土壤中多环芳烃修复技术的研究进展

近年来我国的土壤污染问题日益严重,严重危害着人类的生活环境与身体健康,其中主要的有机污染物之一为多环芳烃(PAHs)。PAHs作为一种持久性有机污染物在全球范围内广泛存在,其主要污染来源于人为因素。由于PAHs复杂的杂环芳环结构、较强的疏水性和较高的热稳定性等,使其在土壤中不易自然降解因而具有较高的持久性。本文综述PAHs的主要污染来源、暴露途径及其对人体的危害,并从物理、化学和生物三个方面简要介绍土壤中PAHs的修复方法,并分析每种方法的优势以及面临的挑战。新兴的修复技术结合三种修复技术的优点,具有更好的修复效果和应用前景,但仍存在着一些亟待解决的问题。期望本文能为土壤中PAHs的修复提供借鉴,并为今后的研究方向提供新的思路。     

南充市表层土壤中多环芳烃的源解析研究

运用同分异构体比率、聚类分析法和主成分因子载荷法对南充市表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染源进行了定性和定量分析。研究表明:同分异构体比率分析揭示表层土壤中PAHs污染来源以燃烧源为主;聚类分析将土壤中13种PAHs组分分成3个主群,3个主群分别指示为交通类PAHs污染、煤燃烧类PAHs污染和混合类PAHs污染。主成分因子/多元线性回归分析显示,PAHs主要来源于3大污染源,并定量计算了3种源的贡献量,其中交通燃油污染的贡献率最大(占42.4%),而燃煤燃烧排放、混合污染所占比例分别为32.4%和25.2%。     

土壤中多环芳烃的高效液相色谱测定研究及应用

本文用高效液相色谱方法分离测定土壤中的多环芳烃，通过改变不同的流动相组成使１５种多环芳烃完全分离，并分别得到１５种物质的最低检出限和线性范围，被试验的４种多环度烃的回收率为９６％－１１２％，本文最后对深圳河的实际土壤样品进行了测度定，一些多环节芳烃被检出。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃和多氯联苯

研究土壤中持久性有机污染物的含量可以为区域环境治理和来源解析提供基础数据。本文通过固相萃取结合气相色谱-串联质谱法建立了16种多环芳烃和15种多氯联苯的检测方法,并优化了固相萃取净化方法、色谱条件以及质谱碰撞能量。结果表明16种多环芳烃和15种多氯联苯的标准曲线线性关系良好,方法线性相关系数r~20.999,方法的检出限为0.1~2.5μg·kg~(-1),16种多环芳烃的平均加标回收率范围为62.5%~113.5%,相对标准偏差在2.3%~8.2%之间,15种多氯联苯的平均加标回收率范围为62.6%~91.4%,相对标准偏差在5.2%~7.8%之间。方法的准确度和精密度较高,通过对实际样品的测定,说明该方法具有较低的检出限及较强的抗干扰能力,能满足土壤中多环芳烃和多氯联苯的检测要求。     

HPLC法测定矿物油中多环芳烃

选择使用广泛且组成较复杂的润滑油基础油为代表,进行矿物油中多环芳烃的眦测定方法研究.探讨了样品的提取、固相萃取柱净化等前处理方法,同时也对眦的仪器测定条件进行了优化.     

超高效液相色谱荧光检测器测定土壤中多环芳烃

建立了超高效液相色谱系统(UPLC)荧光检测土壤中15种美国环境保护署(USEPA)优控的多环芳烃(PAHs),简化了土壤样品中PAHs的前处理过程。UPLC对15种PAHs分离时间为17 min,流速为0.4 mL/min。荧光检测器对15种PAHs的检出限为0.03~1.53μg/L,6次重复测定的峰面积相对标准偏差为0.12%~0.99%。除了萘和苊外,土样加标的平均回收率为82.9%~103.4%。由于色谱柱的较高分辨率以及荧光检测器的较高选择性,在定性和定量研究土壤样品中的PAHs时,提取物的硅胶柱净化步骤可以省略。     

超声-微波协同萃取装置用于土壤中多环芳烃的分析

本研究将开放式微波和直接超声波振荡两种不同的能量方式相结合,研制出超声-微波协同萃取装置。通过萃取土壤中微量多环芳烃(PAHs),对方法和仪器的可行性进行了初步评价。结果表明,在60 mL二氯甲烷-正已烷(1∶1,V/V)的混合萃取剂,100 W微波辐射功率(超声振动功率固定为50 W),萃取9~10m in,土壤中多环芳烃回收率达86.6%,相对标准偏差约4.0%。与索氏抽提、高压密闭和开放式微波等萃取方法相比,本方法具有样品容量大,萃取时间短,萃取效率受样品中含水量和溶剂极性影响小等优点。     

基于流式细胞术的活性多环芳烃降解菌检测技术

建立了流式细胞术快速检测多环芳烃降解菌数量和活性细菌的方法.用超纯水制备1×103～1×105 cells/mL多环芳烃降解菌的菌悬液,利用SYBR Green/碘化丙啶(SG/PI)进行染色,采用流式细胞仪进行检测.以FL1和FL3为检测器检测荧光强度,设定阈值为600,菌悬液流速为33 mL/min,计数率保持在1...     

多环芳烃暴露的生物标志物——尿中羟基多环芳烃

多环芳烃(PAHs) 是典型的持久性有机污染物,在职业高PAHs 暴露环境下,容易诱发肺癌、皮肤癌等癌症。对PAHs 的暴露评价可为流行病学研究和污染物风险评价等提供有效的数据。由于暴露途径的复杂化,采用尿样中PAHs 的代谢产物———羟基多环芳烃作为标志物来综合评价人体对PAHs 的内暴露情况已经成为研究的热点。本文系统介绍了多环芳烃的吸收、代谢、尿中PAHs 代谢产物的主要存在形式、主要的生物标志物以及它们的主要影响因素。     

超高效液相色谱法检测土壤中的多环芳烃

采用二极管阵列(PDA)检测器,建立了超高效液相色谱(UPLC)定性定量分析土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的方法。并将该方法与传统高效液相色谱(HPLC)的分析性能进行了详细的比较。研究结果表明,采用UPLC法分析16种PAHs具有分析速度快(13.5 min)、检出限低(2～20 pg)、灵敏度高等优点。     

Carbon Quantum Dots Bridged TiO2/CdIn2S4 toward Photocatalytic Upgrading of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Benzaldehyde

Conversion of hazardous compounds to value-added chemicals using clean energy possesses massive industrial interest. This applies especially to the hazardous compounds that are frequently released in daily life. In this work, a S-scheme photocatalyst is optimized by rational loading of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) during the synthetic process. As a bridge, the presence of CQDs between TiO₂ and CdIn₂S₄ improves the electron extraction from TiO₂ and supports the charge transport in S-scheme. Thanks to this, the TiO₂/CQDs/CdIn₂S₄ presents outstanding photoactivity in converting the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released by cigarette to value-added benzaldehyde. The optimized photocatalyst performs 87.79% conversion rate and 72.76% selectivity in 1 h reaction under a simulated solar source, as confirmed by FT-IR and GC-MS. A combination of experiments and theoretical calculations are conducted to demonstrate the role of CQDs in TiO₂/CQDs/CdIn₂S₄ toward photocatalysis.     

Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Remediation of Simulated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contaminated Wastewater under Visible Light Irradiation by Graphene Oxide Enwrapped Ag3PO4 Composite.

Effective removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from wastewater before their discharge into the environment is an ever pressing requirement. In this study, for the first time, simulated PAHs contaminated wastewater was photocatalytically remediated with graphene oxide (GO) enwrapped silver phosphate as visible light‐driven photocatalysts. The GO/Ag₃PO₄ photocatalysts exhibited superior photocatalytic activity and stability compared with pure Ag₃PO₄, g‐C₃N₄ and TiO₂ (P25). The degradation efficiency of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene could reach 49.7%, 100.0% and 77.9%, rspectively within 5 min irradiation. The apparent rate constants of photocatalytic degradation of 3 wt% GO/Ag₃PO₄ composite photocatalyst were 0.14, 1.21 and 2.46 min⁻¹ for naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene, respectively. They were about 1.8, 1.5 and 2.0 times higher than that of pure Ag₃PO₄, and much higher than that of g‐C₃N₄ and TiO₂. Meanwhile, the efficiencies of 44.6%, 95.2% and 83.8% were achieved for naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene degradation even after 5 times of recycling in the GO/Ag₃PO₄‐PAHs photocatalysis system. Reactive species of ∙O₂⁻ and h⁺ were considered as the main participants for oxidizing naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene.     

An Isosteric Triaza Analogue of a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Monkey Saddle

Since a few years, the interest in negatively-curved fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has significantly increased. Recently, the first chiral negatively-curved PAH with the topology of a monkey saddle was introduced. Herein the synthesis of its triaza congener is reported. The influence of this CH↔N exchange on photophysical and electrochemical properties is studied as well as the isomerization process of the enantiomers. The aza analogue has a significantly higher inversion barrier, which makes it easier to handle at room temperature. All experimental results are underpinned by theoretical DFT calculations.     

Influence of Plant Extract Addition to Marinades on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation in Grilled Pork Meat

Marinating is one of the most common methods of pre-processing meat. Appropriate selection of marinade ingredients can influence the physicochemical properties of the meat and can reduce the level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the final product. The effects of the inclusion of natural plant extracts such as bay leaf (BL), black pepper (BP), turmeric (TU), jalapeno pepper (JP) and tamarind paste (TA) in marinades on the physicochemical properties of grilled pork neck were studied. The addition of spice extracts to marinades increased the proportion of colour components L* and b*. The use of TU, TA, JP, MX and C marinades lowered the hardness and pH of the meat. The highest phenolic compound levels were observed in the case of the mixture of all extracts (MX) and JP marinades, and the highest total antioxidant capacity was exhibited by the BL and MX marinades. The highest PAH content was recorded in the CON marinade (Σ12PAH 98.48 ± 0.81 µg/kg) and the lowest in the JP marinade (4.76 ± 0.08 µg/kg), which had the strongest, statistically significant reducing effect (95% reduction) on PAH levels. Analysis of correlation coefficients showed a relationship between the total antioxidant capacity of the marinades and the PAH content in grilled pork.     

BN‐Embedded Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Oligomers: Synthesis,Aromaticity, and Reactivity

BN‐embedded oligomers with different pairs of BN units were synthesized by electrophilic borylation. Up to four pairs of BN units were incorporated in the large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Their geometric, photophysical, electrochemical, and Lewis acidic properties were investigated by X‐ray crystallography, optical spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The B?N bonds show delocalized double‐bond characteristics and the conjugation can be extended through the trans‐orientated aromatic azaborine units. Calculations reveal the relatively lower aromaticity for the inner azaborine rings in the BN‐embedded PAH oligomers. The frontier orbitals of the longer oligomers are delocalized over the inner aromatic rings. Consequently, the inner moieties of the BN‐embedded PAH oligomers are more active than the outer parts. This is confirmed by a simple oxidation reaction, which has significant effects on the aromaticity and the intramolecular charge‐transfer interactions.     

高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定土壤中的多环芳烃

多环芳烃(简称PAHs)是一类具有致癌、致畸以及能够诱导有机体突变的环境有机污染物。可靠的PAHs检测方法是研究其环境行为的重要保证。由于高效液相色谱-荧光检测法具有不需要高温、对某些PAHs有较高的分辨率和高灵敏度、柱后流出组分便于收集进行光谱鉴定等优点,近年来被广泛应用于PAHs的检测。实验在对美国环保局(USEPA)优先监测的15种PAHs污染物在土壤中的含量进行测定时,重点优化了梯度洗脱程序和检测波长程序。优化后的方法对15种PAHs的最低检出限为0.12～1.57 μg/kg,回收率为73%～126%,相对标准偏差为0.53%～3.57%。结果表明,该方法用于测定土壤中PAHs的含量,具有检出限低、灵敏度高和重复性好等优点,是一个较为可靠的检测方法。     

脉冲激光溅射合成全氯代多环芳烃

受Ｋｒａｔｓｃｈｅｒ等［１］电弧法合成Ｃ６０工作的启发,本课题组近年来以独创的液相电弧、微波放电等方法,合成了Ｃ５０及其多种全氯代碎片［２－５］．本文通过我们最近发展的脉冲激光溅射方法在四氯化碳的蒸汽中溅射石墨,得到丰富的克量级产物．这些产物经ＨＰＬＣ－ＵＶ－ＭＳ联用技术,表征为全氯代多环芳烃．其中部分物质含有五元环,可以看作是富勒烯形成过程中产生的全氯代碎片,该研究结果不仅有助于了解富勒烯的形成机理,而且展示了激光溅射合成法应用前景．１实验部分 实验在特制的反应装置上进行,所用的脉冲激光为Ｑ－…     

溴代稠环芳烃的氧化溴化法合成

以HBr/H2O2为溴化体系,采用氧化溴化法合成了6种稠环芳烃的溴化物。 合成反应无需催化剂,通过控制反应温度和溴化试剂用量,可以在稠环芳烃化合物的活性位选择性地单溴化或双溴化,产率可达51.1%～94.2%。 产品经熔点和1H NMR法确认,合成操作简单安全,环境污染少,有工业应用前景。     

Helical Ullazine-Quinoxaline-Based Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylides (PAMYs) are powerful building blocks in the bottom-up synthesis of internally nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) through 1,3-cycloaddition reactions. In this work, the cycloaddition reaction of PAMYs to asymmetric ortho-quinones is presented, which, in contrast to the addition to symmetric para-quinones, facilitates subsequent condensation reactions and allows the synthesis of three helical N-PAHs with ullazine-quinoxaline ( UQ - 1 – 3 ) backbones. UQ - 1 and UQ - 2 possess two helical centers; however, single-crystal X-ray analysis together with the computational modeling of UQ - 3 elucidate the formation of only the thermodynamically most stable geometry with four helical centers in a (P,P,M,M) configuration. For the series UQ - 1 – 3 , the number of redox steps is directly correlated with the number of ullazine or quinoxaline units incorporated into the targeted molecular backbones. A detailed investigation of the spectroscopic and magnetic properties of the radical cation and anion as well as the dication and dianion species by in situ EPR/UV/Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry is provided. The excellent optical and redox properties combined with helical geometries render them possibly applicable as chiral emitter or ambipolar charge transport material in organic electronics.