A New 3D Digitizer by Cutting and Scanning Layer by layer

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360°连续扫描的便携式三维激光雷达设计与开发

针对三维激光雷达在国内有巨大的应用市场,而国外商业三维激光雷达十分昂贵的现状,开发了一种360°连续扫描的便携式三维激光雷达系统。采用一个二维激光扫描仪与高精度转台连接,通过步进电机控制形成三维激光扫描。在分析系统误差来源的基础上,提出了系统误差校正方法,给出了三维坐标精确计算公式。实验结果表明,系统测量精度高,数据质量好。系统作用距离80 m,测距精度可达6 mm,测量速度每秒7256点,可满足室内室外大规模场景三维数据快速获取的需求,而成本仅是国外同类商业三维激光雷达价格的四分之一左右,且重量轻体积小,携带方便。     

三维射频加速腔程序包MAFIA的开发和应用

介绍了三维射频加速器计算机辅助设计(CAD)程序包MAFIA的特点、功能及其应用。用CAD的方法实现了射频加速器特别是非轴对称带耦合腔的加速器的三维腔形设计。同时介绍了节省内存、节约机时的模型方法,使得在中小型机器上运行大程序(八万条)成为可能。文章主要对L波段的加速腔进行了数值模拟,并和实验进行了比较,结果符合较好;通过三维数值模拟及图形模拟的方法比较了各种形状谐振腔的性能;计算分析了输入耦合腔及高阶模耦合器对加速腔电磁场分布等参量的影响;提出了加耦合器后谐振频率改变的补偿方法。     

Automatic 3D scanning surface generation for microphone array acoustic imaging

This work presents a new technique for automatically generating the 3D scanning surface for acoustic imaging using microphone arrays. Acoustic images, or maps, of sound coming from spatially distributed sources, may be generated from microphone array data using algorithms such as beamforming. Traditional 2D acoustic maps can contain errors in the near-field if the object being imaged has a 3D shape. It has been shown that using the 3D surface geometry of an object as a scanning surface for beamforming can provide more accurate results. The methods used previously to generate this 3D scanning surface have either required existing CAD (Computer-Aided Design) models of the object being acoustically imaged or have required separate equipment which is generally bulky and expensive. The new method uses one or more cameras in the array, a data projector, and structured light code to automatically generate the 3D scanning surface. This has the advantage that it is inexpensive, can be incorporated as an add-onto existing microphone arrays, has short scan time, and is capable of being extended to imaging dynamic scenes. This technique is tested using beamforming and CLEAN-SC (CLEAN based on spatial Source Coherence) algorithms for a spherical array and an Underbrink multi-arm spiral array. For sound sources located about 1.2 m from the array, the mean position errors obtained are 6 mm. This is a quarter of the diameter of the mini-speakers being used as a sound sources.     

结构光数字栅线法对物体三维形貌的高精度测量

为了对物体的微观三维形貌进行高精度测量,开发了基于结构光的数字栅线三维纹理测量系统,该系统利用解位相的方法进行物体三维高度信息的计算。首先对相位主值的计算,采用了4步等步长相移法采集16幅等步长的相移图像,分成4组分别计算相位主值,再求其平均值作为最终的相位主值。为了滤除噪声及投影仪、CCD相机畸变等各种影响,对采集的条纹图像采用了自适应维纳滤波和小波多阈值方法进行预处理;其次对于位相展开,提出了基于多频的梯度导向相位展开算法,能够有效避开相位间断点,具有稳定的展开结果。实验结果表明,此系统所使用的方法在条纹图的P₀=22.7 mm-1时,获取的三维信息分辨率为2.75 μm,高度信息精度优于0.5 μm,同时具有测量快速,操作简单,无接触等特点,能够满足高精度的微观三维形貌测量的要求。     

3D model assisted fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer measurements

In this paper, a new fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measurement technique is presented. In contrast to existing scanning LDV techniques which use a 2D camera for the manual selection of sample points, we use a 3D Time-of-Flight camera in combination with a CAD file of the test object to automatically obtain measurements at pre-defined locations. The proposed procedure allows users to test prototypes in a shorter time because physical measurement locations are determined without user interaction. Another benefit from this methodology is that it incorporates automatic mapping between a CAD model and the vibration measurements. This mapping can be used to visualize measurements directly on a 3D CAD model. The proposed method is illustrated with vibration measurements of an unmanned aerial vehicle     

基于海量散乱点数据三维显示新算法的研究

逆向工程中基于海量散乱点的三维模型重建,在许多应用中具有重要意义.由于测量系统精度的限制和测量数据无法直接与三维显示系统相结合,这也成为逆向工程发展的一个瓶颈.对传统的基于多边形网格的生成过程及Bezier插值细化进行了深入的研究,分析了其中的缺点和不足,并在此基础上提出了三维显示模型构建的新算法,即单层串珠算法、相邻...     

Mirau相移干涉法测量微透镜阵列面形

基于Mirau相移干涉法,在实验室环境下对微透镜阵列的微表面形貌进行了轮廓测量.实验使用He-Ne激光器作为光源,干涉成像系统由Mirau干涉物镜和其他光学元件组成.在实验中使用压电陶瓷执行器作为相移器,通过5步相移法计算待测表面形貌.实验结果表明,基于Mirau相移干涉法对微透镜阵列面形的测量,水平分辨率达到1.1 μm,垂直测量准确度达到6.33 nm,垂直测量范围为5 μm.对于微透镜阵列的面形测量,通过将微透镜阵列划分为若干微小区域以保证局部面形最大高度小于5 μm,然后辅以精密平移机构进行若干次5步相移法测量局部面形,再利用相位重建所得的数据进行拼接和3D轮廓重建,最终得到整个微透镜阵列的精确微表面形貌.     

基于椭圆形光强分布光栅投影的三维面形测量方法

基于椭圆形光强分布光栅投影测量物体三维面形的方法,将椭圆形光强分布光栅投影到被测物体表面,用摄像机获取变形条纹图,通过系统参量和条纹图携带的相位信息求解出物体的三维面形.推导出通过椭圆形光强分布光栅条纹求解相位的计算公式并对提出方法作了计算机仿真.实验结果表明该方法可以比较准确地测量物体的三维面形,在噪音较大的情况下测量结果仍具有较高准确度.     

基于椭圆形光强分布光栅投影的三维面形测量方法

基于椭圆形光强分布光栅投影测量物体三维面形的方法,将椭圆形光强分布光栅投影到被测物体表面,用摄像机获取变形条纹图,通过系统参量和条纹图携带的相位信息求解出物体的三维面形.推导出通过椭圆形光强分布光栅条纹求解相位的计算公式并对提出方法作了计算机仿真.实验结果表明该方法可以比较准确地测量物体的三维面形,在噪音较大的情况下测量结果仍具有较高准确度.     

An improved edge detection algorithm for depth map inpainting

Three-dimensional (3D) measurement technology has been widely used in many scientific and engineering areas. The emergence of Kinect sensor makes 3D measurement much easier. However the depth map captured by Kinect sensor has some invalid regions, especially at object boundaries. These missing regions should be filled firstly. This paper proposes a depth-assisted edge detection algorithm and improves existing depth map inpainting algorithm using extracted edges. In the proposed algorithm, both color image and raw depth data are used to extract initial edges. Then the edges are optimized and are utilized to assist depth map inpainting. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed edge detection algorithm can extract object boundaries and inhibit non-boundary edges caused by textures on object surfaces. The proposed depth inpainting algorithm can predict missing depth values successfully and has better performance than existing algorithm around object boundaries.     

Investigation of resolution of the stereoscopic 3D images

Evaluation of 3D images is an important part of 3D display developments. In this paper, we propose an evaluation method which can reflect the characteristics of the stereoscopic 3D images in the depth direction. Perception of the depth planes is verified using a subjective evaluation method. Resolution of the stereoscopic 3D images which represents the distribution of the 3D images in the depth direction quantitatively is calculated and analyzed.     

3D combinational curves for accuracy and performance analysis of positive biometrics identification

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve has been widely used as an evaluation criterion to measure the accuracy of biometrics system. Unfortunately, such an ROC curve provides no indication of the optimum threshold and cost function. In this paper, two kinds of 3D combinational curves are proposed: the 3D combinational accuracy curve and the 3D combinational performance curve. The 3D combinational accuracy curve gives a balanced view of the relationships among FAR (false alarm rate), FRR (false rejection rate), threshold t, and Cost. Six 2D curves can be derived from the 3D combinational accuracy curve: the conventional 2D ROC curve, 2D curve of (FRR, t), 2D curve of (FAR, t), 2D curve of (FRR, Cost), 2D curve of (FAR, Cost), and 2D curve of (t, Cost). The 3D combinational performance curve can be derived from the 3D combinational accuracy curve which can give a balanced view among Security, Convenience, threshold t, and Cost. The advantages of using the proposed 3D combinational curves are demonstrated by iris recognition systems where the experimental results show that the proposed 3D combinational curves can provide more comprehensive information of the system accuracy and performance.     

Three-dimensional vertical ZnO transistors with suspended top electrodes fabricated by focused ion beam technology

Three-dimensional(3D)vertical architecture transistors represent an important technological pursuit,which have distinct advantages in device integration density,operation speed,and power consumption.However,the fabrication processes of such 3D devices are complex,especially in the interconnection of electrodes.In this paper,we present a novel method which combines suspended electrodes and focused ion beam(FIB)technology to greatly simplify the electrodes interconnection in 3D devices.Based on this method,we fabricate 3D vertical core-double shell structure transistors with ZnO channel and Al₂O₃ gate-oxide both grown by atomic layer deposition.Suspended top electrodes of vertical architecture could be directly connected to planar electrodes by FIB deposited Pt nanowires,which avoid cumbersome steps in the traditional 3D structure fabrication technology.Both single pillar and arrays devices show well behaved transfer characteristics with an Ion/Ioff current ratio greater than 106 and a low threshold voltage around 0 V.The ON-current of the 2×2 pillars vertical channel transistor was 1.2μA at the gate voltage of 3 V and drain voltage of 2 V,which can be also improved by increasing the number of pillars.Our method for fabricating vertical architecture transistors can be promising for device applications with high integration density and low power consumption.     

光栅投影式三维肖像测量的关键技术

提出了一种在光栅投影式三维肖像测量系统中光栅投影平面的标定方法,讨论了该方法在应用中需要注意的问题。根据光栅投影式测量系统所获取的三维点群的特点,提出了基于线状分布的对三维测量点群进行曲面重建的方法,在对人物肖像的拟合应用中,既可确保所生成的三角形片形状良好,又可避免三维点的遗漏、曲面裂缝或形成孔洞,生成的三角片所逼近的人物肖像具有很好的连续性和光顺性。     

复杂轮廓表面激光检测及三维重构技术的研究

基于零件实物样件的几何模型反求技术已成为CAD/CAM领域中的研究热点之一。以航空航天用MJ螺纹为对象 ,对逆向工程中的两大关键技术———表面数字化及三维重构技术进行了分析和研究。提出了用一种新型激光光纤传感器实现复杂轮廓表面的非接触数字化检测方法 ,描述了测量原理。通过二维截面轮廓图重构三维面型 ,初步的实验结果验证了此方法的有效性和实用性     

LiDAR data reduction assisted by optical image for 3D building reconstruction

The focus of LiDAR data compression and reduction has been raised in recent years due to the dramatically huge amount of points cloud. To improve the disposal efficiency of LiDAR data, a data reduction method assisted by optical image for 3D reconstruction of building facade is proposed in this article. The method involves a series of procedures of “2D feature line extraction – 3D feature line converting – buffer area of LiDAR points”. The main issue here is finding out a LiDAR point dataset around the 3D feature segment converted from 2D feature lines, which benefits to improving the efficiency of post-processing based on LiDAR data. The reduced LiDAR data can be obtained with reliable structures and accurate geometric position. Furthermore, the experiment of the LiDAR data reduction was conducted over the Xingyuan Building in Nanjing Normal University. The reduction method in this paper proved to be suit for the regular objects modeling, on the basis of the reliable and rigorous mathematical models and computer algorithms, and was a fundamental and useful approach to improve the efficiency of 3D reconstruction of building with the higher modeling accuracy.     

三维虚拟动态测量系统构建方法研究

针对传统二维测量系统存在测量精度较低、稳定性差的不足,提出一种基于数据交互的三维虚拟动态测量方法。该方法采用三维构型与总线技术同步耦合的工作方式,对三维测量系统中模型驱动的关键问题进行了研究,探讨了三维测量系统中数据交互解决方法的可行性,并将该方法应用于煤矿排水系统,完成了三维虚拟动态测量系统的开发。试验结果表明由该方法实现的三维虚拟动态测量系统具有运行稳定、操作简单、直观性强、可靠性高的优点,应用前景广阔。     

一种新的激光车辙深度测量方法研究

车辙深度测量通常使用共梁式多路激光测距传感器测量路面多个离散点,由多个测量点组成的断面信息计算车辙深度,因横向采样点间距宽,导致测量误差较大。提出了一种新的激光车辙深度测量方法,采用线激光器和三维(3D)相机组合集成测量路面3D断面,通过3D断面解算车辙深度。3D相机以一定夹角采集激光器投射在路面的线结构光图像,获取路面的3D断面数据,对断面数据通过拉依达准则进行异常值剔除,再进行旋转、平移和模型识别,最终计算路面左右轮迹和最大车辙深度。实际证明,数据重复性和相关性都达到98%以上,与传统方法相比较,该方法采样间距小、测量精度高、成本低、通用性强,具有广阔的使用推广价值。     

Bi~(3+)或Sm~(3+)掺杂对NaGd(WO_4)_2∶Eu~(3+)荧光粉结构和发光性质的影响

采用水热法制备了白光LED用NaGd_(0.95-x)(WO_4)_2∶0.05Eu~(3+),x Bi~(3+)(x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08)和NaGd_(0.95-y)(WO_4)_2∶0.05Eu~(3+),y Sm~(3+)(y=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)系列红色荧光粉,通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及荧光分光光度计等表征手段分析了样品的物相结构、颗粒形貌以及发光性质。结果表明:少量离子掺杂对NaGd(WO_4)_2的晶体结构影响较小,样品均为四方晶系、白钨矿结构的纯相;颗粒形貌呈四方盘状,且粒度均匀,分散性良好,Bi~(3+)或Sm~(3+)的引入使颗粒尺寸由原来的4μm分别增加至5μm和6μm。该系列荧光粉均可被近紫外光(394 nm)有效激发,其最强发射峰位于614 nm处,归属于Eu~(3+)的5D0→7F2电偶极跃迁。掺杂适量的Bi~(3+)或Sm~(3+)可有效提高NaGd_(0.95)(WO_4)_2∶0.05Eu~(3+)荧光粉的发光强度和红光的色纯度,其中Sm~(3+)的引入对其影响更为明显。