绕圆柱体跨声速流场

本文将保角曲线坐标方法应用于绕物体外部的跨声速流动.文中讨论了圆柱体跨声速绕流,计算了来流马赫数M_∞。为亚临界,超临界和M_∞为l的流场.给出了不同来流马赫数下柱面马赫数和压力分布,柱面前端中心流线上马赫数分布.给出了超临界绕流时不同来流马赫数下的声速线和来流马赫数M_∞从0.2,0.3到1的等马赫数线分布.本文部分结果与已有的理论结果进行了比较.本方法计算简单,精度好,是计算厚体跨声速绕流的有效方法,适用于不同形状的柱体和机翼的跨声速绕流.     

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正2018年12月5日是《力学学报》第二任主编郭永怀先生牺牲50周年纪念日.郭永怀先生是国际著名的力学家和应用数学家、中国近代力学事业的奠基人之一、"两弹一星"元勋、中国科学院院士.郭永怀先生在高速空气动力学方面取得享誉世界的学术成果,他发现了上临界马赫数,发展了奇异摄动理论中的变形坐标法,即国际上公认的PLK方法,为人类突破声障做出了重要的贡献.他倡导了中国的高超声速空气动力学、电磁流体力学     

高超声速飞行复现风洞理论与方法

针对高超声速飞行伴随的热化学反应流动,本文回顾了郭永怀先生的科研理念和学科布局,综述了他亲手成立的高温气动团队在高超声速飞行风洞实验模拟理论与方法方面的研究进展.高温气体的迅速产生与迅速应用是一种理想的风洞运行方法,而激波管就是这样一种实验装备.论文首先介绍了激波管技术的基本理论与方程,指出将其用于高超声速流动实验模拟时所具有的独特优势.然后讨论了应用激波风洞复现需要的高超声速飞行状态的可行性、基本方程和需要解决的关键问题.针对这些关键问题,进一步介绍了如何应用爆轰现象研发激波风洞驱动技术的理论,并给出了基于爆轰驱动方法的技术发展和工程应用验证.最后,论文介绍了爆轰驱动激波风洞的界面匹配条件,该条件奠定了长实验时间激波风洞运行基础,是其他驱动方法尝试解决而没能完全解决的难题.高温气动团队关于高超声速飞行复现风洞的理论与技术研究,实现了郭永怀先生的战略规划,成就了国际领先的高超声速热化学反应流动研究平台.      

高超声速飞行复现风洞理论与方法

针对高超声速飞行伴随的热化学反应流动,本文回顾了郭永怀先生的科研理念和学科布局,综述了他亲手成立的高温气动团队在高超声速飞行风洞实验模拟理论与方法方面的研究进展.高温气体的迅速产生与迅速应用是一种理想的风洞运行方法,而激波管就是这样一种实验装备.论文首先介绍了激波管技术的基本理论与方程,指出将其用于高超声速流动实验模拟时所具有的独特优势.然后讨论了应用激波风洞复现需要的高超声速飞行状态的可行性、基本方程和需要解决的关键问题.针对这些关键问题,进一步介绍了如何应用爆轰现象研发激波风洞驱动技术的理论,并给出了基于爆轰驱动方法的技术发展和工程应用验证.最后,论文介绍了爆轰驱动激波风洞的界面匹配条件,该条件奠定了长实验时间激波风洞运行基础,是其他驱动方法尝试解决而没能完全解决的难题.高温气动团队关于高超声速飞行复现风洞的理论与技术研究,实现了郭永怀先生的战略规划,成就了国际领先的高超声速热化学反应流动研究平台.     

亚跨超声速喷管流场

本文给出保角曲线坐标下理想气体二维定常无旋等熵流函数方程的一般形式.以相应的不可压缩位势流的流线和等位线为坐标,给出简化的流函数方程和它的一般解.将上述结果应用到喷管流动,给出喉部壁面曲率半径、收缩比、壁面最大倾角都可按需要选取的,从亚声速通过跨声速到超声速的喷管流动解.这个解适用于不同比热比. 作为应用举例,本文算出典型喷管的流动特性.其中包括:低亚声速、中亚声速、高亚声速喷管流动的等马赫数线;超声速喷管流动的声速线、等马赫数线、影响线、极限特征线、分支线和等时线等. 本方法可推广到绕物体外部流动,管道内绕物体流动,叶栅流动等,特别是在跨声速区可得到较好的结果.此外,可推广到具有平衡或非平衡的化学反应的情况;也可推广到轴对称情况.     

进口预旋对离心叶轮气动性能影响机理的研究

将理论推导和数值模拟相结合,对典型离心压缩机Eckardt叶轮流场进行分析,探讨了不同进气预旋对叶轮气动性能的影响;从叶片进口攻角、叶尖相对马赫数和流向压力变化的角度,阐述了预旋对内部流动以及气动性能的影响机理。结果表明:预旋角对进口攻角和叶尖相对马赫数同时产生显著影响,正预旋会降低进口来流的攻角及相对马赫数,使叶片前缘载荷降低、叶轮效率及稳定性提升;负预旋会提升叶轮的做功能力,使总压比上升;正预旋由于降低了叶片前部做功能力,使低压流体堆积到叶片中后部,导致总压比下降;叶轮最高效率受叶尖相对马赫数与进口攻角共同影响,若提升效率必须合理协调预旋对二者的影响。     

跨声速绕流时薄翼后方扰动速度场的计算

本文以临界声速a为基准的跨声速非线性小扰动位流方程为出发方程,在垂直于来流的ζ=x平面将其变换成积分形式,并建立了跨声速绕流时薄翼后方的扰动速度场(侧洗场,下洗场)与满足线性小扰动位流方程的基元旋涡系所诱导速度场之间的关系,从而统一了亚、跨声速绕流时薄翼后方扰动速度场的计算方法。     

大型飞机阻力预示与减阻研究

简要说明了大型飞机减阻的重要意义，对国内外大型飞机计算流体动力学(CFD)和风洞实 验等阻力预示技术进行了初步的评估和分析，重点论述了大型飞机减阻气动布局及装置、减 低诱导阻力方法和减低摩阻方法的研究现状和发展趋势，指出中国需要进一步提高CFD和风 洞实验阻力预示技术水平，同时加强对气动布局、优化设计以及流动控制等基础科学技术问 题的研究. 对中国发展大型飞机能起到借鉴和参考的作用.     

矢量喷流对细长体大迎角非对称流动影响研究

采用测压方法研究了矢量喷流对细长旋成体大迎角非对称流动的影响特性.实验结果表明:矢量喷流对细长旋成体大迎角非对称侧向力有明显的抑制作用,该抑制作用是通过喷流诱导作用,改变其空间绕流涡系结构的分布来实现的,但是矢量喷流的存在并不能改变大迎角机身空间绕流涡系的本质结构;随着迎角的增大,矢量喷流对细长旋成体大迎角非对称流动的影响区域不断前移,甚至影响到头部;随着喷流落压比的增加,矢量喷流对细长旋成体大迎角非对称侧向力的抑制作用加强,但当喷流落压比达到临界落压比后(即喷管出口处达到设计马赫数时),喷流影响作用将不会随喷流落压比的增加而改变.     

高超声速MHD球头激波脱体距离理论求解

高超声速飞行器强激波后高温气体形成具有导电性的等离子体流场, 电离气体为磁场应用提供了直接工作环境, 磁流体流动控制技术利用外加磁场影响激波后的离子或电子运动规律, 这可以有效改善高超声速飞行器气动特性. 激波脱体距离作为高超声速磁流体流动控制较为直观的气动现象, 受到研究者重点关注; 磁场添加后激波脱体距离发生变化, 其变化幅度直接反映磁控效果, 然而基于高超声速磁流体流动控制的相关理论模型较少, 需要进一步发展. 本文基于低磁雷诺数假设和偶极子磁场分布的条件, 通过对连续方程沿径向积分以及对动量方程采用分离变量的方法, 推导了高超声速磁流体流动控制下的球头激波脱体距离解析表达式. 理论分析结果表明, 激波脱体距离随着磁相互作用系数的增加而变大; 随着来流速度的增加, 磁相互作用系数变为影响激波脱体距离大小的主要因素. 本文理论模型可以达到快速评估磁控效果的目的, 对高超声速磁流体流动控制实验方案设计和结果分析具有一定的指导意义.      

On Slightly Compressible Ideal Flow¶in the Half-Plane

We consider the Euler equations of barotropic inviscid compressible fluids in the half-plane. It is well known that, as the Mach number goes to zero, the compressible flows approximate the solution of the equations of motion of inviscid, incompressible fluids. In 2D (two dimensions) such limit solution exists on any arbitrary time interval, with no restriction on the size of the initial data. It is then natural to expect the same for the compressible solution, if the Mach number is sufficiently small. We decompose the solution as the sum of the irrotational part, the incompressible part and the remainder, which describes the interaction between the first two components. First we study the life span of smooth irrotational solutions, i.e., the largest time interval T(?) of existence of classical solutions, when the initial data are a small perturbation of size ? from a constant state. Related to this is a decay property for the irrotational part. Then, we study the interaction between the two components and show the existence on any arbitrary time interval, for any Mach number sufficiently small. This yields the existence of smooth compressible flow on any arbitrary time interval. For the proofs we use a combination of energy and decay estimates.     

水下亚声速细长锥型射弹超空泡流的数值计算方法

采用理想可压缩流体无旋定常流动及超空泡尾部Riabushinsky闭合方式假定,基于水动力学势流理论及细长体理论,建立了描述水下亚声速条件下细长锥型射弹超空泡流动的积分微分方程。发展了求解该方程的数值离散方法,提出多种超空泡外形初始解,分析了它们对超空泡形态计算结果的影响,优化了计算过程,简化了初始迭代条件。分析了流体压缩性对超空泡流动参数的影响,当马赫数大于0.3时,超空泡外形、射弹表面压力系数及射弹运动压差阻力系数均明显增大。计算得到的超空泡流动参数与相关文献的理论和实验结果吻合良好。     

Vorticity jump across a shock in nonuniform flow

A new relation is derived for the vorticity just downstream of a shock wave when the upstream flow is nonuniform. Aside from the vorticity contribution from a curved shock, there is an amplified upstream vorticity contribution and terms associated with upstream Mach number and stagnation enthalpy gradients, along the shock, that may be present even if the upstream flow is irrotational.     

水下亚声速细长锥型射弹超空泡形态的计算方法

采用理想可压缩流体无旋定常流动以及超空泡尾部Riabushinsky闭合方式假定,基于细长体理论和匹配渐近展开法,建立了描述水下亚声速条件下细长锥型射弹超空泡流动的积分微分方程。求解得到了考虑压缩性影响的超空泡形态1阶和2阶近似解,改进了超空泡形态的计算精度。分析了射弹高速冲击条件下流体压缩性对超空泡形态的影响,随着马赫数的增加,超空泡形态将发生更加显著的膨胀变化。计算得到的超空泡特征参数与相关文献的理论和实验结果吻合良好。     

2D Slightly Compressible Ideal Flow in an Exterior Domain

We consider the Euler equations of barotropic inviscid compressible fluids in the exterior domain. It is well known that, as the Mach number goes to zero, the compressible flows approximate the solution of the equations of motion of inviscid, incompressible fluids. In dimension 2 such limit solution exists on any arbitrary time interval, with no restriction on the size of the initial data. It is then natural to expect the same for the compressible solution, if the Mach number is sufficiently small. First we study the life span of smooth irrotational solutions, i.e. the largest time interval of existence of classical solutions, when the initial data are a small perturbation of size from a constant state. Then, we study the nonlinear interaction between the irrotational part and the incompressible part of a general solution. This analysis yields the existence of smooth compressible flow on any arbitrary time interval and with no restriction on the size of the initial velocity, for any Mach number sufficiently small. Finally, the approach is applied to the study of the incompressible limit. For the proofs we use a combination of energy estimates and a decay estimate for the irrotational part.     

UNIFIED COMPUTATION OF FLOW WITH COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID BASED ON ROE''''S SCHEME

A unified numerical scheme for the solutions of the compressible and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is investigated based on a time-derivative preconditioning algorithm. The primitive variables are pressure, velocities and temperature. The time integration scheme is used in conjunction with a finite volume discretization. The preconditioning is coupled with a high order implicit upwind scheme based on the definition of a Roe's type matrix. Computational capabilities are demonstrated through computations of high Mach number, middle Mach number, very low Mach number, and incompressible flow. It has also been demonstrated that the discontinuous surface in flow field can be captured for the implementation Roe's scheme.     

Potential flow of viscous fluids: Historical notes

In this essay I will attempt to identify the main events in the history of thought about irrotational flow of viscous fluids. I am of the opinion that when considering irrotational solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations it is never necessary and typically not useful to put the viscosity to zero. This observation runs counter to the idea frequently expressed that potential flow is a topic which is useful only for inviscid fluids; many people think that the notion of a viscous potential flow is an oxymoron. Incorrect statements like “… irrotational flow implies inviscid flow but not the other way around” can be found in popular textbooks.     

UNIFIED COMPUTATION OF FLOW WITH COMPRESSIBLE AND INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID BASED ON ROE＇S SCHEME

A unified numerical scheme for the solutions of the compressible and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is investigated based on a time-derivative preconditioning algorithm. The primitive variables are pressure, velocities and temperature. The time integration scheme is used in conjunction with a finite volume discretization. The preconditioning is coupled with a high order implicit upwind scheme based on the definition of a Roe＇s type matrix. Computational capabilities are demonstrated through computations of high Mach number, middle Mach number, very low Mach number, and incompressible flow. It has also been demonstrated that the discontinuous surface in flow field can be captured for the implementation Roe＇s scheme.     

Liquid jet in a high Mach number air stream

The instability of circular liquid jet immersed in a coflowing high velocity air stream is studied assuming that the flow of the viscous gas and liquid is irrotational. The basic velocity profiles are uniform and different. The instabilities are driven by Kelvin–Helmholtz instability due to a velocity difference and neckdown due to capillary instability. Capillary instabilities dominate for large Weber numbers. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability dominates for small Weber numbers. The wavelength for the most unstable wave decreases strongly with the Mach number and attains a very small minimum when the Mach number is somewhat larger than one. The peak growth rates are attained for axisymmetric disturbances (n = 0) when the viscosity of the liquid is not too large. The peak growth rates for the first asymmetric mode (n = 1) and the associated wavelength are very close to the n = 0 mode; the peak growth rate for n = 1 modes exceeds n = 0 when the viscosity of the liquid jet is large. The effects of viscosity on the irrotational instabilities are very strong. The analysis predicts that breakup fragments of liquids in high speed air streams may be exceedingly small, especially in the transonic range of Mach numbers.     

高压捕获翼构型亚跨超流动特性数值研究

为研究高压捕获翼布局在亚跨超条件下的流动特性, 选取圆锥?圆台机体组合捕获翼概念构型, 在马赫数0.3 ~ 3速域范围内, 选取典型状态点, 采用数值模拟在 0°攻角条件下进行了计算和分析. 结果表明, 在整个速域范围内, 由于机体与捕获翼在对称面附近的垂向距离最小, 因此二者之间的气动干扰最为明显, 且沿展向逐渐减弱. 同时, 随马赫数增大, 机体与捕获翼间的流场结构明显不同, 具体表现为: 当Ma<0.5时, 未出现流动分离现象, 当Ma>0.5时, 机体后段开始出现明显的流动分离, 由于捕获翼与机体形成先收缩后扩张的等效通道, 捕获翼下表面和机体上表面的压力均先减小后增大; 进入跨声速速域后, 在捕获翼的影响下, 流动分离更加明显, 机体与捕获翼之间开始出现激波, 并且与分离区相互作用, 同时出现激波串, 捕获翼下表面产生明显的压力波动现象, Ma=1.5时, 通道内激波位置基本到达机体尾部, 分离区基本消失; 当Ma>2以后, 整个流场呈现以激波为主导的结构形式, 捕获翼下表面和机体上表面的压力分布逐渐趋于平缓.