Steady-state particle distributions in shear flows of colloids and finely dispersed suspensions

On the basis of an analysis of the pseudoturbulent motion of both the suspended particles and the carrier fluid, the normal stress components in the dispersed phase are obtained for the problem of inclined confined flows of finely dispersed suspensions and colloids. These hydrodynamic pulsations are due to the shear and the work done by the average relative flow of the fluid phase on random concentration fluctuations of the disperse system because of the substantial slip of the phases of the suspension under gravity. The momentum conservation equations for the particles are obtained with allowance for the angle of inclination of the flow to the vertical and on the basis of these equations the suspension capacity of the flow as a function of the angle of inclination, particle size, Galileo number and other parameters is illustrated.Ekaterinburg. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 78–84, January–February, 1996.     

Formation of the finely dispersed gas phase in upward and downward fluid flows

The influence of the fluid and gas flow rate parameters on the diameter of bubbles separating from a single capillary immersed in a fluid flow in a channel of 1×1 cm cross-section is investigated. The dependences of the mean bubble diameter on the fluid velocity and the gas flow rate through the capillary are obtained. The frequency of the bubble detachment from the capillary is estimated. It is shown that the histogram of the bubble size distribution changes qualitatively with the excess of a certain critical bubble detachment frequency, which is associated with the transition from the discrete to jet mode of detachment.     

Mathematical model of convective heat transfer between flows of finely dispersed media in adjacent channels with permeable walls

The discussion is concerned with a mathematical model for convective heat transfer between the flows of finely dispersed media moving in adjacent channels separated by a permeable wall where portions of the fluid phases are exchanged many times between the flows. Numerical solutions are given for a countercurrent flow of a suspension and a liquid. Equations are derived and curves constructed to show the distribution of the flow velocity and the suspension porosity along the length of the channels as well as the dependence on time of the temperatures of the flows.     

Coating of finely dispersed particles by two-fluid nozzle

Particle coatings are used extensively to generate dispersed solids with well-defined properties, e.g., to protect active ingredients, with most coating processes using core particles of a diameter larger than 200 μm. This work contributes to the development of a coating process for fine dispersed particles (diameter less than 50 μm) by combining two particle-formulation processes, namely, coating and spray drying. The feasibility of the operation is based on and demonstrated by the innovative application of a two-fluid nozzle. Experiments were conducted by using glass particles as core particles and sodium benzoate as the coating agent. The coating of finely dispersed particles is achieved by the spraying of particles and coating solution as a homogeneous suspension. The aim is to create droplets with only one contained particle at the nozzle outlet. After evaporation of the water in the droplet, a thin solid film is built on the particle surface. The suspension viscosity was measured and compared with empirical equations from the literature. The liquid-film thickness on the particle surface was calculated to predict the building of a uniform coating layer or agglomerates. In this study, the feasibility of pneumatic transport through the nozzle and an investigation of the process were illustrated. The agglomeration fraction and degree of coating of the particle surface were analyzed optically by scanning electron microscopy. In this way, the influence of different processes and suspension parameters on the product quality were determined.     

Local structure of a binary finely dispersed fluidized bed

Results are given of calculations of the quantities characterizing the random pseudoturbulent motions of the phases in a homogeneous fluidized bed consisting of particles of two sorts, differing in size. The dependence of the coefficients of pseudoturbulent diffusion of the particles, the mean-square velocities of the pulsations, etc., on the partial concentrations of the particles, the ratio of their sizes, and other parameters is evaluated. For granular beds, fluidized by a gas or a drop-type liquid, intense chaotic fluctuations of both phases are characteristic; these determine to a considerable degree the observed macroscopic properties of the bed and affect its effectiveness as a working body in various types of heat exchangers and chemical reactors. Such random (pseudoturbulent) motions are particularly considerable for beds of small particles under homogeneous fluidization conditions, where mixing due to the rise of cavities in the bed, filled only with the fluidizing medium, is practically absent. A similar situation is encountered in reactor and regenerating units for catalytic cracking [1, 2], in beds with a drop-type liquid phase, in rarefied two-phase systems under the conditions of strong fluidization or of the transport of bulk materials in a dilute phase, etc. The characteristics of pseudoturbulence in locally homogeneous flows of monodisperse two-phase systems have been investigated, for example, in [3–5]. However, real fluidized beds are generally polydis-perse; the presence of particles of different sizes in the bed has a very considerable effect, on the intensity of the pulsations, the effective diffusion coefficients of the phases of the bed, the effective viscosities, etc. [1, 6]. In addition, the chaotic mixing in polydisperse beds determines some of the technological characteristics, specifically, the rate of entrainment of small particles by the flow of the fluidizing medium and the settling of large particles, the degree of separation of the fractions of the disperse phase, which is very important in determination of the limits of the existence of the fluidized state, and in the modeling of numerous processes of the separation of particles with respect to size or density [1, 6].Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 2, pp. 118–126. March–April, 1976.     

Kinetic equations for a finely dispersed rarefied gas suspension

Starting from the Liouville equation, the kinetic equations for a finely dispersed rarefied gas-particle medium are derived. The size of the suspension particles is assumed to be much less than the free path of the gas molecules, while their density is so small that interaction between the particles can be neglected. It is shown that in general the dynamics of this gas suspension can be described by a system of two kinetic equations, which differ radically from the Boltzmann equations. Novosibirsk. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No.2, pp. 165–171, March–April, 1994.     

One-dimensional unsteady flows of solid-liquid suspensions

Summary The partial differential equations governing the unsteady one-dimensional motion of a solid-liquid mixture in an elastic tube are derived and applied to the problem of pressure surge generation resulting from rapid flow shutdown. The momentum exchange between the phases is then assumed to be simply proportional to the relative velocity of the phases, as correct in the case of slow relative motion. This assumption permits a closed form solution of the problem by a Laplace transform technique. The physically meaningful boundary condition is assumed to be that of vanishing velocity for the fluid phase at the valve. This leads to an initial overshoot of the pressure if the density of the liquid is larger than that of the solid, at variance with previous results of Wood and Kao. Another result is that the presence of a transient in the time evolution of the pressure, discovered by the latter authors, does not play an important role in applications dealing with long tubes. This is proved by both asymptotic estimates and numerical results.

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Sommario Si ricavano le equazioni a derivate parziali che reggono il moto unidimensionale non stazionario di una miscela solido-liquido in un tubo elastico e le si applicano al problema dell'aumento di pressione prodotto da una brusca interruzione di corrente. Lo scambio di quantità di moto fra le fasi viene ritenuto semplicemente proporzionale alla loro velocità relativa, come è accurato nel caso di piccoli valori di quest'ultima. Questa ipotesi permette di ottenere una soluzione analitica del problema per mezzo della trasformata di Laplace. Si fa anche l'ipotesi che la condizione al contorno fisicamente significativa sulla valvola di chiusura sia quella di annullamento della velocità della fase fluida. Questo porta a un massimo iniziale di pressione nel caso in cui la densità del liquido sia maggiore di quella del solido, a differenza da quanto ottenuto da Wood e Kao. Un altro risultato è che la presenza di un transiente nell'evoluzione temporale della pressione, scoperto da questi autori, non gioca un ruolo importante nelle applicazioni relative a tubi sufficientemente lunghi. Questo risultato viene dimostrato sia per mezzo di stime asintotiche sia per mezzo di calcoli numerici.

     

Elongational flows of some non-colloidal suspensions

The rheology of a system must be explored not only in viscometric flows, but also in other flow classes, and so, we present some results for the axisymmetric elongational flow of non-colloidal suspensions of spheres. We compare our results with data from shear flows using the same matrices and spheres. We have experimented with non-colloidal suspensions of 40-μm diameter polystyrene spheres with volume fractions (?) varying from 0.3 to 0.5. Two matrix fluids were used—one was a near-Newtonian polydimethyl siloxane of 12 Pa-s viscosity and the other was a variant of the M1 Boger fluid sample of Sridhar which we call M1*. We did not find that the Trouton ratio for either of these fluids was 3; generally, the ratio was larger. We investigated the role of sphere roughness using spheres roughened to 5.3 % of the radius in a 50 % suspension in silicone oil and found an increase of elongational viscosity of about 65 % which is comparable with the 60 % increase in shear viscosity with roughness noted previously. For the silicone oil matrix, we found no rate effect, with very little strain-hardening. By contrast, the M1-type matrix suspensions showed strain-hardening and an increase of elongational viscosity with elongation rate.     

A continuum model of negatively charged rods finely dispersed in a positively charged fluid

The aim of this work is to propose a model of the chemical stress arising in a polyelectrolyte. To do so, we consider the latter as a continuum and we suppose that the mechanical properties of the polyelectrolyte derive from its underlying microstructure. Calling upon principles of theories of generalized continua, we write the macroscopic constitutive assignments of the model in terms of variables that are characteristic of the network of macromolecules, such as orientation, solid fraction and number density of the macromolecules.     

A continuum model of negatively charged rods finely dispersed in a positively charged fluid

The aim of this work is to propose a model of the chemical stress arising in a polyelectrolyte. To do so, we consider the latter as a continuum and we suppose that the mechanical properties of the polyelectrolyte derive from its underlying microstructure. Calling upon principles of theories of generalized continua, we write the macroscopic constitutive assignments of the model in terms of variables that are characteristic of the network of macromolecules, such as orientation, solid fraction and number density of the macromolecules.     

Some unsteady parallel flows of particulate suspensions

Analytical and numerical solutions are obtained for five unsteady parallel flows of particulate suspensions which exhibit boundary-layer characteristics. The governing equations are based on a continuum theory of particulate suspension behavior. An attempt is made to infer some of the pertinent features of two-phase and multiphase boundary-layer flows from the solutions.     

Averaged topological equations for dispersed two-phase flows

A general relationship between the volume fraction and the specific interfacial area for averaged dispersed two-phase flows is proposed. This relationship, expressed as a basic set of two scalar evolution equations and two vectorial non-uniformity state equations, is an analytical result obtained by a systematic approach using the derivatives of some generalized functions and a local volume-averaging technique. The proposed set of equations was expressed for measurable macroscopic parameters of the system and has the same generality as the averaged transport equations of two-phase flows. By combination of the basic set of equations, called the averaged topological equations (ATEs), second-order ATEs for the volume fraction were found. The second-order ATEs were expressed both by a Lagrangian formulation and by a Eulerian formulation. The importance and physical meaning of the ATEs developed in this study were clarified within the framework of the theory of kinematic waves.     

Mathematical modeling of the distribution of a finely dispersed admixture in a turbulent tube-jet flow

An attempt to numerically model the specific characteristics of the distribution of small solid particles in a turbulent tube-jet flow is presented. The numerical results are compared with experimental data. Tallin. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 76–86, March–April, 1998. The theoretical part of the work was supported financially by the Government of Estonia and the International Science Foundation (grant LK 6100).     

Stability of some shear flows for concentrated suspensions

In this paper we investigate the stability of some viscometric flows for a concentrated suspension model which allows for the effects of shear-induced migration, including plane and circular Couette and Poiseulle flows, and unbounded and bounded torsional flows. In the bounded torsional flow, where its radial outer boundary is assumed frictionless, an exact closeform solution is given. With the exception of torsional flows, we find that a limit point for all the steady-state solutions can exist for certain range in the parameter values. In all cases, disturbances can persist for a long time, O (H ²/a ²), where H is a dimension of the flow field, and a is the particles' radius.     

Advances in studies on two-phase turbulence in dispersed multiphase flows

Particle/droplet/bubble fluctuation and dispersion are important to mixing, heat and mass transfer, combustion and pollutant formation in dispersed multiphase flows, but are insufficiently studied before the 90 years of the last century. In this paper, the present author reports his systematic studies within nearly 20 years on two-phase turbulence in dispersed multiphase flows, including particle fluctuation in dilute gas-particle and bubble-liquid flows, particle-wall collision effect, coexistence of particle turbulence and inter-particle collisions, fluid turbulence modulation due to the particle wake effect and validation of the two-fluid RANS modeling using large-eddy simulation.