飞秒激光诱导钛表面形成高空间频率周期条纹结构

利用波长为800 nm的飞秒激光,在空气和去离子水中诱导钛表面形成不同的周期条纹结构。在空气中,激光能量密度为0.265 J/cm2时,钛表面主要形成周期为500~560 nm低空间频率条纹结构;激光能量密度为0.102 J/cm2时,主要形成的是周期为220~340 nm高空间频率条纹结构。两种条纹均垂直于入射激光偏振方向,且条纹周期随着脉冲重叠数的增大而增大。在水中,除形成垂直激光偏振方向、周期为215~250 nm的高空间频率条纹结构,还形成了平行于激光偏振方向且周期约为入射激光波长八分之一的高空间频率条纹结构。利用表面等离子体理论、二次谐波及Sipe理论对各种周期条纹结构的形成机理进行分析,发现周期条纹结构的形成与钛表面氧化层有密切的关系。     

Laser-induced changes in titanium by femtosecond,picosecond and millisecond laser ablation

In order to realize the qualitative control of the laser-induced changes trend and the quantitative control of the laser-induced changes range in titanium upon laser irradiation with different pulse duration, comparative ablation experiments by femtosecond, picosecond and millisecond pulsed lasers were carried out on titanium in this study. Then the final surface morphology, aspect ratio, chemical composition and microstructural state of the ablated titanium were analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The dependency of the morphology, size, composition and microstructure of ablated titanium on laser pulse duration variation were emphatically discussed. It is found that, as the laser pulse duration increases from femtosecond to millisecond scale, surface morphology quality of ablated titanium gets worse, aspect ratio of microgroove decreases, proportion of titanium oxides in final ablation products becomes larger and the microstructural state of ablated titanium has a higher amorphization degree, which can be attributed to the decreased laser intensity per pulse and enhanced heat conduction effect in titanium with the pulse duration increasing.     

A comparison of single shot nanosecond and femtosecond polarization-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of Al

Aluminum samples have been analyzed by femtosecond polarization-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-PRLIBS). We compare the obtained spectra with those obtained from nanosecond PRLIBS (ns-PRLIBS). The main specific features of fs-PRLIBS are that a lower plasma temperature leads to a low level of continuum and no species are detected from the ambient gas. Furthermore, signals obtained by fs-PRLIBS show a higher stability than those of ns-PRLIBS. However, more elements are detected in the ns-PRLIBS spectra.     

超短脉冲激光诱导周期性表面结构

激光诱导周期性表面结构（Laser-induced periodic surface structures,LIPSS）具有纳米尺度的特征结构和自重复的微观尺度的排列图案,因此,LIPSS在传感器、太阳能发电、光催化等方面具有广泛的应用前景。本文首先介绍LIPSS形成过程中超快激光与物质相互作用的复杂过程,强调瞬态光学性质和表面结构变化的作用。然后综述几种具有代表性的LIPSS形成机理,并且讨论了各自的优缺点。接着介绍了LIPSS形成过程中材料的变化,主要包括材料化学成分、晶体结构和表面微观结构的变化。最后综述了LIPSS在材料表面处理、光学和机械等方面的应用。     

Comparative experimental study of laser-induced transitions in crystalline silicon by femtosecond,picosecond, and millisecond laser ablation

In order to study laser-induced transitions of the crystalline silicon, comparative ablation experiments by femtosecond-, picosecond-, and millisecond-pulsed laser were carried out on<111>crystalline silicon wafers in this study. For each laser ablating process, final chemical composition and microstructural state of ablated material on sample surface were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Then the influences of laser pulse duration variation on the composition and microstructure of ablated material were also discussed. Therefore, the experimental results were considered to provide more completed and further understandings of laser-induced transitions of crystalline silicon, which may have some contribution to the development of laser-semiconductors micromachining.     

飞秒激光烧蚀硅材料表面形成周期波纹形貌研究

基于Sipe-Drude模型和表面等离子体激元(SPP)的干涉理论分别对单脉冲飞秒激光诱导硅表面形成低频率周期性波纹进行分析研究.探究了波长800 nm、脉宽150 fs的单个飞秒激光烧蚀硅造成不同激发水平下波纹形貌的变化,考虑到材料的光学性质变化(由Drude模型得到的介电常数变化),引入包含双温方程的电子数密度模型.计算结果表明,Sipe-Drude和SPP理论都适用于分析和解释高激发态下周期性波纹,但Sipe-Drude理论更适合分析更为广泛的周期性波纹结构.同时,波纹延伸方向总是垂直于入射激光偏振方向,其空间周期略小于激光波长,并受到入射激光通量的影响.在激光通量为0.38 J/cm~2时,波纹周期达到最小值.另外,还得到了不同入射角度的波纹周期变化情况,并在不同偏振态下随入射角度增大时波纹周期呈现相反的变化趋势.该研究对于理解飞秒激光造成硅表面形成周期结构及其在加工硅材料领域具有重要参考意义.     

飞秒激光诱导自组织纳米周期结构及其光学特性的研究进展

飞秒激光具有超快、超强的特点.飞秒激光微纳加工发展非常迅速. 本文综述了近十年来利用飞秒激光在金属、半导体、介质等各类材料中制备的纳米周期结构, 阐述了若干关于飞秒激光诱导纳米周期结构的物理机理的观点.讨论了基于偏振调制的多光束 干涉在半导体表面制备纳米周期结构,简要叙述了周期结构对材料光学特性的影响. 关键词： 飞秒激光 纳米周期结构 多光束干涉 光学特性     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量分析食用明胶中的铬元素

利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术对食用明胶样品中的铬元素进行定量分析.采用Nd:YAG脉冲激光器三倍频输出的355 nm激光诱导击穿食用明胶产生激光等离子体,测量等离子发射光谱.实验数据表明:使用内标法定量分析食用明胶样品中铬元素浓度分别为10—200 ppm(1 ppm=10-6)时,铬元素含量与分析谱线(CrI:245.43 nm)强度之间具有很好的线性关系.分析了光谱探测延迟时间对明胶中铬元素激光诱导击穿光谱的影响,利用信号强度与信噪比获得了优化的光谱探测延迟时间实验参数.     

Using Raman spectroscopy to monitor surface finish and roughness of components manufactured by selective laser sintering

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing process used to realise fully functional component manufacture. Numerous parameters are used in the process to control variables such as laser power, scan speed, laser spot size and overlap of scan vectors. All of these parameters can dramatically alter the sintering process and therefore final component properties. This paper presents how Raman spectroscopy intensity effects, caused by the surface roughness of the components produced, can be used to monitor the degree of sintering between particles in the SLS process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

铝合金中铬元素的时间分辨激光诱导击穿光谱高灵敏检测

为了消除在激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)信号检测时等离子体中强的轫致电子辐射对光电倍增管和前置信号放大器造成的不良影响,提高信号检测灵敏度,设计了一种基于CR110的门控端窗光电倍增管并用于LIBS中的微弱信号检测。该门控光电倍增管与前置信号放大器组合运用既可以成功抑制激光等离子体中强的轫致电子辐射的背景干扰,又可以进一步放大微弱的原子辐射信号,提高光谱分析的灵敏度。用LIBS分析铝合金标样中的微量铬元素,采用该门控光电倍增管时其检出限可以达到5.55 ppm,与采用普通光电倍增管的相比改善了近6倍,显示出该门控光电倍增管在时间分辨信号检测领域良好的应用效果。     

飞秒激光烧蚀硅表面产生微纳结构过程中激光脉冲数目的影响

为了研究飞秒激光脉冲数目与硅表面形貌之间的关系,在相同的SF6气体氛围下,改变照射硅表面的飞秒激光脉冲数,发现在飞秒激光照射下由硅表面形成的微型锥状尖峰的高度与飞秒激光脉冲数呈现一种非线性关系.通过对该关系的研究有利于找出在制造具有较高吸收效率的高微型锥状尖峰的"黑硅"的实验条件,有利于基于"黑硅"材料的光电器件转化效...     

Characterization of diamond-like carbon films by SEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy

Diamond-like carbon films were deposited by electrolysis of a water-ethanol solution on Cu at low voltages (60-100 V) at 2 mm interelectrode separation. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The films were found to be continuous and compact with uniform grain distribution. Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed two broad bands at ∼1350 and ∼1580 cm⁻¹. The downshift of the G band of graphite is indicative of the presence of DLC. For XRD analysis, the three strong peaks located at 2θ values of 43.2°, 74.06° and 89.9° can be identified with reflections form (1 1 1), (2 2 0) and (3 1 1) plane of diamond.     

Determination of the temporal structure of femtosecond laser pulses by means of laser-induced air plasma

A new approach is presented to reveal the temporal structure of femtosecond laser pulses by recording the corresponding time-resolved shadowgraphs of the laser-induced air plasma. It is shown that the temporal structures of femtosecond laser pulses, normally not observable by the ordinary intensity autocorrelator, can be detected through intuitively analyzing the ultrafast evolution process of the air plasma induced by the femtosecond laser pulses under examination. With this method, existence of pre- and post-pulses has been clearly unveiled within the time window of ±150 fs in reference with the main 50-fs laser pulses output from a commercial 1-kHz femtosecond laser amplifier. The unique advantage of the proposed method is that it can directly provide valuable information about the pulse temporal structures' effect on the laser-induced ionization or material ablation.     

Metal surface coloration by oxide periodic structures formed with nanosecond laser pulses

In this work, we studied a method of laser-induced coloration of metals, where small-scale spatially periodic structures play a key role in the process of color formation. The formation of such structures on a surface of AISI 304 stainless steel was demonstrated for the 1.06 µm fiber laser with nanosecond duration of pulses and random (elliptical) polarization. The color of the surface depends on the period, height and orientation of periodic surface structures. Adjustment of the polarization of the laser radiation or change of laser incidence angle can be used to control the orientation of the structures. The formation of markings that change their color under the different viewing angles becomes possible. The potential application of the method is metal product protection against falsification.     

水中痕量六价铬离子的激光诱导击穿光谱高灵敏检测

采用旋转电极设计,并利用电沉积技术,使水中痕量的CrO42-离子在一个高纯(纯度为99.999%)铝棒表面发生电化学反应并富集,然后利用激光诱导击穿光谱对其进行定量分析。实验研究了电沉积的最佳物理条件, 包括沉积电压、沉积时间等。并在沉积电压为10伏,沉积时间为20分钟的条件下制定了六价铬离子的校正曲线并得出其检出限为0.25μg/L。激光诱导击穿光谱结合电沉积技术监测水中六价铬离子的技术具有方法简单、光谱检测灵敏度高、可以区分三价铬和六价铬离子等优点,将在水环境六价铬污染监测方面获得广泛的应用。     

Challenges and opportunities in quantitative analyses of lead,cadmium, and hexavalent chromium in plant materials by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: A review

Bearing the merits of rapid, minimally destructive, and simultaneous multi-element analyses, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) shows its unique advantages in quantitative analyses of lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium in plant materials. However, the greatest challenge LIBS must confront is calibration. Various methods for calibration are proposed and put into effect; nevertheless, limits of detection acquired by LIBS are not acceptable when they are compared with the maximum residue limits drawn up by governments, and LIBS's performances in quantitative analyses are to be improved. This review summarizes recent studies of analyzing lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium in plant materials quantitatively by LIBS; weighs the strengths and weaknesses of their calibration methods; and recommends the combination of matrix-matched standards based on spiked sample materials and internal standard as well as chemometrics in complicated situations for calibration in LIBS. Selecting the emission line of the analyte, sample enrichment and signal enhancement are measures that this review puts forward to improve the performances of LIBS in calibration. These quantitative analyses of lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium in plant materials by LIBS provide an opportunity to be utilized in mapping distributions and remediation for soil and water, as well as supervision for agricultural products safety and pollution treatments.     

偏振态对飞秒激光加工石英玻璃表面质量的影响

为研究线偏振和圆偏振对飞秒激光烧蚀加工石英玻璃表面质量的影响,开展不同扫描速度的线烧蚀试验和不同线重叠率的面烧蚀试验。研究了线、圆偏振光对烧蚀线宽度的影响,利用光学显微镜和环境扫描电子显微镜观察烧蚀形貌,并使用三维表面轮廓仪进行烧蚀面粗糙度分析。结果表明：线偏振光烧蚀线宽度大于圆偏振光,且激光功率越大,线宽差异越明显;当线重叠率在65%～90%时,线偏振光烧蚀表面粗糙度随重叠率增大而增大,在重叠率为65%时达到1.33 m;线轮廓算术平均偏差随重叠率增大先减小后增大,并在重叠率为80%时达到较小值1.05 m;当重叠率不到80%时,线偏振光烧蚀面线轮廓算术平均偏差比圆偏振光小;重叠率为90%时,其线轮廓算术平均偏差反而比圆偏振光大。     

Investigation of plumes produced by material ablation with two time-delayed femtosecond laser pulses

We experimentally investigated and herewith reported the results of laser ablation of copper and gold with two time-delayed femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm in vacuum. The ablation plume dynamic was monitored by fast plume imaging and time- and space-resolved optical emission spectroscopy. Optical microscopy was used to follow the ablation depth as a function of the delay between the two laser pulses. Nanoparticles deposition on mica substrates was analysed by atomic force microscopy.We estimate roughly the plume's atomization degree - that is the mass fraction of atomized material over the total ablated mass - from the relative intensities of radiation emitted from atoms and nanoparticles. It is shown that the atomization degree depends critically on the time delay between both laser pulses and on the characteristic time of electron-lattice relaxation. The increase of the atomization degree is accompanied by the decrease of the ablation depth. Atomic force microscopy measurements confirm the partial atomization of nanoparticles, as the analyses of particle deposition on mica substrates show a large decrease of the number of nanoparticles for large delay between the two pulses.     

飞秒激光烧蚀石英玻璃的实验与理论研究

实验研究了800nm飞秒激光作用下石英玻璃的破坏机理和烧蚀规律，给出了破坏阈值与脉冲宽度的关系.发展了雪崩击穿模型，计算了材料的烧蚀阈值与脉冲宽度的依赖关系，烧蚀深度、烧蚀体积与脉冲能量的依赖关系，研究了导带电子的扩散对材料中激光能量的沉积、分布，以及材料的破坏阈值和烧蚀规律的影响. 关键词： 飞秒激光脉冲 破坏机理 石英玻璃 电子扩散