二硫化钼包覆聚丙烯隔膜在锂硫电池中的应用

采用水热法合成片层状二硫化钼(MoS2),不添加黏结剂,通过简单真空抽滤将MoS2包覆在聚丙烯微孔隔膜(Celgard)上,从而提高锂硫电池的性能。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积孔隙度及化学吸附分析仪(BET)对MoS2进行了形貌和物性测试,使用电化学工作站和电池测试系统对锂硫电池进行电化学性能表征,研究了MoS2包覆隔膜对锂硫电池穿梭效应的抑制效果。结果表明:MoS2包覆Celgard隔膜通过吸附多硫化锂和阻挡多硫化锂的穿梭,可以有效抑制锂硫电池的穿梭效应,在400mA/g电流密度下,首圈容量达到1 010mA·h/g,循环150圈后容量为432mA·h/g,性能明显优于使用空白商用Celgard隔膜的锂硫电池。     

多功能锂硫电池隔膜

锂硫电池具有远超锂离子电池的高理论比容量（1675 mAh ·g^-1）,并且兼具硫资源丰富、生产成本低廉以及环境友好等优势。然而,多硫离子的穿梭效应造成金属锂负极钝化、引起电池容量和库仑效率下降、循环稳定性变差等严重问题,限制锂硫电池的实际应用。从正极和负极之间的隔膜层出发,引入多硫离子穿梭的阻挡层被认为是极为有效的研究策略。这些研究策略在缓解多硫离子穿梭、提高活性物质利用效率、延长循环寿命和循环稳定性方面具有显著效果。本文分类综述了近年来锂硫电池隔膜功能化的研究进展,并对未来隔膜功能化的研究趋势进行了预测。     

锂硫电池隔膜功能化设计

锂硫电池具有较高的理论比容量(以硫计1675 mAh·g^-1和2600 Wh·kg^-1),以及低成本和绿色环保等优势,成为最有前景的下一代可充电储能器件之一。然而,锂硫电池内部严重的多硫化锂穿梭现象导致了电池容量的下降和使用寿命的快速降低。为实现锂硫电池的商业化,其严重的“穿梭效应”亟需改善。普通的商业隔膜有很大的孔径(500 nm),且不具有阻碍多硫化锂迁移的功能。因此,对隔膜进行表面修饰,引入功能化修饰层就成为了一种很有效的策略。本文综述了近年来隔膜表面修饰所遵循的方法以及在此基础上开发的新型隔膜,并对功能化的隔膜在提升锂硫电池性能上的前景进行了展望。     

锂硫电池多功能涂层隔膜的研究进展与展望

先进储能系统的开发对于满足电动汽车、便携式设备和可再生能源存储不断增长的需求至关重要. 锂硫（Li-S）电池具有比能量高、原材料成本低和环境友好等优点,是新型高性能电池研究领域中的热点. 然而,锂硫电池面向实际应用还存在许多问题,如可溶性多硫化物中间体的穿梭效应、锂枝晶生长以及锂硫电池在使用过程中的热稳定性和安全性等. 设计开发多功能涂层隔膜是改善锂硫电池上述不足的有效策略之一,在本综述中,详细论述了锂硫电池多功能涂层隔膜的研究进展. 包括聚合物材料、碳材料、氧化物材料、催化纳米粒子改性的功能化涂层隔膜及增强电池热稳定性、安全性的特种功能隔膜,对其作用特性进行了系统分析,并对未来研究发展提出展望.     

分级多孔N,P共掺杂rGO改性隔膜增强锂硫电池的循环稳定性

多硫化物(LiPSs)的穿梭效应和低硫利用率会导致电池容量的快速衰减,这严重阻碍了锂硫电池的商业化进程.为了抑制LiPSs的穿梭效应和提高硫的利用率,本工作采用一步高温还原法合成了具有分级多孔结构的N,P共掺杂还原氧化石墨烯(NPG),并将其用于锂硫电池的隔膜改性.高导电性NPG具有丰富的分级多孔结构,提供了大量的Li...     

锂硫电池结构设计研究现状及展望

锂硫电池体系由于理论能量密度高和硫材料资源丰富,成为了极具发展潜力的二次电池之一.但由于放电过程中间产物多硫化物溶于有机电解液,产生穿梭效应,导致活性物质利用率低,造成电池容量损失和循环性能下降,而锂金属枝晶和界面问题同样限制了锂硫电池的进一步发展和利用.研究表明,电池结构设计和改造,如隔膜结构设计、正极夹层设计、正极载硫结构设计以及负极结构设计等方面,有效地缓解了上述问题.本文整理总结了近年来国内外在锂硫电池结构设计上研究思路和进展,并对今后的发展趋势做了进一步展望.     

中空碳双面修饰的隔膜在高性能锂硫电池中的应用

为减少多硫化锂(LIPs) “穿梭效应” 及锂枝晶对锂硫电池的影响,采用刮涂法制备中空碳材料修饰隔膜。接触角测试表明修饰隔膜对 LIPs具有更强的吸引力, 其对 LIPs “穿梭” 的有效抑制也可以通过渗透性实验进一步得到印证。在隔膜的正极对称电池测试中, 电流响应显示中空碳材料的催化使 LIPs快速转化为Li₂S。通过隔膜的负极对称电池测试发现修饰隔膜呈现出更稳定的电压-时间曲线。为证明隔膜修饰对锂硫电池性能改进的效果, 分别采用聚丙烯(PP)隔膜、单面改性和双面改性的 PP隔膜组装成纽扣电池并进行电化学测试, 其中电极材料的硫负载量为 1.8~2.0 mg·cm^-2。GITT(恒电流间歇滴定法)测试和锂离子扩散系数计算表明, 改性隔膜的离子传输更快且阻抗较小。通过分析第 1、5、10、50及 100次的充放电循环阻抗谱图发现, 中空碳材料的多通道能够为锂离子的传输提供更多的通道, 因此能够使锂离子具有更加稳定的扩散行为。在电流密度为 0.2 C时, 由双面改性隔膜组装的锂硫电池在首次充放电时有 1 035 mAh·g^-1的可逆比容量, 700圈后仍有 500 mAh·g^-1的高比容量,并在高硫负载时表现出 500 mAh·g^-1的可逆比容量。双面修饰隔膜赋予了锂硫电池优异的电化学性能, 这是由于中空碳材料的修饰加速了 LIPs的转化和吸附, 有效缓解了 LIPs的穿梭效应, 且对锂枝晶有很好的抑制作用, 提高了锂硫电池的安全性。     

中空碳双面修饰的隔膜在高性能锂硫电池中的应用

为减少多硫化锂(LIPs)“穿梭效应”及锂枝晶对锂硫电池的影响,采用刮涂法制备中空碳材料修饰隔膜。接触角测试表明修饰隔膜对LIPs具有更强的吸引力,其对LIPs“穿梭”的有效抑制也可以通过渗透性实验进一步得到印证。在隔膜的正极对称电池测试中,电流响应显示中空碳材料的催化使LIPs快速转化为Li₂S。通过隔膜的负极对称电池测试发现修饰隔膜呈现出更稳定的电压-时间曲线。为证明隔膜修饰对锂硫电池性能改进的效果,分别采用聚丙烯(PP)隔膜、单面改性和双面改性的PP隔膜组装成纽扣电池并进行电化学测试,其中电极材料的硫负载量为1.8~2.0 mg·cm^-2。GITT(恒电流间歇滴定法)测试和锂离子扩散系数计算表明,改性隔膜的离子传输更快且阻抗较小。通过分析第1、5、10、50及100次的充放电循环阻抗谱图发现,中空碳材料的多通道能够为锂离子的传输提供更多的通道,因此能够使锂离子具有更加稳定的扩散行为。在电流密度为0.2C时,由双面改性隔膜组装的锂硫电池在首次充放电时有1 035 mAh·g^-1的可逆比容量,700圈后仍有500 mAh·g^-1的高比容量,并在高硫负载时表现出500 mAh·g^-1的可逆比容量。双面修饰隔膜赋予了锂硫电池优异的电化学性能,这是由于中空碳材料的修饰加速了LIPs的转化和吸附,有效缓解了LIPs的穿梭效应,且对锂枝晶有很好的抑制作用,提高了锂硫电池的安全性。     

锂硫电池系统研究与展望

锂硫电池具有高的理论比容量（1675 mAh·g^-1）和能量密度（2600 Wh·kg^-1）,是一种新型的高性能储能电池。本文全面介绍了锂硫电池最新的基础研究,详细阐述了电池的正极、黏合剂、电解质、隔膜、负极和一些最新的锂硫电池组装与结构设计。硫可以和其他材料以不同方式复合后作为正极来提高电池的导电性以及抑制其电池充放电过程中的“穿梭效应”,以此来改善电池性能;在黏合剂和电解质研究方面,可以选择一些与电极配套和功能性的黏合剂以及不同类型的电解质;同样,在隔膜方面也涉及到隔膜类型的选择、复合与改性处理;在负极方面,对于锂片负极可采用涂覆保护薄膜或膜预锂化处理等方法来改善电池的稳定性和安全性;在一些新颖的电池组合方面,过渡层、新型集流体的运用以及电池结构的新设计也极大提高了电池电化学性能。最后,本文分析了现有锂硫电池存在的缺陷和问题,并对未来可能的发展方向进行了预测。     

用纳米羟基磷灰石@多孔碳构建锂硫电池高效反应界面

由于正极活性物质硫具有能量密度高、成本低廉和储量丰富等优点,锂硫（Li-S）电池受到了人们的极大关注。然而,锂硫电池充放电过程中产生的多硫化锂的“穿梭效应”严重阻碍了其实用化进程。为了解决这个问题,本研究借助动物软骨的组成和结构特点,制备了纳米羟基磷灰石@多孔碳（nano-HA@CCPC）复合材料,并以此设计了面向正极的锂硫电池隔膜涂层。研究表明,纳米羟基磷灰石不仅对多硫化物具有吸附固定作用,并且对多硫化锂的转化具有催化作用,加快了多硫化锂的氧化还原动力学,有效地提升了活性物质硫的利用率。另外,软骨基碳复合材料的多孔结构形成了很好的导电网络,为电化学反应提供了优良的电子传导路径;也有利于电解液的浸润,加快了离子传输;碳的氮原子掺杂进一步限制了多硫化物的穿梭效应。因此,采用nano-HA@CCPC隔膜涂层的锂硫电池表现出较长的循环寿命、低的容量损失以及高的倍率性能。在0.5 C下,循环325次后,电池仍然能保持815 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量,并且每次的容量衰减率仅为0.051%。nano-HA@CCPC的设计制备将为锂硫电池的发展提供新材料。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.