具有纳米尺寸的四聚四硫富瓦烯大环冠醚的合成

以二(碘乙基)醚和2,3-二氰乙硫基四硫富瓦烯衍生物作为起始原料, 采用腈乙基保护与脱保护技术, 通过多步反应以较好的收率合成了两个纳米结构的大环四硫富瓦烯冠醚5a～5b. 通过循环伏安法(CV)研究了化合物4b和5b的电化学性质, 并用¹H NMR谱研究了5b与[60]富勒烯之间的相互作用. 结果表明: 5b存在环结构效应, 与[60]富勒烯有一定程度的电荷转移相互作用.     

New Concepts in Tetrathiafulvalene Chemistry

Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and its derivatives were originally prepared as strong electron-donor molecules for the development of electrically conducting materials. This Review emphasizes how TTF and its derivatives offer new and in some cases little-exploited possibilities at the molecular to the supramolecular levels, as well as in macromolecular aspects. TTF is a well-established molecule whose interest goes beyond the field of materials chemistry to be considered an important building block in supramolecular chemistry, crystal engineering, and in systems able to operate as machines. At the molecular level, TTF is a readily available molecule which displays a strong electron-donor ability. However, its use as a catalyst for radical-polar crossover reactions, thus mimicking samarium iodide chemistry, has only recently been addressed. Important goals have been achieved in the use of TTF at the macromolecular level where TTF-containing oligomers, polymers, and dendrimers have allowed the preparation of new materials that integrate the unique properties of TTF with the processability and stability that macromolecules display. The TTF molecule has also been successfully used in the construction of redox-active supramolecular systems. Thus, chemical sensors and redox-switchable ligands have been prepared from TTF while molecular shuttles and molecular switches have been prepared from TTF-containing rotaxanes and catenanes. A large synthetic effort has been devoted to the preparation of the so-called organic ferromagnets, many of which are derived from TTF. The main task in these systems is the introduction of ferromagnetic coupling between the conduction electrons and localized electrons. TTF has also played a prominent role in molecular electronics where TTF-containing D-sigma-A molecules have allowed the preparation of the first confirmed unimolecular rectifier. Recently, it has been confirmed that TTF can display efficient nonlinear optic (NLO) responses in the second and third harmonic generation as well as a good thermal stability. These findings can be combined with the redox ability of TTF as an external stimuli to provide a promising strategy for the molecular engineering of switchable NLO materials. Fullerenes endowed with TTF exhibit outstanding photophysical properties leading to charge-separated (CS) states that show remarkable lifetimes.     

Selenium-Containing π-Conjugated Compounds for Electronic Molecular Materials

Abstract

Novel selenium-containing π-conjugated compounds have been studied for the development of organic metals, superconductors, and field-effect-transistors. Methylenedithiotetraselenafulvalene (MDT-TSF) and its related electron donors are effectively synthesized by the recently developed synthetic method consisting of the one-pot formation of 1,3-diselenole-2-selones, the deprotection/realkylation procedure of the protected tetrachalcogenafulvalene-thiolate and -selenolate, and the ring closing reaction via trans-alkylation on sulfur or selenium atom. These new compounds serve as good electron donors for developing not only highly conducting charge-transfer salts (> 10 ³ S cm^?1) but also superconducting salts. Among six selenium-containing methylenedichalcogeno-tetrachalcogenafulvalenes, we found that four of them can produce superconducting salts, indicating that the present compounds are superior class of electron donors.

For the development of high-performance organic semiconductors for organic field effect transistor (OFET) devices, we focused our attention to selenophene-containing acene-type compounds, namely benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]diselenophene (BDS) derivatives hitherto unknown. A new synthetic method for BDS derivatives consisting of double heterocycle-formation on the central benzene ring has been established and has made it possible to synthesize a range of BDS derivatives. Among them, 2,6-diphenyl derivative (DPh-BDS) shows very high hole mobility of 0.17 cm ² /Vs, which is classified into the highest class of field-effect mobility of organic thin films.     

Amine-tetrachloromethane charge transfer complexes: a structural and computational study

Abstract

Amine-tetrachloromethane charge-transfer complexes have recently been shown to be useful intermediates in transition-metal free solar light-assisted organic synthetic chemistry. Of particular promise is the complex of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) which may serve as a starting point for several potential reactions involving oxidation of organic compounds. Here we disclose the crystal structure of the [DABCO???CCl₄] complex, and computational studies of two possible complex structures in their ground state, as well as in their first singlet and first triplet excited states.     

A comparative three-dimensional Hartree–Fock crystal orbital study of double-stack organic charge-transfer (semi)conductors: TTF–TCNQ,TTF–DCNQI,and TTF–2,5-Me2-DCNQI

Three-dimensional crystal structures of the charge-transfer complexes of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) with tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), (N,N′-dicyanbenzoquinondiimine (DCNQI), and N,N′-dicyan-2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinondiimine (2,5-Me₂-DCNQI) were studied within the ab initio Hartree–Fock crystal orbital approximation using the CRYSTAL92 routine package. A qualitative agreement with the experimental data was achieved, and a definite border between one-electron and many-electron effects in the specific physical properties of the crystals under study was drawn. The calculations led to the tentative conclusion that the true chemical reaction corresponding to the charge transfer in such systems is a two-step transfer of two electrons from the donor's HOMO to the acceptor's LUMO and not only single-electron transfer, as usually believed. Then, whether the system is conductive or semiconductive depends upon the degree of the charge transfer (one, two, or no electrons, respectively). But the final degree of the charge transfer and the density of states on the Fermi level should be determined by many-electron effects. The theoretical approach used in this work seems to be of crucial importance in designing organic crystals with specific physical properties. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 66 : 47–68, 1998     

REVIEW: SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF OXOVANADIUM COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Abstract

In this review we present selected examples of our studies of oxovanadium(IV) and oxovanadium(V) complexes relevant for the bioinorganic chemistry of vanadium. Some of the investigated complexes are good models for different steps of vanadium metabolism or for a better understanding of the structural and electronic peculiarities of the coordination spheres of these oxocations in biomolecules. The investigated systems include ligands such as nucleotides, carbohydrates, phosphates, amino acids, oxine derivatives, porphine-like cores and other simple organic and inorganic ligands. All these complexes have been systematically investigated by means of vibrational (infrared and Raman) and electronic spectroscopy and, in some cases, also by thermal and electrochemical behavior. The potentialities and possibilities of the spectroscopic methodologies are illustrated and discussed and some general trends, useful for the structural characterization of these and similar systems, are emphasized.     

新型四硫富瓦烯硫杂冠醚衍生物的合成

在高度稀释条件下, 经4,5-二溴甲基-1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-硫酮(7)和多缩乙二醇的1,ω-二巯基衍生物的缩合反应, 方便地合成了4,5-位带二硫杂冠醚残基的2-硫代-1,3-二硫杂环戊烯的衍生物8a～8d, 中间体硫杂冠醚8c～8d的合成中有明显的“模板效应”. 在亚磷酸三乙酯存在下, 8a～8d经自偶联生成新型的对称双臂四硫富瓦烯(TTF)硫杂冠醚衍生物10a～10d, 而与4,5-二甲硫基-1,3-二硫杂环戊烯-2-酮(9)经交叉偶联生成新型的非对称单臂四硫富瓦烯硫杂冠醚衍生物11a～11d. 用循环伏安法研究了上述目标化合物的电化学性质和离子传感性质.     

High-Yield Synthesis of the Novel E,E-2,5-Dimethoxy-1,4-bis[2-(4-ethylcarboxylatestyril)]benzene by the Heck Reaction

The novel E,E-2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-bis[2-(4-ethylcarboxylatestyril)]benzene, 4, was obtained in good yield (92%), by the Heck cross-coupling reaction using Pd(dba)₂ and P(OPh)₃ like catalytic system. The high trans specificity of the product produced by the Heck reaction was confirmed by Fourier Transform–infrared and NMR. The methodology reported can be used as synthetic route for precursors to phenylenevinylene target systems with highly desired functional groups in their molecular structure, such as carboxylic, to build metal–organic frameworks and other applications within the supramolecular chemistry.

Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file.     

Free-Radical Synthesis of Block Copolymers via Dixanthogen-Linked Polymer Sequences

Abstract

Due to high chain transfer and the subsequent terminator properties of the dixanthogen moiety, (AB)_n multiblock copolymers of poly(oxyethylene-block-methyl methacrylate) and ABA triblock copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate-block-2-ethylhexyl acrylate) could be synthesized from dixanthogen-linked poly(oxyethylene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) pre-polymer sequences, respectively, using free-radical chemistry. A simple and efficient method was developed for the synthesis of dixanthogen-linked polymers: Hydroxyl-functionalized pre-polymers were reduced using NaH to form alkoxide; CS₂ was then added to the alkoxide to form xanthate; and finally the xanthate was oxidized either in an aqueous or organic medium to form the dixanthogen. The synthesis techniques provided in this paper are general and thus, in principle, can be applied to many other block copolymer systems.     

Exploring the photophysical behaviour of supramolecular systems: problems and perspectives

The study of the photophysical properties of supramolecular systems, such as photochemical molecular devices (PMD), is intrinsically related to the possibility of correctly describing ground and excited state properties of large systems containing transition metal atoms.Here we analyse the performance of density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT in the evaluation of the photochemical behaviour of supramolecular systems aimed to produce photoinduced long-lived charge-separated states. Such PMDs are of great experimental interest as functional models for many chemical applications as, for instance, artificial photosynthesis. From a theoretical point of view, the challenge of these systems is not simply related to their size but also to the possibility of describing the “ emergence” of new properties, involving the molecule as a global unit, using the tools provided by quantum chemistry.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrobenzoylthiourea Derivatives as Potential Conductive Biodegradable Thin Films

Abstract

The application of thiourea derivatives as conjugated molecular wire candidates in the field of material sciences has attracted great attention recently. To date, conjugated thiourea systems as molecular wires are surprisingly unexplored although the well-known rigid π-systems promise a wide range of electronic properties. Due to this matter, five novel thiourea derivatives A-ArC(O)NHC(S)NHAr-D with polar head and tail groups, namely NO₂ (acceptor A) and alkoxy with varying chain lengths (donor D = OC_nH_2n+1, n = 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), were successfully synthesized and characterized. All compounds were characterized by IR, UV-vis, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, and CHNS elemental microanalysis. The investigation of their potential as dopant systems in polymer conducting films has been accomplished by incorporating of chitosan via the solution casting technique. The conductivity values were obtained using impedance spectroscopy. They show that the ionic conductivities of the N-(4-alkoxyphenyl)-N’-(4-nitrobenzoyl)thioureas increase with increasing chain length of the alkoxy chain. The compounds exhibit great potential for the exploration of future applications as doping systems in conductive materials.     

Bioorganic Chemistry of Hypothiocyanite

Abstract

Hypothiocyanite (OSCN^?) plays an important role in the human host defense system as a nonimmunological antimicrobial agent. Although many conjugate reactions of proteins have been attributed to OSCN^?, there is little precedence for such reactions in small-molecule chemistry. We will discuss the derivative species that are in equilibrium with OSCN^?, including hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), thiocyanogen [(SCN) ₂ ], and trithiocyanate [(SCN) ₃ ^?], the first organic derivatives of this mixture to be fully characterized, and we will describe a new method of synthesizing hypothiocyanite.     

BEDT–TTF charge-transfer salts: new structures,new functionalities

In the continuing search for new physical properties and combinations of properties in molecular materials, novel phenomena and structures are identified in three categories of TTF and BEDT–TTF (bis-ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene) charge-transfer salts with inorganic complex anions. When the anion is a 3d complex containing NCS^– and an aromatic donor, long range π–d ferrimagnetic order is established by donor-anion π–π overlap; when the anion is a tris-oxalato-metallate(III) complex, both normal state and superconducting behaviour are dramatically influenced by changing guest molecules in the lattice, while incorporating columns of crown ether and H₃O⁺/H₂O leads to metallic conductors that simultaneously transport protons. To cite this article: P. Day, C. R. Chimie 6 (2003).     

Photophysics of 9,9-Dimethylacridan-Substituted Phenylstyrylpyrimidines Exhibiting Long-Lived Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Fluorescence and Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics

Six pyrimidine-based push–pull systems substituted at positions C2 and C4/6 with phenylacridan and styryl moieties, employing methoxy or N,N-diphenylamino donors, have been designed and synthesized through cross-coupling and Knoevenagel reactions. X-ray analysis confirmed that the molecular structure featured the acridan moiety arranged perpendicularly to the residual π system. Photophysical studies revealed significant differences between the methoxy and N,N-diphenylamino chromophores. Solvatochromic studies revealed that the methoxy derivatives showed dual emission in polar solvents. Time-resolved spectroscopy revealed that the higher energy band involved very fast (<80 ps) fluorescence, whereas the lower energy one included long components (≈30 ns) due to long-lived intramolecular charge-transfer fluorescence. In contrast to N,N-diphenylamino chromophores, the methoxy derivatives also showed aggregation-induced emission in mixtures of THF/water, as well as dual emission in thin films, covering almost the whole visible spectrum with corresponding chromaticity coordinates not far from that of pure white light. These properties render the methoxy derivatives as very promising organic materials for white organic light-emitting diodes.     

Calix[4]arenes as molecules for second order nonlinear optics

Abstract

The synthesis of a novel class of molecules for second order nonlinear optics, i.e. calix[4]arenes with extended π-systems, is described. These compounds are obtained via Wittig-Horner reactions of the formylated calix[4]arenes 5 and 6 to give the stilbene derivatives 7–9, or by diazotization of calix[4]arene, 1, followed by alkylation to give the phenylazocalix[4]arenes 11 and 12. The molecular second order nonlinear optical properties (β_z) of these calix[4]arenes have been measured by electric field-induced second harmonic generation. The influence of different acceptors as well as the influence of the different conformations of the calix[4]arenes on β_z values were determined. Surprisingly, the wavelength of the charge-transfer band λ_max is lower when β_z increases upon increasing the number of acceptors.     

Theoretical study on dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]phosphole derivatives: high-efficiency blue-emitting materials with ambipolar semiconductor behavior

Phosphole-based systems due to the unique electronic and optical properties have recently been paid much attention as optoelectronic materials. In this work, the relationship among the electronic structure, charge injection, and transport was investigated for five derivatives of dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]phosphole (systems 1–5). The structures of systems 1–5 in the ground (S₀) and the lowest singlet excited (S₁) states were optimized at the HF/6-31G* and CIS/6-31G* levels of theory, respectively. Based on these structures, electronic spectra were calculated by time-dependent density functional theory. The simulated emission peaks of five phosphole derivatives locating at the blue–green region (448–516 nm), are in good agreement with the experimental data. Compared with tris-(8-quinolinolate) aluminum (III) (Alq₃), normally used as an excellent electron transporter, systems 1–5 show a significant improvement in electron affinity (EA) due to σ*–π* hyperconjugation, which can effectively promote ability of electron injection. The small differences between λ _h and λ _e for systems 1–5 (0.06–0.14 eV) facilitate charge transfer balance, which suggests systems 1–5 can act as potential ambipolar materials. Owing to good rigidity, low-lying LUMO levels, delocalized frontier molecular orbitals, and the small reorganization energies, the five derivatives of dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]phosphole are expected to be high-efficiency blue materials in single-layer OLEDs.     

Host–guest supramolecular polymers constructed of aniline derivatives and three-dimensional coordination polymers [(n-Bu3Sn)2(R3Sn)Fe(CN)6] n,R = n-Bu or Ph

The straightforward self-assembly reaction of R₃Sn⁺ and [Fe(CN)₆]^3? affords three-dimensional (3-D) coordination polymers [(n-Bu₃Sn)₂(R₃Sn)Fe(CN)₆] _n , R = n-Bu(I) or Ph(II). The architecture of these coordination polymers is closely related to zeolite and acts as a host with wide internal cavities or channels capable of encapsulating voluminous organic compounds. Aniline derivatives acting as guest are encapsulated within the cavities of the 3-D-polymeric hosts I and II by tribochemical reaction producing host–guest supramolecular polymers. The structures and physical properties of these hosts and their host–guest systems were investigated by elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, IR, UV-vis, EPR, and magnetic measurements. The morphology of these systems was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The interesting feature of these host–guest supramolecular polymers is the enhanced electrical conductivities over those of the 3-D-coordination polymeric hosts upon encapsulation of conductive polymers within their cavities.     

Recent progress in coordination chemistry,photo-physical properties,and applications of pyridine-based Cu(I) complexes

Abstract

Copper(I) [Cu(I)] complexes offer cheap and alternative materials for several real-life applications. Pyridine (Py), bipyridine (Bpy), and related analogues have strong donating ability with propensity to ease functionalization via modern synthetic protocols. A large number of Cu(I) complexes/clusters/polymers bearing functionalized Py-based ligands have emerged with rich coordination chemistry, fascinating structures, and intriguing photo-physical properties. This article sheds light on recent advances in the coordination chemistry and photophysical properties of Cu(I) complexes/clusters/polymers and their applications in the areas of optoelectronics (OE) (light emitting devices [LEDs] and dye-sensitized solar cells [DSSCs]) and sensing (aliphatic and aromatic gases).     

Synthesis of 3-[4-(1-Benzofuran-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-2-(4-aryl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one Derivatives as Biological Agents

A protocol for the synthesis of 3-[4-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-2-(4-aryl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives (5a–e) has been developed from 1-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-2-bromoethanone (2),which served as a key intermediate for the synthesis of the title compounds. The reaction of compound 2 with thiourea furnished 4-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine 3, which upon further reaction with various aromatic aldehydes, gave Schiff bases 4a–e. These Schiff bases, when treated with thioacetic acid in the presence of catalytic amount of anhydrous ZnCl₂, yielded thiazolidinone derivatives 5a–e. All the newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by analytical and spectral data and screened for their antimicrobial and analgesic activity.

Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements to view the free supplemental file.     

A survey of crystal structures and biological activities of platinum group metal complexes containing N-acylthiourea ligands

Abstract

N-Acyl-thioureas are important compounds in the field of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Research interest in these compounds has grown recently because coordination to metal ions enhances their application especially in view of medicinal studies. These thiourea derivatives possess rich coordination chemistry and the coordination behavior of these derivatives alters upon reaction with different metals. Such ligands generally coordinate to Pt(II) and Pd(II) ions in a bidentate S,O manner and often coordinate to Ru(II), Rh(III) and Ir(III) centers through the S donor atom. We isolated some complexes of these ligands by reaction with sodium azide which coordinates to Ru(II), Rh(III), and Ir(III) in a bidentate S,N fashion. The deprotonated thiourea nitrogen atom resulted in the formation of strained 4-membered ring structures around the metal center. Biological application of N-acyl thiourea derivatives and their platinum group metal complexes are further discussed. Studies has shown that these compounds can be used as drugs to treat several human diseases like microbial infections, tuberculosis, carcinomas, malaria, leishmaniasis, urease inhibitors and anti-inflammatory. This review intends to summarize the recent advancement in the chemistry of N-acyl-thioureas and highlight some perspectives in the synthesis, versatile coordination behavior to ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum and palladium, and their metal complexes in biological applications.