蛋白质微阵列芯片技术及其在抗体筛选中的应用

微阵列是一种可用于生物学研究的大规模、高通量的重要分析技术.近年来,蛋白质微阵列技术已经在蛋白质组的功能研究、疾病诊断以及药物开发中显示出巨大的潜力^[1,2],例如可用于抗原-抗体、蛋白质-蛋白质、蛋白质-核酸、蛋白质-脂质、蛋白质-小分子以及酶-底物等之间相互作用的分析等.     

框架核酸高通量检测芯片

构建了一种基于框架核酸的高通量生物检测芯片.利用超微量移液自动化平台,将包含框架核酸探针的液滴按照预设命令固定至生物芯片微阵列上,在探针捕获核酸靶标后利用集成的基因芯片扫描仪对芯片进行成像,通过分析荧光强度定量化分析靶标浓度.结果表明,此框架核酸芯片能够实现框架核酸探针的高通量制备, 24 h即可制备具有15万个点的微阵列,且点间距离的相对偏差W≤10%、荧光强度的变异系数CV=3.30%,具有较高的稳定性,远高于国家标准.此外,该芯片具备高灵敏度、可寻址的高通量生物分析能力,对核酸靶标的检测限可达100 pmol/L.随着多种探针技术的发展,生物检测微阵列技术在高通量生物分析领域展示出巨大的潜力.     

DNA探针在羧基聚苯乙烯微珠表面的微阵列研究

报道在１－乙基－３－３－（３－二甲基氨丙基）－碳化二亚胺（ＥＤＣ）偶链剂存在下,５’－ＮＨ_２单末端和５’－Ｔｅｘ／３’－ＮＨ_２双末端修饰ＤＮＡ探针在１０μｍ 羧基功能微珠表面的微阵列特性．研究表明,ＤＮＡ探针在微珠表面的微阵列能力决定于溶液介质的ｐＨ,ＤＮＡ探针浓度和微珠总表面积．优化条件下, ２０ ｍｅｒ单链ＤＮＡ探针在微珠表面微阵列的最小分子间距约为１４ ｎｍ,而２０ ｍｅｒ双链ＤＮＡ分子微阵列的最小分子间距约为２７ ｎｍ．如果ＤＮＡ探针序列长度由 ２０增加到 ３５ ｍｅｒ,探针在微珠表面的微阵列密度降低．机理研究表明,ＤＮＡ探针在羧基功能微珠表面的微阵列方式是探针分子近平行于微珠表面．     

核酸介导蛋白质共价修饰的研究进展

蛋白质是参与各种生理过程的关键生物分子。选择性的蛋白质化学修饰为开发新型生物制药和复杂生物系统中单个蛋白质的功能研究提供了有力工具。核酸作为一种多功能的分子工具,近十年被广泛用于构建选择性的蛋白质修饰策略。在这类策略中,核酸可以：（i）作为模板来辅助反应基团与蛋白质靠近,提高有效反应浓度;（ii）作为导向系统通过结合兴趣蛋白（Proteins of interest,POI）实现共价修饰的选择性;（iii）作为催化剂增强邻近区域的蛋白质修饰反应。该综述着重介绍核酸介导蛋白质共价标记策略的研究进展,并以不同的导向系统为分类,介绍了这类标记策略的发展及主要应用。     

蛋白质微阵列芯片在临床分析中的应用

蛋白质微阵列芯片能够高通量监测生物毒素、分析宿主-微生物相互作用和抗原-抗体相互作用、筛选疾病生物标志物,因此有望成为体外诊断的主要技术之一并在病原体感染、自身免疫性疾病、神经退行性疾病和癌症等疾病的精准医疗中发挥重要作用。 本文通过对最近发表的相关研究成果分析,总结了蛋白质微阵列芯片在临床分析中新进展,分析了其在实际应用中所面临的技术挑战并探讨了相应的解决方案。     

硅表面有机单层膜 :微印章、微加工与微阵列

总结了作者的实验室在将有机物结合到硅表面方面的研究进展.发现并发展了将有机单层膜组装到硅、氧化硅和相关材料表面的新方法.这些方法简单、可重复，并可得到物理、化学性能良好的致密单层膜.这些单层膜在许多方面有令人鼓舞的应用，包括（a）应用于软印刷术，特别是微接触印章法; （b）用作硅的微加工（微机电系统，MEMS）的单层膜润滑剂; （c）用作DNA和蛋白质微阵列功能分子固定的基底.     

Pittcon 2005国际分析会议(三)暨第10次关于痕量金属形态的分析方法论进展国际研讨会

2005年Pittcon会议续报如下：生物材料表面和界面的化学成像技术组报告有：（1）DG Castner，应用x射线的生物和有机物表面的成像技术——光发射电子显微术和x射线光电子能谱技术的研究；（2）N Winograd，应用聚束表面电离质谱技术进行单个生物细胞的三维化学成像的前景；（3）R MCorn，供蛋白质和脱氧核糖核酸微阵列用的酶法表面等离子体激元共振成像技术；（4）B Hagenhoff，生物材料表面和界面的化学成像技术；（5）PS Weiss，膜-细胞骨架和膜-表面相互作用的物理模型。     

PCR生物微流体芯片中的表面钝化技术

聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）是一种重要的体外DNA扩增技术,在生物化学、分析化学以及分子生物学等领域中得到广泛的应用．基于微电子机械系统（Microelectromechanical system,MEMS）技术构建而成的PCR生物微流体芯片由于具有反应速度快、样品消耗少以及所占空间体积少等优点而倍受人们亲睐．然而,伴随之较大比表面积以及其所用的裸露衬底材料常常抑制PCR反应,从而导致PCR不能顺利进行．本文结合本试验室的研究工作,综述了PCR生物微流体芯片中为了获得“友善”的PCR扩增体系而采取的表面钝化技术,主要包括表面钝化的必要性、静力学／动力学表面钝化技术以及硅相关材料对PCR抑制的机制等等．     

粘土矿物-蛋白质超薄膜的设计与生物催化性能

随着生物芯片及生物大分子有序自组装技术的发展,蛋白质-粘土矿物的超薄复合膜（clay-protein ultrathin films,CPUFs）的制备在生物催化领域引起人们的广泛关注.本文详述了蛋白质（溶解酵素、牛血清白蛋白、木瓜蛋白酶与精蛋白）与单片粘土（elementary sheet）矿物（钠化皂石）形成单层或多层纳米薄膜复合物的吸附过程及二维分子自组装的制备工艺,对交替层吸附（layer-by-layer,LbL）和Langmuir-Blodgett（LB）方法应用于CPUFs的构筑分别进行了介绍,并阐述了紫外可见分光光度计（UV-vis）,衰减全反射红外光谱（ATR-FTIR）,X射线衍射（XRD）,原子力显微镜（AFM）和界面化学技术等手段对薄膜定性定量表征的研究方法及结果.研究表明,在CPUFs的形成过程中,静电相互作用是一个突出因素,但不是唯一驱动力.在利用LB技术构筑CPUFs的研究中,我们发现即使在无表面活性剂分子的协助下,水溶性蛋白质也能够在粘土矿物稀溶液的界面上形成较为稳定的蛋白质-粘土矿物Langmuir复合膜.通过研究表面压力与时间（？-t）的动力学曲线和表面压力对面积（？-A）的等温线,实现了粘土矿物与蛋白分子吸附过程即CPUFs形成过程的实时监测,并测定出CPUFs中蛋白质含量（NS）、蛋白质分子堆积密度（？？）、单个蛋白质分子在粘土片层上的平均占位面积（？？）及蛋白质在粘土层的饱和吸附量等物理化学参数.通过将界面化学测定结果、光谱学方法测定结果与粘土矿物体相溶液吸附实验结果相比较,发现LB技术实现了单层粘土片（厚度约1.3nm）的吸附与自组装,证明界面化学方法是定量化研究CPUFs的一种有效手段.通过将含有溶解酵素的CPUFs膜用于流水池反应器上进行生物活性检测,考察了其在睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌生长发育过程中的催化性能,结果表明LZ分子被锚固在CPUFs上以后,未发生明显的生物活性失活现象.     

基于微流控芯片的微阵列分析

微阵列芯片具有高通量、微量化和自动化等特点,已经在很多领域得到广泛应用。但是微阵列芯片仍然具有不足之处,如所需设备昂贵、分析时间较长、灵敏度不高、多样品平行分析能力不足等。微流控芯片微米级的通道具有相对较大的比表面积和较短的扩散距离,能够显著加快分析速度、提高检测效率、增强分析性能,并且能够加工大量的平行通道用于多样品分析。目前已经有大量文献报道将微流控芯片和微阵列芯片相结合,发展了独特的杂交方式并在实验和理论上分别证明了两者相结合的优势,本文综述了将微流控芯片技术应用于微阵列分析的研究进展,着重介绍了在微流控芯片上进行微阵列分析时的杂交方式、促进杂交的措施以及杂交过程的数学建模,同时也介绍了其他分析步骤方面的进展。最后分析了目前微流控芯片技术在进行微阵列杂交应用方面的不足及其原因,并指出这两项技术相结合的优势和未来。     

Digital light-directed synthesis. A microarray platform that permits rapid reaction optimization on a combinatorial basis

Solution reactions using photogenerated reagents (Gao, X.; Yu, P.; LeProust, E.; Sonigo, L.; Pellois, J. P.; Zhang, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12698) are a potentially powerful means for combinatorial parallel synthesis of addressable molecular microarrays. In this report, we demonstrate that this chemistry permits combinatorial screening of reaction conditions on a microarray platform. Using this method of optimization and our reaction apparatus, efficient photogenerated acids and reaction conditions suitable for removal of the acid labile protection group on 5'-O of nucleotides are identified in a short period of time. The chemistry platform demonstrated opens new avenues for rapid, simultaneous investigation of multiple reactions using different reagents and reaction parameters directly on a solid support (e.g., a glass plate). The combinatorial screening method described may be extended to include general organic reactions employing photogenerated and conventional reagents as well as a microarray reaction device. This should be especially valuable for efficient synthesis of addressable organic compound libraries.     

蛋白质DNA混合微点阵和微流控芯片的整合

在活化的石英片上制作蛋白质和DNA微点阵, 并可逆地将其与含有通道的多聚二甲基硅氧烷弹性橡胶封接在一起, 使蛋白质和DNA微点阵组装在微通道列阵内; 实现在微通道列阵内同时检测和分析蛋白质与DNA的功能. 为了降低多聚二甲基硅氧烷弹性橡胶的疏水性, 增强其生物相容性, 实验通过多聚赖氨酸对多聚二甲基硅氧烷弹性橡胶的修饰, 提高了它的亲水性, 使溶液能够在微通道内顺畅地流通. 实验表明, 这种混合芯片能够提高检测速度和增加检测的信息量.     

Applications of protein microarray technology

Protein microarrays, an emerging class of proteomic technologies, are quickly becoming essential tools for large-scale and high throughput biochemistry and molecular biology. Recent progress has been made in all the key steps of protein microarray fabrication and application, such as the large-scale cloning of expression-ready prokaryotic and eukaryotic ORFs, high throughput protein purification, surface chemistry, protein delivery systems, and detection methods. Two classes of protein microarrays are currently available: analytical and functional protein microarrays. In the case of analytical protein microarrays, well-characterized molecules with specific activity, such as antibodies, peptide-MHC complexes, or lectins, are used as immobilized probes. These arrays have become one of the most powerful multiplexed detection platforms. Functional protein microarrays are being increasingly applied to many areas of biological discovery, including drug target identification/validation and studies of protein interaction, biochemical activity, and immune responses. Great progress has been achieved in both classes of protein microarrays in terms of sensitivity and specificity, and new protein microarray technologies are continuing to emerge. Finally, protein microarrays have found novel applications in both scientific research and clinical diagnostics.     

Microarray technology as a universal tool for high-throughput analysis of biological systems

Over the last years microarray technology has become one of the principal platform technologies for the high-throughput analysis of biological systems. Starting with the construction of first DNA microarrays in the 1990s, microarray technology has flourished in the last years and many different new formats have been developed. Peptide and protein microarrays are now applied for the elucidation of interaction partners, modification sites and enzyme substrates. Antibody microarrays are envisaged to be of high importance for the high-throughput determination of protein abundances in translational profiling approaches. First cell microarrays have been constructed to transform microarray technology from an in vitro technology to an in vivo functional analysis tool. All of these approaches share a common prerequisite: the solid support on which they are generated. The demands on this solid support are thereby as manifold as the applications themselves. This review is aimed to display the recent developments in surface chemistry and derivatization, and to summarize the latest developments in the different application areas of microarray technology.     

Construction of CdSe/ZnS quantum dot microarray in a microfluidic chip

Microarray technology has been proved to be greatly helpful for biomedical and biological diagnosis. And the evaluation of its biological applications lies in the detection sensitivity, which requires high intensity and stability of the signal. Recently, several nanomaterials, especially semiconductor nanomaterials, due to their excellent fluorescence properties, have been widely used to construct microarrays for biosensors. Here, we presented an approach for constructing CdSe/ZnS quantum dot (QD) microarray in microfluidic channels on a glass slide by photolithography. The conditions for immobilizing stable and uniform QD microarray on the glass slide were optimized. Several types of QD microarrays with different emission wavelengths and modified groups were constructed using silanization and lithography technology. Based on the fluorescence quenching effect of Cu2+ on QDs, the microfluidic chip with QD microarray was applied for the determination of Cu2+. 1 nmol/L Cu2+ could be detected by this method.     

Peptide synthesis based on t-Boc chemistry and solution photogenerated acids

Solution reactions using photogenerated reagents (PGRs) (Gao, X.; Yu, P. Y.; Leproust, E.; Sonigo, L.; Pellois, J. P.; Zhang, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12698) are developed for parallel synthesis of addressable, combinatorial molecular microarrays. To advance the PGR chemistry for general chemical conversions, light-controlled synthesis of peptides, which employs photogenerated acids (PGAs) and/or in combination with photosensitizers for deprotection of N-t-Boc group, is demonstrated. These reactions were performed on resin and glass plates and conveniently monitored by HPLC analysis (reactions on resin) and fluorescence emission after coupling the deprotected NH(2) group with 4(5)-carboxyfluorescein. These results demonstrate the potential of the PGA chemistry for parallel synthesis of addressable peptide libraries on a microarray platform.     

DNA芯片技术与脱氧核糖核酸序列分析

人类基因组计划的实施,有力地促进了ＤＮＡ序列分析技术的发展。ＤＮＡ芯片综合运用了固相合成化学、照相平版印制技术以及激光共聚焦扫描等技术,能够同时扫描分析多基因乃至基因组,可广泛应用于基因的多态性分析、基因定位、表达水平的监测以及遗传病的诊断等领域,是对传统的ＤＮＡ分析技术的一次重大突破。本文介绍了ＤＮＡ芯片技术的基本原理并对其应用作一简要综述。