角锥后向反射器的数值模拟研究

鉴于实际应用的需要，考虑角锥反射器的二面角加工误差，采用矩阵光学和矢量运算方法，建立了一套适合于数值模拟的角锥反射器的后向反射数学模型，给出了角锥后向反射器光束变换及衍射传输的公式和数值模拟计算方法。分别针对理想角锥后向反射器和有二面角加工误差的角锥反射器，研究了反射光束的传输特性，分桥了入射角和传输距离对近场和远场能量分布的影响。根据卫星搭载角锥反射器的特殊要求，讨论了速差补偿方法和设计等问题，并针对卫星姿态控制的两种情况，分别提出了速差补偿的设计方案。     

利用含二面角误差的角锥棱镜阵列实现反射光束均匀发散的方法

角锥棱镜常应用于光电跟踪、卫星通信、干涉仪等领域.在一些特殊应用场合中,要求经角锥棱镜反射的光束具有一定的发散角,以实现对距离激光器较远位置处探测器的覆盖.由于标准角锥棱镜不具备对光束发散的功能,本文利用含二面角误差的角锥棱镜对反射光束的不均匀发散特性,提出利用角锥棱镜阵列实现对反射光束均匀发散的方法和设计原则.采用衍射光学理论分析了所提方法及其设计原则的可行性,并依此设计了一个发散半角为0.5 mrad的角锥棱镜阵列.分析了光束参数、结构参数对反射光束远场衍射特性的影响,结果表明,入射光斑强度分布对反射光束发散半角没有影响,当角锥阵列满足点光源条件时,传输距离对反射光斑的角向均匀性没有影响;当阵元数超过一定值时,均匀性不再显著变化,但反射光斑的强度将进一步增加.在工程应用中,角锥棱镜阵列安装方位角误差对反射特性影响不显著,但角锥棱镜二面角的加工精度对反射特性影响较大,可通过进一步增加阵元数加以解决.     

HL-2M װ��CO2 ɫɢ�����ǵĽ����׶���侵�����о�

For the influence of the mental retroreflector processing and installation error on the optical propagation, the relationship between the dihedral angle error of the retroreflector and the reflected beam was studied. The impacts of the surface and morphology of retroreflector on reflection properties was analyzed, and the reflectivity of different retroreflector cone was measured and compared. The polarization characteristics of retroreflector was also analyzed. According to the study results, for the retroreflector in CO₂ dispersion interferometer on HL-2M tokamak, the surface machining accuracy should be within 0.3μm, the dihedral angle error should be a positive tolerance and controlled within 30', the surface coating is firm and uneasy to fall off.     

HL-2M 装置CO2 色散干涉仪的金属角锥反射镜特性研究

针对金属角锥反射镜的加工装配误差对传输光路的影响,研究了金属角锥反射镜二面角误差与反射光束的关系。详细分析了金属角锥反射镜表面面型及形态对反射特性的影响,并对不同角锥反射镜各个区域的反射率进行测量对比,对金属角锥反射镜的偏振特性也进行分析。研究结果表明,应用于HL-2M 装置CO₂ 色散干涉仪中金属角锥反射镜的表面面形加工精度应在0.3μm 之内,二面角的装调误差宜为正公差且控制在30'内,且表面镀膜的膜层牢固不易脱落。     

Measurement of Dihedral Angle Errors of a Large-Aperture Space Retroreflector: Separation of the Effect of Sag Due to Gravity

A 50-cm diameter hollow cube-corner retroreflector for a space application was tested with a 60-cm interferometer. To separate the effect of sag due to gravity, the interferograms were taken at six rotational positions, with the retroreflector mounted horizontally. The zero-gravity dihedral angles and the effect of sag were estimated from the interferograms.     

The phase mode of reflected beam from laser retroreflector with dihedral angle and flatness error

The phase mode of reflected beam (PMRB) is the most important factor for determining the far field diffraction pattern (FFDP) with laser retroreflector (LR). Based on the structure of LR and ray tracing method, the additional optical path difference of the light beam with various incident angle passed through no ideal LR is induced. Combined with the expression of incident beam, the mathematical PMRB is established for LR with dihedral angle and flatness error under different incident beam conditions. The FFDP with the phase mode is simulated for Champ laser retroreflector, which validates the correctness of PMRB.     

用矢量方法分析角锥棱镜的反射特性

从现代光学角度出发,利用反射、折射定律的矢量表达式,详细分析了理想角锥棱镜对光的反射特性以及角锥棱镜存在直角误差时对其光路的影响,并用大量公式进行了理论推导和论证.同时指出要在高精度测量过程中提高检测精度,任何一个角度误差都不能忽略.该分析结果对实际工作中应用角锥棱镜作为逆向反射器所造成的误差的修正具有指导意义.     

角反射器阵列作为伪相位共轭器件的保真度分析

 研究了共光路共模块自适应光学系统中用角反射器阵列构成伪相位共轭器件,角反射器阵列形成伪相位共轭波的能力,具体计算了不同单元数的角反射器阵列形成具有Zernike多项式展开的各阶像差的波面的相位共轭的保真度。角反射器阵列的保真度决定于其单元数和阵列结构,对于不同类型的像差保真度也是不同的。最后对各种影响因素如衍射、二面角误差和面形误差等进行了分析。     

相对论电离波前与探针波二维作用产生的频率转换

利用哈密顿形式的光线追迹方程对几种作用情况下相对论电离波前导致的探针波频率转换现象进行了理论上的研究。指出探针波频率不但会上移，条件合适时还会发生下移。反射角和透射角一般也会发生显著变化。     

Calculation of the light intensity distribution reflected by a spherical cube corner retroreflector array

Because the light intensity distribution (LID) reflected by a spherical cube corner retroreflector array (SCCRA) is of great significance for the detection of the remote laser ranging to receive laser pulse echo precisely and to accomplish the function outstandingly, it is vital to find a method to calculate the LID reflected by SCCRAs with different structural parameters for the SCCRA design. Besides, considering that the reflected light goes through a complex optical system (COS) described by ABCD matrix before it reaches the detector, the method to calculate the LID should be suitable for the COS. This article derives formulae to calculate LID reflected by a SCCRA based on the lens-system diffraction formula of S.A. Collins. In the process of deriving, coordinate transformation matrixes and vector formulations are applied and the dihedral offsets are taken into account. Because the structural parameters of the SCCRA and the expression of the ABCD matrix of the COS are not limited in the deriving process, these formulae are suitable for calculation of the LID reflected by different SCCRA and going through different COS. In addition, computer simulations are applied to explain clearly how to get the LID of a SCCRA by the formulae derived in this paper.     

Double pass wave structure function in weak to strong optical turbulence

The authors have recently published one-way horizontal path wave structure function expressions for plane, spherical, and Gaussian-beam waves. Those results are based on a modification of the Rytov approximation method and, by comparison with experimental data, are believed to be valid under all irradiance fluctuation conditions. In this paper, the earlier results are extended to the double pass case in which the received wave is reflected from a smooth target. The point target case is considered for incident plane, spherical, and Gaussian-beam waves. The finite target case is considered for an incident spherical wave with reflection from a plane mirror or a retroreflector. Comparisons are made between the results derived here, the standard Rytov approximation results, and the asymptotic results given by Banakh for conditions of strong irradiance fluctuations.     

减小外差干涉一次谐波非线性误差的方法

为了补偿激光外差干涉纳米测量中的非线性误差,提出了一种减小非线性误差的一次谐波方法。基于全反射理论分析了镀膜实体角锥棱镜反射光偏振特性,并由此推导出角锥棱镜反射光偏振特性及测量角锥棱镜以其运动方向为轴线的轴向旋转对激光外差干涉非线性误差一次谐波的影响模型。理论分析表明,测量角锥棱镜以其运动方向为轴线的轴向旋转会减小非线性误差一次谐波,当测量角锥棱镜轴向旋转97°时,可使非线性误差一次谐波达到最小,约为原有非线性误差一次谐波分量的1/20倍。当激光器出射的两束线偏振光存在6°非正交误差时,镀膜实体测量角锥棱镜轴向旋转角度从0°增加到97°,非线性误差一次谐波由5.30 nm减小到0.30 nm。     

Double pass wave structure function in weak to strong optical turbulence

The authors have recently published one-way horizontal path wave structure function expressions for plane, spherical, and Gaussian-beam waves. Those results are based on a modification of the Rytov approximation method and, by comparison with experimental data, are believed to be valid under all irradiance fluctuation conditions. In this paper, the earlier results are extended to the double pass case in which the received wave is reflected from a smooth target. The point target case is considered for incident plane, spherical, and Gaussian-beam waves. The finite target case is considered for an incident spherical wave with reflection from a plane mirror or a retroreflector. Comparisons are made between the results derived here, the standard Rytov approximation results, and the asymptotic results given by Banakh for conditions of strong irradiance fluctuations.     

Optical Design of a Space Retroreflector Using a Hybrid Search

Retroreflectors on satellites are used as targets for laser ranging and laser long-path absorption measurements of atmospheric trace species. To compensate for the velocity aberration, slight tuning of the design is necessary. The curvatures of mirrors, the angles between mirrors, and the direction of the retroreflector on the satellite must be tuned to optimize the optical efficiency of the retroreflector. An enumerative scheme is not applicable when the number of parameters is large. We proposed earlier a technique using a genetic algorithm for the optical design of a space retroreflector.¹⁾ In this paper, we have improved the method introducing a hybrid technique that is a combination of a genetic algorithm and simulated annealing.     

电磁波在相对论稀薄电离波面上的反射角和透射角

对电磁波与相对论稀薄电离波面相互作用产生的反射角和透射角进行了研究，首先在波面参考系中根据电磁波在固定边界上的相位匹配条件，确定电磁波在静止电离波面上的反射角和透射角，并利用波矢量和频率和相对论变换，导出了在实验室参考系中相应的反射角和透射角的表达式，最后对所得的结果作了进一步的讨论。     

共光路共模块自适应光学系统中赝相位共轭器件应用分析

研究了角反射器阵列形成赝相位共轭波的能力,计算了其对泽尼克多项式表示的各阶像差的保真度,分析了在共光路共模块自适应光学系统中角反射器阵列与哈特曼－夏克波前传感器二者之间单元数目,位置匹配方面的问题,对失配所带来的误差进行了计算。     

Effective Reflection Area of a Cube Corner Retroreflector

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原向反射屏剩余发散角测试

 提出了玻璃微珠原向反射屏的剩余发散角概念和测试方法：将激光光束投射到原向反射屏,其反射回的激光光束成像到硫酸纸（接收屏）上。利用相机拍摄不同距离下原向反射屏的成像光斑,得到光斑的图像数据;并处理相应图像数据,计算出剩余发散角。通过实验测得所用的玻璃微珠原向反射屏的剩余发散角为0.447 8°。     

Effective Reflection Area of a Cube Corner Retroreflector

The effective reflection area of a cube corner retroreflector is defined. It is testified for a cube corner retroreflector (CCR) that the ray reflected from a CCR is not parallel with the ray incident on the CCR undersurface. The effective reflection area of CCR is calculated when the ray incident on the CCR undersurface vertically, and the effective reflection area of a CCR is two thirds of the CCR undersurface.     

由NMR获取原子间距离约束计算蛋白质三维结构

提出一种以核磁共振(NMR)技术获取蛋白质分子多肽链中原于对(主要是H—H对)的距离约束,来计算蛋白质在溶液中的三维结构的方法。这种方法把肽平面之间的二面角当作独立变量,通过从局部到整体逐渐最优化的方法使适当构造的目标函数最小,计算出这些二面角,以及主链每个残基上六种原子N、H~N、C~α、H~α、C′、O的空间坐标.本方法已编写成计算程序DISNMA,并以碱性胰蛋白酶抑制剂(BPTI)为标准结构,得到了很好的验证.