植物油中过氧化值的影响因素分析

菜籽油、葵花籽油、胡麻油等植物油是人们日常生活中不可缺少的食用油类,油脂中产生的过氧化物直接影响油品质量,危害人体健康。植物油中的过氧化值是按照GB5009.37-1996《食用植物油卫生标准分析方法》来进行检验[1],过氧化物是油脂在氧化过程中的中间产物,一般都以过氧化物的反应作为油脂酸败的定量测定。该法多年来一直在使用,并无好的方法代替。本法对用碘量法测定过氧化值的影响因素进行分析。1　原理油脂氧化过程中产生过氧化物,与碘化钾作用生成游离碘,以硫代硫酸钠标准溶液滴定,计算含量[2]。2　试剂饱和碘化钾溶液:称取碘化钾…     

无吡啶的费休试剂法水份分析

经典的卡尔-费休试剂法测定水,虽具有快速、准确、再现性好等优点。但试剂毒性较大,且试剂配制手续麻烦。应用有机碱类,如苯胺,吗啉、二甲苯胺、喹啉等,得到的试剂是不稳定的。我们在1976年,改用无吡啶的费休试剂:用无水乙酸钠代替吡啶和在试剂里加入比升华碘稳定的碘化钾,测定了尿素,精三聚甲醛单体,二氯乙烷,苯(水饱和溶液),酒精,三水合乙酸钠等多种样品中的微量水或常量水均得到了满意的结果。     

铁和碘化钾对碘量法测定锡的影响

在用碘量法测定钖时,溶解在碘(或碘酸钾)标准溶液中的游离氧(以下简称溶解氧)有干扰,而加铁可以消除之。但关于铁的用量,资料中相差颇大。关于碘化钾的影响问题,看法也不一致,有的认为碘化钾催化亚钖与氧的反应;有的则认为溶解氧首先氧化碘化钾而析出碘。另外,酸度对铁抑制溶解氧干扰的影响,还未见有详细的报导。对这些问题,我们进行了一些粗浅的探讨。     

碘离子选择电极测定水中游离氯

离子选择电极测微量氯,是以溴化钾还原氯为氯离子,用氯电极为指示电极,用电位法测定氯离子的含量,但过量溴必须除去。若用碘化钾还原也须除去过量碘。操作麻烦,不易控制。我们用碘化钾还原氯为氯离子,用碘离子选择电极测定过量碘离子来确定水中游离氯的含量。方法简便,快速,干扰少,能测0.1～1ppm氯。测定结果满意。实验部分 1.仪器与试剂:pHS-2型酸度计,303 型碘离子选择电极,217型甘汞电极;碘化钾标准溶液,pH_4柠檬酸缓冲液。 2.操作步骤: (1)工作曲线:取六只50毫升容量瓶,分别加入1.0MKNO_3,10~(-3)MKI及柠檬酸缓冲液,再分     

基于Fe^(2+)-Ce^(4+)体系的库仑滴定法测定药用油脂的过氧化值北大核心CSCD

药用油脂作为脂溶性药物的溶媒辅料,常用于维生素E滴丸、脂肪乳注射液等药品的生产,然而受氧气、光照及微生物等影响,油脂中不饱和脂肪酸易氧化生成过氧化自由基,通过链式反应直至油脂彻底酸败[1-2].若人体食用过量的过氧化脂质,可破坏细胞正常结构与生理功能,因此国家标准GB 2716-2018《食品安全国家标准植物油》利用过氧化值(过氧化物相当于碘的质量分数)表示油脂中过氧化物含量,以评价其氧化酸败的程度,同时《中华人民共和国药典》(2020年版)也规定了药用油脂中过氧化值的限度(不超过0.13 g/100 g).     

吸光光度法测定微量碘

对于微量碘的测定,目前报道的方法有很多,这些方法都是在一定条件下将I~-氧化为IO_3~-,再加碘化钾吸出碘,用硫代硫酸钠标准液滴定,消除过量氧化剂和减少滴定带来的误差.在以往的方法中还有砷-铈比色法,此法条件严格,操作繁琐.四氯化碳萃取比色法较麻烦且试剂易挥发、有毒害.因此本法建立了无污染、不需消除过量氧化剂的双氧水氧化比色法,该方法可应用于加碘化钾碘盐的定量监测.1 试验部分1.1 主要仪器与试剂72型分光光度计(上海分析仪器厂)碘化钾标准液:100μg·ml~(-1),准确称取碘化钾(GR)0.1308g溶于水,定容至1L.氯化钠溶液:200g·L~(-1),称取氯化钠(GR)100.0g溶于水,定容至500ml.淀粉溶液:10g·L~(-1),称取淀粉1g,加入水5ml搅拌成浑浊液,再缓慢倒入沸水50ml,然后加入甘油至100ml,加热并微沸片刻,此淀粉溶液可保存数     

有机三价碘试剂在杂环化合物合成中的应用进展

高价碘化学在过去的30年间经历了突飞猛进的发展.作为一类温和、高效、环境友好的非金属氧化试剂,高价碘化合物尤其是有机三价碘试剂被广泛应用于各种杂环化合物骨架的构建中.综述了有机三价碘试剂介导下不同环系杂环化合物合成的新策略及新方法.     

煤中碘的淋滤行为研究

用不同pH值溶液对煤进行动态淋滤实验,用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定不同pH值淋滤液在不同时间段获取的淋出液中碘的浓度,以及煤和淋滤后残留煤的高温热水解溶液中碘的含量。结果表明,淋滤液pH值、淋滤时间、煤中碘的赋存形态及在煤中的赋存部位对碘的淋出有重要影响。淋滤液的酸性越强,煤中碘的淋出越多,pH值为2.0和pH值为4.0溶液对煤中碘的淋出率(η)分别为7.22%和6.20%;但pH值为2.0溶液的淋出液中碘的量小于pH值为4.0溶液的淋出液中碘的量,其百分率(w_x)分别为1.920 0%和5.420 0%。pH 2.0淋滤液,在前30 h内淋出液中碘的平均浓度为10.9 μg/L;而pH值为4.0淋滤液,在前110 h内淋出液中碘的平均浓度为10.6 μg/L;pH值为6.0和pH值为7.5溶液能淋出煤中碘很少。在酸性溶液作用下,首先被淋出的碘是存在煤颗粒表面少量的水溶态和离子交换态碘及大部分碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化物结合态碘,然后煤基质内部的部分水溶态和离子交换态碘及少量的碳酸盐结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态碘等才被淋出。     

海带提碘实验氧化条件的原理推导与实验验证

运用能斯特方程及电极电势进行推导,经过实验验证发现,海带中提取碘的氧化条件是酸性环境,最佳氧化剂是铁盐。常规浓度的铁盐可将海带中的碘离子氧化成单质碘,而单质碘不被氧化成碘酸根离子。实验中不需要特别控制溶液pH和铁离子浓度。     

氧化还原荧光法测定痕量亚硝酸根

建立了碘化钾与亚硝酸根氧化还还原反应生成游离碘使异硫氰酸荧光素荧光猝灭测定痕量亚硝酸根的新方法,其线性范围为25－100ug/L,回归方程为ΔF＝7．98C－10．5,r=0.990,方法的检测限为12ug/L。本法快速,灵敏,操作简便,用于水样中痕量亚硝酸根的测定,结果良好。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。