation of SO₂ adducts in organic phase consisting of argon purged CH₂Cl₂/0.1 M [n‐Bu₄N][BF₄]. The formal potentials (E°′) values of the compounds ranged from 265 to 431 mV/Ag‐AgCl depending on the para substituent of the benzene thiolate ligand. Electrochemical, UV‐vis and ¹H NMR spectroscopic analyses show that the formation of SO₂ adducts causes the perturbation of the electronic density of the nickel metal center, indicated by shifts in the E°′ values of the Ni^II/III redox couple that is dependent on SO₂ concentration. The detection limits of the resulting organic phase electrochemical gas sensor system was as low as 0.56 ppm SO₂ for the fluoro complex, while the linear range was as high as 700–2000 ppm SO₂ for the amino complex.     

Potential energy surfaces for low-lying electronic states of SO2

The potential energy surfaces for the nine low-lying electronic states of SO₂ have been constructed by using the multi-reference second order perturbation theory (MRPT2) with the basis set cc-pVTZ. The optimized geometries and the adiabatic excitation energies of these states are in good agreement with experiments and previous calculations. The crossings and avoided crossings displayed in the potential energy surfaces are expounded.     

One-Pot Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones and Their Sulfur Derivatives with H2SO4 Supported on Silica Gel or Alumina

The one-pot condensation of aromatic aldehydes, β-dicarbonyl compounds, and urea or thiourea in the presence of H₂SO₄ supported on silica gel or alumina (80% m/m) in refluxing n-hexane produces 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones and their sulfur derivatives in high to excellent yields.     

高中化学双语教学的实践与探索——以“二氧化硫的性质”教学为例

以"二氧化硫的性质"教学为例,探讨了高中化学双语教学的教学设计与课堂组织,指出教师应选取恰当的教学素材,以直观实验的观察与探究为依托,注意教学形式与节奏的变化,在关注化学学科特征的同时实现语言的习得与运用。     

二氧化硫的一体微型生活化实验*

利用生活中的常见物品——棒棒冰塑料包装筒、饮料瓶盖、注射器、药丸板、手机等材料,设计出一个一体微型生活化实验。该实验兼具SO₂的制取与性质验证功能,趣味性强,能提升学生的学习兴趣,具有一定的推广价值。     

二氧化硫的电化学氧化过程：Ⅱ.SO2在贵金属电极上的氧化机理

采用计时电位法、计时电流法和稳态极化曲线法研究了ＳＯ＿２在Ａｕ和Ｒｕ两种不同类型贵金属催化剂上的氧化过程，提出了ＳＯ＿２在这两类电极上的氧化机理。     

常温合成硫掺杂微孔碳及其二氧化碳的吸附性能

常温下以间苯三酚和3-甲醛苯并噻吩作为原料,一步法合成了含硫酚醛树脂。在氩气保护下碳化,成功制备出了硫掺杂多孔碳(S-PC)。并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和氮气吸附-脱附仪对材料进行了形貌、结构和性能的表征。实验结果表明,所得样品具有较高比表面积和大量的微孔,经过调控,可以使制备的硫掺杂多孔碳的BET比表面积达到997 m2·g~(-1),并使其微孔孔体积达到0.44 cm3·g~(-1)。得益于较高的比表面积以及其富含微孔的特性,当材料应用于二氧化碳吸附时,具有较高的CO2吸附量,在273和298 K时分别高达5.13,3.22 mmol·g~(-1),并具有良好的选择性。     

常温合成硫掺杂微孔碳及其二氧化碳的吸附性能

常温下以间苯三酚和3-甲醛苯并噻吩作为原料,一步法合成了含硫酚醛树脂。在氩气保护下碳化,成功制备出了硫掺杂多孔碳（S-PC）。并利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线衍射（XRD）和氮气吸附-脱附仪对材料进行了形貌、结构和性能的表征。实验结果表明,所得样品具有较高比表面积和大量的微孔,经过调控,可以使制备的硫掺杂多孔碳的BET比表面积达到997 m²·g^-1,并使其微孔孔体积达到0.44 cm³·g^-1。得益于较高的比表面积以及其富含微孔的特性,当材料应用于二氧化碳吸附时,具有较高的CO₂吸附量,在273和298 K时分别高达5.13,3.22 mmol·g^-1,并具有良好的选择性。     

Bacterial Synthesis of Unusual Sulfonamide and Sulfone Antibiotics by Flavoenzyme‐Mediated Sulfur Dioxide Capture

Sulfa drugs, such as sulfonilamide and dapsone, are classical antibiotics that have been in clinical use worldwide. Despite the relatively simple architectures, practically no natural products are known to feature such aromatic sulfonamide or diarylsulfone substructures. We report the unexpected discovery of three fully unprecedented, sulfonyl‐bridged alkaloid dimers (sulfadixiamycins A–C) from recombinant Streptomyces species harboring the entire xiamycin biosynthesis gene cluster. Sulfadixiamycins exhibit moderate antimycobacterial activities and potent antibiotic activities even against multidrug‐resistant bacteria. Gene inactivation, complementation, and biotransformation experiments revealed that a flavin‐dependent enzyme (XiaH) plays a key role in sulfadixiamycin biosynthesis. XiaH mediates a radical‐based, three‐component reaction involving two equivalents of xiamycin and sulfur dioxide, which is reminiscent of radical styrene/SO₂ copolymerization.     

The Efficient Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-Ones and Their Sulfur Derivatives with H2SO4 Immobilized on Activated Charcoal

Abstract

Various 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones (DHPMs) and their sulfur derivatives were efficiently synthesized by a one-pot cyclocondensation reaction of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, β-dicarbonyl compounds and urea (or thiourea) in the presence of sulfuric acid immobilized on activated charcoal (133% w/w). The reactions were carried out in refluxing n-hexane-acetonitrile (2.5:0.5 mL) within 5–150 min to give 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones (or thiones) in high to excellent yields (81–97%).     

Thermogravimetric studies of the reaction of CaO with SO2

The high temperature sulfation of CaO with SO₂ was investigated under vacuum by TG. Experimental data indicated that the sulfation process was a two-stage reaction, a very fast surface reaction in the beginning, and followed by a product-layer diffusion-controlled reaction. The initial period was about 7 s. This process of sulfation was affected by type of limestone, micro structure, particle size and temperature, but hardly affected by SO₂ concentration. A 59% CaO conversion can be achieved in 30 s at 1000°C and 1 mbar.     

Emission of Sulphur Dioxide During Thermal Treatment of Fossil Fuels

The dynamics of SO₂ emission during thermooxidation of Estonian oil shale, its semicoke, different samples of coal and their mixtures, as well as the influence of Estonian oil shale ash addition (for modelling the CFBC process) on the dynamics were studied. The experiments were carried out with thermogravimetric equipment under dynamic heating conditions (5 K min^-1) in the atmosphere of dried air, with simultaneous gastitrimetric EGA. It was established that SO₂ emission from the fuels started at 200-320°C. Depending on the form of sulphur (organic, pyritic, sulphate), the emission took place in two or three steps, and continued up to 580-650°C, during which 35-75% of the total sulphur was emitted into the gaseous phase. Regulating the mole ratio of free CaO/S in the mixtures of fuels with oil shale ash addition the emission of SO₂ ceased abruptly at 460-540°C and it was limited to the level of 7-30%. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

BCl3‐Mediated Ene Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide and Unfunctionalized Alkenes

The first ene reactions of SO₂ and unfunctionalized alkenes are reported. Calculations suggest that the endergonic ene reactions of SO₂ with alkenes can be used to generate β,γ‐unsaturated sulfinyl and sulfonyl compounds. Indeed, in the presence of one equivalent of BCl₃, the unstable sulfinic acid form stable sulfinic acid?BCl₃ complexes that can be reacted in situ with NCS to generate corresponding sulfonyl chlorides, or with a base to generate corresponding sulfinates. The latter can be reacted with electrophiles to generate sulfones, or with silyl chloride to form β,γ‐unsaturated silyl sulfinates. The sulfinic acid?BCl₃ complexes can be reacted with ethers that act as oxygen nucleophiles to produce corresponding sulfinic esters. Thus one‐pot, three‐component synthesis of β,γ‐unsaturated sulfonamides, sulfinyl esters and sulfones have been developed starting from alkenes and sulfur dioxide (reagent and solvent).     

NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂抗硫性能的研究进展

氮氧化物(NO_x)是一种重要的大气污染物, 它造成严重的环境问题, 同时威胁人类健康. 以钢铁烧结烟气为代表的固定源和以柴油机尾气为代表的移动源是氮氧化物的主要来源. 氨气选择性催化还原法(NH₃-SCR)是目前最有效且应用最广泛的NO_x脱除技术. 然而, 无论是固定源还是移动源上NH₃-SCR催化剂, 都不可避免地会被SO₂毒化, 造成催化剂失活, 限制了NH₃-SCR技术的进一步应用. 因此, 研究NH₃-SCR催化剂的SO₂中毒机制以及提高催化剂的抗硫性能至关重要. 我们对固定源脱硝的金属氧化物和移动源上脱硝的Cu基分子筛这两类不同催化剂体系的SO₂中毒机制的研究进展进行了介绍, 并对这两种催化剂上提高抗硫性能改性方法的研究进展进行了评述, 为未来的研究提供了参考.     

含氧气氛下预硫化钙钛矿LaCoO3上的CO还原SO2反应

 对钙钛矿LaCoO3在含氧气氛下的预硫化过程进行了研究．结果表明，在一定含氧气氛下硫化后的LaCoO3催化剂，用于含氧气氛下CO还原SO2反应具有很高的活性．XRD物相分析结果表明，硫化后的LaCoO3仍保持钙钛矿物相结构，但同时出现新的硫化物La2O2S和氧化物Co3O4物相．通过对硫化前后的催化剂进行O2－TPD和SO2－TPD分析，认为CO还原SO2反应机理可能是在一定的温度下，在钙钛矿LaCoO3上发生CO氧化燃烧反应，在硫化物La2O2S上发生CO还原SO2反应，两者相互促进．     

探究二氧化硫在盐酸中分别与铜单质、二价铜离子、氯化铁溶液的反应*

通过实验发现:SO₂在盐酸中既能将Cu单质氧化为+1价铜的化合物,也能把Cu²⁺还原为+1价铜的化合物,且发现SO₂将Cu单质氧化或将Cu²⁺还原都需要有Cl^-来参与反应,其反应机理需要通过SO₂和FeCl₃的反应(I^-催化)来进一步探究。这几个探究实验皆易于操作与观察,具有显著的实验表征,有利于从宏观辨识深入到微观探析的过程。     

Automatic Carbon,Hydrogen, Nitrogen,Sulfur Analyzer Ciiemistry of Sulfur Reactions

Abstract

An automatic analyzer for the simultaneous microdetermination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur is described. The method is based on the uncatalyzed, dynamic, flash-combustion of the sample in an oxygen/helium atmosphere in a quartz tube. Separation of the combustion gases, N₂, CO₂, SO₂, and H₂O is accomplished by using gas chromatography and a thermal conductivity detector. Reactions of SO₂ formation are given in detail.