光亲和标记磷脂酸类似物的合成

合成了光敏基团位于sn-1脂肪酰基上的光亲和标记磷脂酸(PA)类似物,选用了有较高C-H插入效率的全氟苯基叠氮化合物作为光敏基团.用酶化学方法在PA类似物中引入了同位素标记³³P.初步实验表明,合成的PA类似物与天然PA一样对cAMP-磷酸二酯酶有激活作用,提示合成的PA类似物可进一步用于该酶的光亲和标记.     

核酸光化学生物学

光敏感基团作为光化学开关被广泛应用于各种生物过程的光调控中。特别是过去十几年内,核苷酸、寡聚核苷酸和DNA/RNA的光敏修饰策略得到了长足的发展,并在细胞信号传导和靶基因的功能调控等诸多生物学研究中发挥重要的作用。本文主要针对常用的光敏感基团、光敏感核酸及其化学生物学研究进展进行简要综述,并对未来核酸光化学生物学的研究进行了展望。     

光敏开关及其在化学生物学中的应用*

近年来随着生物医学技术的发展,人们需要越来越细致地在分子水平上研究各种生命过程。为了能够实现实时原位地观察活细胞或组织中的生命化学过程,需要使用以物理方法来选择性激活的分子探针。以共聚焦激光技术为基础的光敏开关能很好地解决这一问题。迄今,发展和用于光敏开关的光敏剂已成为化学生物学研究的重要方向。本文重点总结了各种可应用于共聚焦激光系统的单、双光子光敏基团（单光子的光敏基团主要有：硝基苯类、香豆素类等;双光子光敏基团主要有：香豆素类、喹啉类及吲哚衍生物类）以及这几类光敏基团在化学生物学中的应用。     

光敏表面活性剂的研究进展及应用前景

本文综述了光敏表面活性剂的研究进展,指出光敏表面活性剂因所含光敏基团的不同,会发生不同类型的光化学反应,其反应类型主要有光异构、光裂解、光致极性变化、光聚合等几种;并根据光敏表面活性剂的优良特性,介绍了其在环境修复、纳米材料制备、生物医药等方面的应用现状,同时展望了应用前景。     

一种阿霉素/NO供体光敏纳米复合物的合成与性质研究

以硫化铜纳米晶(CuS-NCs)为核心,聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺接枝壳聚糖(PNIPAM-g-CS)微粒为壳合成一种新型光敏纳米复合材料.在温度的调节下,N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)包覆CuS纳米晶,并接枝壳聚糖(CS),合成CuS杂PNIPAM-g-CS纳米复合材料.CuS在近红外光(980 nm)照射下具有光热效应,导致纳米复合物中PNIPAM-g-CS微粒受热体积收缩.负载阿霉素,这种纳米复合物就可作为光热诱导释放阿霉素的多功能纳米载体.再负载NO光敏供体(RBS),就可制备出阿霉素/RBS双负载的CuS杂PNIPAM-g-CS纳米载体.在可见光(365 nm)照射下,RBS光解释放NO.近红外光和可见光分别触发纳米载体释放阿霉素和NO,加上CuS纳米晶的光热效应,这种纳米载体可实现光触发双药物释放协同光热化疗杀伤肿瘤细胞.     

光致驱动聚醚的主/侧链结构设计及光致形变性能调控

报道了一种通过开环聚合与点击化学侧基修饰制备的后功能化光敏性聚醚材料.以烯丙基缩水甘油醚(AGE)为前驱体,通过新戊酸铯催化可控阴离子开环聚合(ROP)获得聚烯丙基缩水甘油醚(PAGE),并通过巯基-烯(Thiol-ene)点击化学和酯化两步反应将光敏基团肉桂酰氯引入到PAGE侧链上,合成了具有光敏特性的聚醚. PAGE的主链长度与肉桂酰氯侧基接枝率可分别通过调控单体/引发剂比例与反应时间灵活调控.将所得侧链修饰后的PAGE预聚物进行光固化成型,获得的光敏性聚酯薄膜具有较低的玻璃化转变温度(T_g),同时可在365和254 nm波长紫外光照下发生可逆[2+2]环加成反应,展现出快速可逆的变形特征.本工作通过开环聚合与点击化学反应设计优化了聚醚主侧链结构,为拓宽光功能性聚醚的使用温度窗口、提升其光致变形灵敏度提供了思路,有望使所得材料进一步在药物可控释放、柔性智能机器人等领域得到更加广泛的应用.     

光敏聚合物“Photozid”

线型聚合物的光交联可用光敏交联剂,或是在线型大分子上接以光敏基团来实现。将这种线型聚合物暴露在紫外光下,就能交联生成三向网状物。“Photozid”是一种含有光敏基团以及其它官能团的大分子。它用途之广泛已超过了一般的光聚合物。“Photozid”中的光敏基团是磺酰叠氮基团,光解后能生成高活性的产物:(RSO_2N),插入碳氢键。“Photozid”也可以和一些聚合底物发生光结合,又由于它的分子中含有羧基故可使线型聚合物溶解在水溶液体系中,羧基还可增加“Photozid”与金属和玻璃的粘结力,在光显象中可起染料接纳体的作用。     

高分子三重态敏化剂的研究——Ⅳ.高分子苯乙酮及其衍生物的光谱、磷光量子产率及光敏化光稳定问题的研究

本工作合成和研究了高分子苯乙酮及其衍生物的光谱、磷光量子产率、磷光寿命以及光敏化、光稳定等问题.结果表明高分子光敏化剂和光稳定剂保持着它们原来相应小分子的光化学和光物理行为.高分子敏化剂由于T-T湮灭,分子链中的光敏基团的含量存在一最佳值,此时磷光量子产率最高,敏化效率最好.但高分子光稳定剂则光稳定基团含量愈高光稳定能力愈强.     

刺激响应型微胶囊的可控释放研究进展

刺激响应型微胶囊由于具有独有的高稳定性、多功能性、膜结构的可调性、以及对不同芯材的运送能力,在药物封装和释放、人造细胞、催化、化学传感器等领域具有广阔的应用前景.本文综述了近年来不同刺激响应型复合微胶囊的可控释放的研究进展,包括温敏型、pH响应型、磁响应型、生物响应型、电响应型,以及光响应型微胶囊,根据释放机理的不同着重对光响应型微胶囊的释放过程进行了总结,并对微胶囊可控释放在未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

四异丙氧基酞菁锌配合物的合成及其表征

光动力疗法(Photodynamic therapy)是基于光敏剂的化学物质的光行为.光敏化氧化指一种光敏性物质吸收特定波长的光,经过一系列物理、化学或生物反应,导致另外一种物质(底物通常未吸收光)氧化变质的现象.这种光敏性物质称为光敏剂,光敏剂本身在反应前后通常没有变化.在生物医学上,光动力学疗法(PDT)是一种应用光敏剂和光动力学反应原理来治疗各种癌症和其它恶性疾病的方法.和传统疗法(如外科手术、治疗、化疗)相比较,光动力学疗法最大的优点是可选择性诊断和治疗肿瘤,基本上不危及生命.现在临床应用的光疗药物为血咔啉衍生物(Haematoporphrin derivatien HPD),HPD治疗癌症在美国和其它国家治疗取得了许多重要的进展,但它有许多难以克服的致命缺点如成分复杂、来源困难、体内滞留时间长、毒副作用大和选择性差、波长大于600nm以上可见光区吸收弱.这些弱点限制了HPD在PDT中的应用,因此,人们积极寻找性能优良的一代光疗药物来代替HPD.     

C=C Bond Oxidative Cleavage of BODIPY Photocages by Visible Light

Photocages for protection and the controlled release of bioactive compounds have been widely investigated. However, the vast majority of these photocages employ the cleavage of single bonds and high-energy ultraviolet light. The construction of a photoactivation system that uses visible light to cleave unsaturated bonds still remains a challenge. Herein, we report a regioselective oxidative cleavage of C=C bonds from a boron-dipyrrolemethene (BODIPY)-based photocage by illumination at 630 nm, resulting in a free aldehyde and a thiol fluorescent probe. This strategy was demonstrated in live HeLa cells, and the generated α-formyl-BODIPY allowed real-time monitoring of aldehyde release in the cells. In particular, it is shown that a mannose-functionalized photocage can target HepG2 cells.     

Carbanion-mediated photocages: rapid and efficient photorelease with aqueous compatibility

A new photocage is proposed, based on ketoprofen-derived compounds and mediated by carbanions. The new photocage has significant advantages over the widely used o-nitrobenzyl derivatives, including aqueous compatibility, faster photorelease, higher quantum yield, and innocuous byproducts. The photorelease of ibuprofen illustrates the properties of the new photocage.     

Oxime as a general photocage for the design of visible light photo-activatable fluorophores

Photoactivatable fluorophores have been widely used for tracking molecular and cellular dynamics with subdiffraction resolution. In this work, we have prepared a series of photoactivatable probes using the oxime moiety as a new class of photolabile caging group in which the photoactivation process is mediated by a highly efficient photodeoximation reaction. Incorporation of the oxime caging group into fluorophores results in loss of fluorescence. Upon light irradiation in the presence of air, the oxime-caged fluorophores are oxidized to their carbonyl derivatives, restoring strong fluorophore fluorescence. To demonstrate the utility of these oxime-caged fluorophores, we have created probes that target different organelles for live-cell confocal imaging. We also carried out photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) imaging under physiological conditions using low-power light activation in the absence of cytotoxic additives. Our studies show that oximes represent a new class of visible-light photocages that can be widely used for cellular imaging, sensing, and photo-controlled molecular release.

Photoactivatable fluorophores have been widely used for tracking molecular and cellular dynamics with subdiffraction resolution.     

A general approach to cellulosic material with controlled slow release of active substances by derivatization of a cellulosic carrier matrix with trifunctional triazines

Novel trifunctional triazines (“TATORT reagents”) for the modification of cellulosic material were prepared from cyanuric chloride. The compounds employ a cellulose-reactive anchor group for fixation, an active substance showing slow release properties, and a reactivity tuner to facilitate release control. According to this approach, humidity acts as an external trigger to “switch on” the slow-release. While the release-compounds are completely stable under dry conditions, the active substances are released simply by surrounding moisture. The reactivity tuner controls the rate of the release: by choosing an appropriate tuner, the concentration maximum can be set anytime between minutes and several weeks. The release kinetics depends mainly on the structure of reactivity tuner and active substance, but only insignificantly on the type of the (cellulosic) carrier matrix. Apart from the inherent limitation to phenolic and carboxylic active substances, the approach is quite general as the active substances may encompass wide ranges of compounds and applications.     

Semiconductor quantum dots photosensitizing release of anticancer drug

A new photo-controlled anticancer drug release system is reported based on the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) between semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and N-methyl-4-picolinium (NAP) ester 1 under the excitation of visible light.     

A Sunscreen-Based Photocage for Carbonyl Groups

Photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) have been exploited in a wide range of chemical and biological applications, due to their ability to provide spatial and temporal control over light-triggered activation. In this work, we explore the concept of a new photocage compound based on the commercial UVA/UVB filter oxybenzone (OB; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) for photoprotection and controlled release of carbonyl groups. The point here is that oxybenzone not only acts as a mere PPG, but also provides, once released, UV photoprotection to the carbonyl derivative. This design points to a possible therapeutic approach to reduce the severe photoadverse effects of drugs containing a carbonyl chromophore.     

CuproCleav-1, a first generation photocage for Cu+

By utilizing thioether ligands, CuproCleav-1 stabilizes Cu(+) complexes in aqueous solution and releases the guest metal ion upon photolysis of the nitrobenzyl group. The photocage has an apparent K(d) of 54 pM for Cu(+), and metal ion release has been demonstrated using the fluorescent sensor CS1.     

Dimethylsulfone as a universal standard for analysis of organics by QNMR

Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (QNMR) is a primary analytical method which allows the use of a standard not directly related to the target analyte. This could allow the introduction of a single universal reference material (URM) to which all other organic standard reference materials/certified reference materials may be compared. Dimethylsulfone is a simple substance that fulfils all criteria necessary as the URM to which the QNMR analysis of all other organic substances may be referenced and hence we propose this as a candidate for this purpose.     

Inside Back Cover: A Near-Infrared Light-Activated Photocage Based on a Ruthenium Complex for Cancer Phototherapy (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 24/2023)

Conventional photocages only respond to short wavelength light, which is a significant obstacle to developing efficient phototherapy in vivo. The development of photocages activated by near-infrared (NIR) light at wavelengths from 700 to 950 nm is important for in vivo studies but remains challenging. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a photocage based on a ruthenium (Ru) complex with NIR light-triggered photocleavage reaction. The commercial anticancer drug, tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), was coordinated to the Ru^II center to create the Ru-based photocage that is readily responsive to NIR light at 760 nm. The photocage inherited the anticancer properties of THC. As a proof-of-concept, we further engineered a self-assembled photocage-based nanoparticle system with amphiphilic block copolymers. Upon exposure to NIR light at 760 nm, the Ru complex-based photocages were released from the polymeric nanoparticles and efficiently inhibited tumor proliferation in vivo.     

Semi‐quantitative non‐target analysis of water with liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry: How far are we?

Combining high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with liquid chromatography (LC) has considerably increased the capability of analytical chemistry. Among others, it has stimulated the growth of the non‐target analysis, which aims at identifying compounds without their preceding selection. This approach is already widely applied in various fields, such as metabolomics, proteomics, etc. The applicability of LC/HRMS‐based non‐target analysis in environmental analyses, such as water studies, would be beneficial for understanding the environmental fate of polar pollutants and evaluating the health risks exposed by the new emerging contaminants. During the last five to seven years the use of LC/HRMS‐based non‐target analysis has grown rapidly. However, routine non‐target analysis is still uncommon for most environmental monitoring agencies and environmental scientists. The main reasons are the complicated data processing and the inability to provide quantitative information about identified compounds. The latter shortcoming follows from the lack of standard substances, considered so far as the soul of each quantitative analysis for the newly discovered pollutants. To overcome this, non‐target analyses could be combined with semi‐quantitation. This Perspective aims at describing the current methods for non‐target analysis, the possibilities and challenges of standard substance‐free semi‐quantitative analysis, and proposes tools to join these two fields together.