主族元素取代的罗丹明近红外荧光染料探针

近红外荧光染料探针因其信噪比高、组织穿透力强、对生物样品光损伤小等优势,在生物荧光成像领域备受瞩目.主族元素取代的罗丹明染料探针,不仅具有生物样品适用的近红外光谱性质,同时还保留了传统罗丹明的诸多优点,其中以硅原子取代的罗丹明分子中的氧原子而形成的硅基罗丹明染料探针最为突出.基于其优越的近红外光化学性质,硅基罗丹明染料探针已经广泛应用于生物样品的荧光识别成像.主族元素取代的罗丹明近红外荧光染料探针的发展,丰富了荧光染料探针的种类和数量,拓展了荧光染料探针的应用.本文综述了近年来主族元素取代的罗丹明染料的发展,主要探讨了探针的设计思路、荧光信号调控机制及其近红外成像应用.     

用于细胞成像的双氰基二苯代乙烯衍生物双光子荧光银离子探针

双光子荧光显微成像兼具诸如近红外激发、暗场成像、避免荧光漂白和光致毒、定靶激发、高横向分辨率与纵向分辨率、降低生物组织吸光系数及降低组织自发荧光干扰等特点,显著地优于单光子荧光显微成像,为生命科学研究提供了更为便利的工具.因此双光子荧光探针适合于生物检测与成像.制备了衍生于二苯代乙烯的双光子荧光银离子探针,此探针以拥有异常大的双光子吸收截面(6TPA)的4-甲基-2,5-二氰基-4'-氨基二苯乙烯(DCS)作为双光子荧光母体,以6-芳基-3,9-二硫-6-氮杂癸烷(TAU)为Ag+配体.探针显示了大的δTPA(在MeCN中,950 GM)、对银离子有高的灵敏性与选择性、强的双光子荧光(790 nm激光激发时).探针的络合常数为IgK=5.76±0.05.探针能选择性地检测和成像活细胞中的游离Ag+,可用于细胞中微量Ag+的分析检测与成像.此探针为开发理想的双光子荧光探针提供了可供借鉴的平台.     

量子点标记的生物实时动态示踪成像研究进展

量子点的荧光特性及其在生物标记和成像应用中的实现, 为生命体系的高灵敏原位、实时及动态成像研究提供了新的发展契机, 已成为当前生物检测和成像的最前沿研究领域之一. 本文综述了量子点光物理性质、量子点标记生物荧光探针制备及其在实时动态示踪成像应用中的研究进展.     

基于硅杂蒽类染料的荧光探针及其应用

近年来,荧光成像技术为人们研究活体细胞及组织内的化学生物学过程提供了有效的研究工具,可以无损、实时、原位地以高时空分辨率实现对目标物进行生物荧光成像与分析。荧光成像技术在生物学、环境监测、临床诊断和药物发现等诸多研究领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。生物荧光成像技术的最新进展对发展新型小分子荧光染料及探针提出了更高的要求。激发和发射波长位于近红外光区（600~900 nm）的荧光染料及探针由于具有光毒性低、生物分子自发荧光干扰小、光散射低、组织穿透能力强等优点,非常适合用于生物荧光成像领域。通过将罗丹明分子中O桥原子用Si代替,得到了一类新型的探针分子--硅杂蒽类荧光探针。这类染料分子在保留了氧杂蒽荧光染料优越的光学性质的同时,光谱发生明显红移,满足了近红外荧光检测的要求,具有良好的生物相容性。本文综述了近年来基于硅杂蒽及其衍生物荧光探针的合成及在金属离子、pH值、小分子、生物酶等检测方面的研究进展,并且简要阐述了基于硅杂蒽类探针分子的识别检测机理以及其在生物成像等方面的应用。     

近红外二区有机小分子荧光探针

荧光成像凭借灵敏度高、特异性强等诸多优势在重大疾病的诊疗领域发挥着重要作用.然而传统的近红外一区（NIR-I,700~900 nm）荧光成像存在组织穿透性差等问题,限制了其临床应用.近红外二区（NIR-II,1000~1700 nm）荧光成像可以极大地减弱生物组织对光的吸收、散射和自发荧光,从而显著提升成像深度及成像效果.在众多NIR-II荧光探针中,有机小分子由于具有毒性低、代谢快等优点正成为该领域的研究热点.作者以近年来NIR-II有机小分子荧光探针的发展为主体,概括了提升探针荧光量子产率的策略,分别就可激活型、多模态成像型和诊疗一体化型NIR-II荧光探针进行分类讨论,系统介绍了近年来该领域内的研究成果,并针对NIR-II荧光探针未来的发展进行了展望.     

用于疾病诊断的Gd~Ⅲ/量子点多模态成像探针的构建

结合核磁共振成像(MRI)和荧光成像技术,以钆离子、近红外低毒量子点、二氧化硅和聚丙烯酸(PAA)等为原料,采用一系列纳米载体自组装技术,构建出MRI弛豫率/荧光效率高和生物相容性好的GdⅢ/量子点多模态纳米探针.结果表明,与未螯合GdⅢ的量子点纳米探针相比,GdⅢ/量子点多模态纳米探针具有更高的弛豫率;t1-加权MRI成像也证实了GdⅢ/量子点多模态纳米探针具有很好的阳性造影功效.     

吲哚七甲川类荧光探针在生物体应用的研究现状

菁染料是一种商品化的近红外荧光染料, 其光谱范围位于近红外区域, 此光谱区域内生物基体光吸收或荧光强度较小, 因此利用菁染料对生物体进行成像, 可以降低背景干扰. 吲哚七甲川菁染料是一类具有代表性的菁染料, 其由吲哚杂环、七甲川链和N-取代基侧链组成, 由于具有溶解性好, 最大吸收波长可调, 摩尔消光系数大等优良的光学性质, 被广泛用于肿瘤靶向治疗、蛋白标记、痕量金属离子检测等生物方面. 以吲哚七甲川为母体, 通过向母体中引入活性基团或改变它们的结构, 使探针具有不同的功能, 这已成为生物领域荧光成像的研究热点. 分别从检测金属阳离子、pH变化、小分子和靶向标记肿瘤细胞、蛋白质等方面综述了近年来用于生物体荧光成像的吲哚七甲川类荧光探针的研究进展, 其中也对荧光探针在生物体内(模型)分布、光学成像及代谢方面进行了介绍, 最后讨论了这类荧光探针存在的问题及发展趋势.     

双光子荧光探针

荧光探针作为研究生物系统必不可少的工具,借助双光子显微成像可以直观便捷地对生物活性化合物或生物功能客体成分进行实时动态三维观测与监控。近十年来发展的双光子激发荧光探针,较单光子荧光探针具有显著的优点,如高分辨率、高清晰度、高灵敏度、无光漂白、无光致毒、定靶激发、高横向与纵向分辨率、低的生物组织吸光系数及低的组织自发荧光干扰等。本文综述了近七年来的双光子阳离子探针、双光子阴离子探针、双光子SO_2探针、双光子pH探针、双光子核酸探针、双光子半胱氨酸探针、双光子活性氧探针、双光子磷酸探针、双光子CO探针、双光子Alph-细胞探针、双光子CYP1A酶探针、双光子极性、黏度与温度探针的结构特性及其在生物成像方面的应用。双光子荧光探针已被广泛应用于临床诊断、疾病监测和药物筛选上,这推动了生物化学、医学和生命研究的发展。     

双光子荧光探针

双光子吸收是指在强光激发下,介质分子同时吸收两个光子,从基态跃迁到两倍光子能量的激发态的过程。荧光显微成像是研究活体生物的重要工具,而最通常的细胞成像方法则是使用单光子激发荧光团的单光子显微成像。近红外光源激发的双光子荧光探针克服了单光子荧光探针的光漂白与光致毒而更适于生物检测与成像,为生命科学研究提供了更为锐利的工具。双光子荧光探针的作用机理包括分子内电荷迁移(ICT)、荧光共振能量迁移(FRET)、光诱导电子迁移(PET)与基团转换(GC) 4种方式。该文综述了双光子阳离子探针(Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Na⁺, Cr³⁺)、双光子阴离子探针(F^-)、pH探针、双光子葡萄糖示踪器、双光子脂筏探针、双光子巯基探针、双光子半胱氨酸探针和双光子生物标记探针,以及双光子荧光探针在生物成像方面的应用,展望了双光子荧光探针的发展趋势与应用前景。     

谷胱甘肽和凋亡酶-3响应的环肽分子荧光探针

设计、合成了一类新型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和凋亡酶-3(Caspase-3)响应的环肽分子荧光探针.该类探针主要由能量共振转移(FRET)分子荧光对、Caspase-3特异性识别多肽序列和GSH响应双硫键组成,分为不含穿膜肽序列(CP)和包含穿膜肽序列(cp CP)的两种不同环肽分子荧光探针.2种环肽分子荧光探针均能实现在GSH和Caspase-3同时存在情况下的精确成像,同时具有良好的响应性、特异性和高信噪比.该类环肽分子荧光探针在细胞培养环境中具有良好的稳定性和生物相容性.利用该探针,可以实现对星形孢菌素(STS)诱发的细胞凋亡进行实时、原位的成像监测,并对抗肿瘤药物阿霉素(DOX)和顺铂(cisplatin)诱导的细胞凋亡进行成像.这种具有多重响应并能用于精确成像的分子荧光探针将极大地促进疾病的精确诊断.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。