掺杂含量对环氧纳米复合电介质陷阱与空间电荷的影响

环氧纳米复合电介质具有抑制空间电荷积聚、高电阻率、高击穿强度等优异性能,对直流电力设备的发展具有重要的作用.但纳米粒子含量对纳米复合电介质陷阱、电导率和空间电荷的影响机理尚不清楚.本文在纳米复合电介质交互区结构模型的基础上提出了计算交互区浅陷阱和深陷阱密度的方法,得到了浅陷阱和深陷阱密度随纳米粒子含量的变化关系.随着纳米粒子含量的增加,浅陷阱密度逐渐增大,深陷阱先增加然后由于交互区重叠的影响而逐渐减少.研究了纳米粒子含量对浅陷阱控制载流子迁移率的影响,发现随着纳米粒子的增多,浅陷阱大幅增多,浅陷阱之间的平均间距迅速减小,导致载流子更容易在浅陷阱间跳跃迁移,浅陷阱控制载流子迁移率增大.建立了纳米复合电介质的电荷输运模型,采用电荷输运模型计算研究了环氧/二氧化钛纳米复合电介质的空间电荷分布、电场分布和电导率特性.发现在纳米粒子添加量较小时,交互区的深陷阱对电导的影响起主导作用;纳米粒子添加量进一步增加,浅陷阱对电导的影响将起到主要作用.     

Electrical, dielectric and surface wetting properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/nylon-6 nanocomposites

This paper reports that the multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)/nylon-6 (PA6) nanocomposites with different MWCNT loadingshave been prepared by a simple melt-compounding method. Theelectrical, dielectric, and surface wetting properties of theCNT/PA6 composites have been studied. The temperature dependence ofthe conductivity of the CNT/PA6 composite with 10.0 wt{\%} CNTloading ($\sigma _{\rm RT} \sim 10^{-4}$ S/cm) are measured, andafterwards a charge-energy-limited tunnelling model (ln $\sigma (T)\sim T^{-1/2})$ is found. With increasing CNT weight percentage from0.0 to 10.0 wt%, the dielectric constant of the CNT/PA6composites enhances and the dielectric loss tangent increases twoorders of magnitude. In addition, water contact angles of theCNT/PA6 composites increase and the composites with CNT loadinglarger than 2.0 wt%even become hydrophobic. The obtainedresults indicate that the electrical and surface properties of thecomposites have been significantly enhanced by the embedded carbonnanotubes.     

Enhanced dielectric properties and energy storage density of interface controlled ferroelectric BCZT-epoxy nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposites with ferroelectric fillers are promising materials for modern power electronics that include energy storage devices. Ferroelectric filler, Ba_0.85Ca_0.15Zr_0.1Ti_0.9O₃ (BCZT) nanopowder, was synthesized by sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the phase purity and the particle size distribution was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Extended aromatic ligand in the form of naphthyl phosphate (NPh) was chosen for surface passivation of BCZT nanoparticles. Surface functionalization was validated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and impedance spectroscopy using slurry technique. The dielectric constant of surface-passivated BCZT nanopowder was ~155, whereas pristine BCZT nanopowder dielectric constant could not be assessed due to high innate surface conductivity. Furthermore, BCZT–epoxy nanocomposite films were prepared and analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dielectric spectroscopy, dielectric breakdown strength (DBS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Owning to stronger polymer–particle interface, dielectric measurements of 5 vol.% NPh surface functionalized BCZT–epoxy nanocomposites indicated improved DBS and glass transition temperature (T_g), reduced dielectric loss, and enhanced energy storage density compared to untreated BCZT–epoxy composites and pure epoxy. The energy storage density of 30 vol.% NPh surface functionalized BCZT–epoxy nanocomposite of 20 μm film thickness was almost three times that of pure epoxy polymer of identical film thickness.     

Linear and nonlinear dielectric properties of nanocomposites based on the organic ferroelectric of diisopropylammonium bromide

ABSTRACT

The present work aims at investigating linear and nonlinear dielectric properties of nanocomposites based on diisopropylammonium bromide (C₆H₁₆NBr, DIPAB) embedded into Al₂O₃ films having honeycomb structure with pores of 100?nm in diameter, and into opal matrices with three-dimensional structure containing pores of 100 and 60?nm. The obtained results indicated the shift of Curie point toward lower temperatures for DIPAB in porous aluminum oxide and the appearance of two phase transitions, detected upon heating and cooling for DIPAB in opal matrices. In addition, a ferroelectric phase was found to form between these two phase transitions without significant change of Curie temperature.     

Ag-ZnO纳米复合热电材料的制备及其性能研究

ZnO是一类具有潜力的热电材料, 但其较大声子热导率影响了热电性能的进一步提高. 纳米复合是降低热导率的有效途径. 本文以醋酸盐为前驱体, 溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ag-ZnO纳米复合热电材料. 扫描电镜照片显示ZnO颗粒呈现多孔结构, Ag纳米颗粒分布于ZnO的晶粒之间. Ag-ZnO纳米复合材料的电导率比未复合ZnO材料高出100倍以上, 而热导率是未复合ZnO材料的1/2. 同时, 随着Ag添加量的增加, 赛贝克系数的绝对值逐渐减小. 综合以上原因, 添加7.5%mol Ag的Ag-ZnO纳米复合材料在700 K时的热电优值达到0.062, 是未复合ZnO材料的约25倍. 在ZnO基体中添加导电金属颗粒有利于产生导电逾渗通道, 提高材料体系的电导率, 但同时导致赛贝克系数的绝对值减小. 总热导率的差异来源于声子热导率的差异. 位于ZnO晶界的纳米Ag颗粒, 有利于降低声子热导率. 关键词： 热电材料 ZnO 纳米复合 热导率     

Effect of optical pump on the dielectric properties of SrTiO_3 in terahertz range

Tuning the dielectric permittivity spectra of strontium titanate （SrTiO3） single crystals in an extemal optical field is investigated at room temperature by means of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The application of the optical field leads to an appreciable tuning of the permittivity, reaching up to 2.8%, with the dielectric loss changing about 3%. The observed behavior is interpreted in terms of soft-mode hardening due to the anharmonic character of its potential. We also find that the change of the refractive index responds linearly to the applied light power. These findings are attributed to a linear electro-optical effect of the internal space charge field of the crystal.     

Optical bistability of planar metal/dielectric nonlinear nanostructures

We study theoretically a nonlinear response of the planar metal/dielectric nanostructures constituted from periodical array of ultra thin silver layers and the layers of Kerr-like nonlinear dielectric. We predict hysteresis-type dependences of the components of the tensor of effective dielectric permittivity on the field intensity allowing the change in material transmission properties from transparent to opaque and back at extremely low intensities of the light. It makes possible to control the light by light in all-optical nanoscale devices and circuits.     

AC conductivity and dielectric properties of sulphate glasses

AC conductivity and dielectric properties of sulphate glasses have been studied as a function of temperature, frequency and variation in interalkali concentration. AC conductivity at frequencies well beyond the dielectric loss peaks seems to arise from local motion of alkali ions within the neighbouring potential wells. Activation energies for AC conductivity were found to be very much lower than those for DC conductivity. Further, AC conductivity seems to be independent of interalkali variation, whereas ε′ and tan δ show a mild degree of mixed alkali effect. The observations made here have been explained on the basis of a structural model earlier proposed by us for these glasses. Communication No. 167 from Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit.     

Optical properties of Tl2In2Se3S layered single crystals

The optical properties of Tl₂In₂Se₃S layered single crystals have been analyzed using transmission and reflection measurements in the wavelength region between 500 and 1100 nm. The optical indirect transitions with a band gap energy of 1.96 eV and direct transitions with a band gap energy of 2.16 eV were determined from analysis of absorption data at room temperature. Dispersion of the refractive index is discussed in terms of the Wemple–DiDomenico single-effective-oscillator model. The refractive index dispersion parameters – oscillator energy, dispersion energy, oscillator strength and zero-frequency refractive index – were found to be 4.67 eV, 45.35 eV, 1.38 × 10¹⁴ m ^{? 2} and 3.27, respectively. Transmission measurements were also performed in the temperature range 10–300 K. As a result of temperature-dependent transmission measurements, the rate of change in the indirect band gap with temperature, i.e. γ = ?5.6 × 10^?4 eV/K, and the absolute zero value of the band gap energy, E _gi(0) = 2.09 eV, were obtained.     

Structural and dielectric properties of Pb5(Ge,Si)O11

The ferroelectric lead germanate (Pb₅Ge₃O₁₁) and its isomorphous compounds are important because of their uses as pyroelectric and electro-optic devices. Comparison of inter-planar d-spacings of Pb₅Ge_3−x Si _x O₁₁ (x=0, 0.3, 0.7 and 1.00) suggests that there is no change in basic structure of Pb₅Ge_3−x Si _x O₁₁ when Si is substituted for Ge in small quantity (x<1). The dielectric properties of the Si-substituted compounds have been studied as a function of temperature (30 to 200°C). The ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition has been observed at 185°C. The Si doping causes (a) Curie point to shift towards low temperature, (b) peak value of the dielectric constant to decrease and (c) phase transition diffuse. The fast increase in dielectric constant of pure Pb₅Ge₃O₁₁ with temperature (beyond transition temperature) may be attributed to the development of space charge polarization in the system.     

环氧树脂高温分子链松弛与玻璃化转变特性

环氧树脂是电力设备中广泛应用的一种绝缘材料, 其介电性能受到分子链运动特性的影响. 本文制备了直径为50 mm、厚度为1 mm的环氧树脂试样, 采用差示扫描量热仪和宽频介电谱仪测试了环氧树脂的玻璃化转变温度和介电特性. 实验结果表明, 环氧树脂的玻璃化转变温度为105 ℃, 在玻璃化转变温度以上, 高频段出现了由分子链段运动造成的松弛过程, 低频段出现了由载流子在材料中迁移造成的直流电导过程. 发现环氧树脂不同尺寸分子链段的松弛时间不同, 其松弛时间分布较宽, 计算得到了分子链段在不同温度下的松弛时间分布特性. 分子链松弛峰频率和直流电导随温度的变化关系服从Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher公式. 拟合实验结果得到分子链松弛峰频率和直流电导的Vogel温度和强度系数. 由Vogel温度计算得到了与差示扫描量热测试结果一致的玻璃化转变温度, 约为102 ℃. 结果表明玻璃化转变温度以上环氧树脂的自由体积增大, 分子链段有足够的空间来响应外电场从而产生分子链松弛极化, 载流子有足够的能量在材料中迁移形成电导.     

Elastic,impedance spectroscopic and dielectric properties of TiO2 doped nanocrystalline NiCuZn spinel ferrites

ABSTRACT

Nanocrystalline Ni_0.4Cu_0.3Zn_0.3Fe₂O₄ ferrites doped with TiO₂ (0–10?wt %) were prepared by the sol-gel method. Elastic properties of synthesized samples were studied with the help of ultrasonic pulse transmission method. The elastic constants initially increase with an increase in TiO₂ up to 1?wt % and then decline. LCR-Q meter was used to study the dielectric properties within 50?Hz to 5?MHz range of the frequency. The dielectric constant (?′) and dielectric loss tangents were decreased continuously with increased frequency for all the selected samples at room temperature revealing normal dielectric behavior of ferrites. Also, the AC conductivity was increased with an increase in the frequency for all the selected samples. Cole-Cole plots were obtained for all investigated samples and showed single semicircle which indicates that the electrical conduction process appears only due to grain boundaries.     

稀释磁性半导体Zn1—xFexSe薄膜的光学特性

用真空蒸镀法制备了稀释磁性半导体Zn_(1-x)Fe_xSe多晶薄膜,用X射线衍射和电子扫描电镜测定了薄膜结构和成份.其光吸收数据表明:光学能隙E_g随着Fe~(2+)成分x增加而线性减小,用线性回归法拟合得其关系.E_g=2.722-2.2x(eV).     

Influence of particle surface properties on the dielectric behavior of silica/epoxy nanocomposites

Silica/epoxy composites have been widely used in functional electric device applications. Silica nanoparticles, both unmodified and modified with the coupling agent KH-550, were used to prepare epoxy composites. Dielectric measurements showed that nanocomposites exhibit a higher dielectric constant than the control sample, and had more obvious dielectric relaxation characteristics. Results showed that particle surface properties have a profound effect on the dielectric behavior of the nanocomposites. These characteristics are attributed to the local ununiformity of the microstructure caused by the large interface area and the interaction between the filler and the matrix. This phenomenon is explained in terms of prolonging chemical chains created during the curing process. The mechanism is discussed with measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).     

Effects of CNT inclusions on structure and dielectric properties of PVDF/CNT nanocomposites

ABSTRACT

The effects of multiwall carbon nanotube (CNT) inclusions on the crystalline structure of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and on the dielectric properties of PVDF/CNT nanocomposites (NCs), prepared by melt mixing, were investigated by employing X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and dielectric spectroscopy techniques. Our results imply that, in the NCs, the formation of β-phase crystals depends on specific compression treatment in the melt and fast cooling. Dielectric measurements on NCs, with CNT concentrations below the electrical percolation threshold, reveal that the dielectric strength of the two relaxation processes in the amorphous phase and dielectric permittivity, ?′, measured within the broad temperature range from ?150 °C to 60 °C, increase strongly with increasing CNT concentration. This enhancement of amorphous PVDF polarizability has been attributed to the increase of the local electric field, due to local polarization generated at the surface of conductive inclusions/CNT clusters.     

Optical properties of nanocomposites based on polymers and metal nanoparticles

The optical properties of nanocomposites of metal nanoparticles and polymers of two types have been studied. Gold and silver nanoparticles were obtained by laser ablation of corresponding metal targets in acetone and chloroform. The thus formed colloidal solutions were used to prepare nanocomposites of these nanoparticles in polymer matrices of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and fluorine-containing polymer LF-32. The polymer matrix is found to promote aggregation of the metal nanoparticles under study into elongated chains. In turn, metal nanoparticles affect the polymer matrix. In the case of PMMA, suppression of the vibrational peaks of polymer in the low-frequency region of its Raman spectrum occurs. In the case of LF-32, gold and silver nanoparticles amplify the Raman signal of the polymer matrix. In addition, the Raman spectra of nanocomposites indicate aggregation of disordered carbon around the nanoparticles obtained by laser ablation in organic solvents. The possibilities of studying the ultrafast (about 1 ps) optical response of the nanocomposites obtained in order to use it in photonics elements are discussed.     

A variable electron beam and its irradiation effect on optical and electrical properties of CdS thin films

A low energy electron accelerator has been constructed and tested. The electron beam can operate in low energy mode (100 eV to 10 keV) having a beam diameter of 8–10 mm. Thin films of CdS having thickness of 100 nm deposited on ITO-coated glass substrate by thermal evaporation method have been irradiated by electron beam in the above instrument. The I–V characteristic is found to be nonlinear before electron irradiation and linear after electron irradiation. The TEP measurement confirms the n-type nature of the material. The TEP and I–V measurements also confirm the modification of ITO/CdS interface with electron irradiation.      

Low-frequency and temperature-dependent dielectric spectroscopy investigations on polypyrrole nanoparticles

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical oxidation method in the presence of anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate). The prepared nanoparticles have a diameter of ~28 nm. The low-frequency and temperature-dependent dielectric properties of these nanoparticles have been studied in the temperature range of 77–350 K. Due to absence of the saturated loss peaks, modulus approach has been used for the further insight on the dielectric properties of prepared nanoparticles. The behaviour of the dielectric modulus suggests the Debye-type behaviour of the prepared nanoparticles, where the measured ac conductivity follows the classical hopping conduction mechanism.     

钇和镧掺杂氧化铝陶瓷的热导及其介电弛豫特性研究

采用氧化物固相反应法,制备出纯氧化铝陶瓷及其分别掺杂稀土元素钇和镧的陶瓷样品.测量了样品的结构、介电特性和热导性能;研究了烧结温度对掺杂不同稀土元素的陶瓷样品的性能的影响.X射线衍射结果表明1500℃烧结后陶瓷样品形成了单一的固溶体.而氧化铝的热导率达到8.60W/（m·K）,样品的介电性能稳定.我们发现掺杂Y³⁺和La³⁺的氧化铝陶瓷存在介电弛豫现象,并对该现象进行了机理分析.     

超薄氢化非晶锗膜的结构与光电性质

通过PECVD制备出了不同厚度的a-Ge∶H膜,采用Raman光谱对样品进行了结构表征,由椭圆偏振光谱仪得到样品的厚度和光学常数,并计算了样品的光学带隙。由变温电导率分析了薄膜的电学输运性质,结果表明,载流子的传输机制为扩展态电导。进而利用变温PL谱研究了薄膜的发光性能,发现其发光峰在1.63 μm处;随着膜厚的减小,峰位和峰形都有改变,且强度明显提高。进一步分析发现,随着膜厚的减小非辐射复合跃迁的激活能增大,从而导致辐射复合过程增强。