原子,分子和团簇与同步辐射

介绍了同步辐射、特别是第三代同步辐射对原子、分子和团簇物物理研究的意义。第三代同步辐射光源能力它们提供哪些新的实验手段是上述邻内广大研究人员共同关心的问题，作者尝试表明自己的一些观点。     

以最大原子密度定义合金相中的第一近邻团簇

本文提出利用不同壳层所包含的径向原子密度, 即单位体积内的原子个数随着径向的分布, 来方便而精确地定义团簇, 即具有最大径向原子密度的且表面呈现三角密堆结构的完整壳层为第一近邻团簇. 最后以Al-Ni-Zr合金相为例说明了该方法的合理性与适用性, 及此方法所定义的团簇与非晶形成的关系.     

巴基球C60内嵌原子（Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs;F,Cl,Br,I）的稳定存…

本文用量子化学ＥＨＭＯ／ＡＳＥＤ方法对巴基球Ｃ６０内嵌原子（Ａ＝Ｌｉ，Ｎａ，Ｋ，Ｒｂ，Ｃｓ；Ｆ，Ｃｌ，Ｂｒ，Ｉ）进行了计算。结果表明除Ｌｉ，Ｎａ外，其它元素当置于Ｃ６０笼中心附近时，复合物能量最低，最稳定；对于内嵌Ｌｉ，Ｎａ原子的巴基球（Ｌｉ＠６０）及（Ｎａ＠Ｃ６０），当Ｌｉ，Ｎａ位于围绕中心的一个球壳层（ｒ－１．５Ａ）内时最稳定。     

以团簇加连接原子模型解析Cr-C共晶成分

Cr-C体系材料是重要硬质防护涂层的代表,具有共晶特征.我们的前期工作指出,共晶合金满足双团簇近程序结构模型,由两种稳定液体亚单元构成,各自满足理想非晶团簇成分式,这里的第一近邻团簇来自相关共晶相.显然共晶成分解析的关键在于获得团簇,而相结构中往往存在多种团簇,进入到非晶/共晶团簇成分式的主团簇定义是关键环节.本文通过应用Friedel振荡理论及原子密堆,以团簇分布的球周期性及孤立度为判据,以Cr-C共晶相为例,进一步细化了共晶相中的主团簇选择流程,再搭配以2,4或6个连接原子,获得了描述共晶成分Cr_(86)C_(14)和Cr_(67.4)C_(32.6)的双团簇成分式:[Cr-Cr_(14)+C-Cr_9]Cr C_3和[C-Cr_9+C-Cr_8]C_6,其中四种团簇分别来自共晶相Cr,Cr_(23)C_6,Cr_7C_3和Cr_3C_2.该工作进一步证实了团簇加连接原子模型在共晶点解析中的普适性,并从理论上支持了相关的材料设计.     

原子制造中的物质间相互作用基础：现状、前景和挑战

材料是支撑人类文明大厦的基石,历史中材料制造加工技术的突破不断推动人类文明变革。“自上而下”地提高制造和加工精度,控制和利用原子特性“自下而上”地创制新材料,这两条技术路线共同指向了一种未来制造方式——原子制造。物质间相互作用是控制原子行为和特征进而实现原子制造的基础。文章围绕原子制造中可能涉及的物质间相互作用规律及其在原子制造中的潜在应用,首先介绍了如何实现单原子的探测与控制,进而着重探讨控制原子行为和特征到创制新材料、构筑超原子新结构的研究进展,最后就原子制造中的机遇与面临的挑战进行了展望。     

银、钴和铂原子纳米团簇熔化过程的分子动力学模拟

本采用分子动力学模拟方法，研究了银、钴和铂原子纳米团簇的熔化过程，模型采用的是Johson的EAM作用势。模拟结果表明，较大原子数目的纳米团簇其熔点随尺寸单调增加，而较小原子数目的团簇熔点和尺寸呈现无规则变化；大多数团簇在熔点附近都出现了负热容现象，说明负热容是纳米团簇在熔化过程中的一个普遍现象。     

氧含量对Fe掺杂YBCO体系中载流子局域化与离子团簇效应的影响

对YBa₂Cu_3-xFe_xO_y（x=00，01，02 ）和YBa₂Cu_2.8Fe_0.2O_y（y=705—653 ）系列样品的氧含量、霍尔系数和超导电性进 行了系统的研究.结果表明，氧含量的变化对样品中载流子的输运和转移及超导电性有重要 影响；适当增加氧含量可以减缓Cu(1)位元素替代对超导转变温度T_c的抑制；在 CuO₂面上参与输运的载流子（空穴）浓度是影响样品超导电性的关键因素.从电 荷转移模型出发 ，结合掺杂离子引起的载流子局域化和离子团簇效应，对载流子浓度随掺杂量和氧含量的变 化从微观结构方面进行了讨论.元素替代量的增加或者氧含量的降低（相同替代量的情况下 ）都将导致Cu-O链区的有效氧空位增多，导致替代元素的离子团簇效应和载流子局域化效应 趋于增强，这是引起参与输运的载流子浓度下降，进而导致T_c降低的主要原因. 关键词： 氧含量 霍尔系数 载流子局域化 离子团簇效应     

一维双原子链中杂质引起的局域振动模

对含杂质的一维双原子链,在链中所有原子之间近邻相互作用力常数均相等的情况下,数值求解晶格振动的运动方程组,得到不同局域振动模的振动图像和产生条件,给出了局域模关于杂质原子质量和原胞中两种晶格原子质量比分布的相图．     

一维单原子链中杂质引起的局域振动模

讨论了一维单原子链中杂质引起的晶格局域振动模和局域振动图像,分析了杂质质量和杂质近邻力常数对振动模的影响,通过数值求解晶格振动运动方程组．给出了局域振动模关于杂质质量和杂质近邻力常数分布的相图;分析了含杂质晶格振动模频率相对于完整晶格振动模频率的变化。     

LJ团簇和H2O团簇的局域优化计算

将传统分子动力学方法中时间积分步长定义成粒子的最大加速度、最大速度和变化的最大允许空间步长的函数,并给出了空间步长的确定方法.作为对这个算法有效性的检验,计算了较小Lennard-Jones团簇和H₂O团簇的稳定结构,发现了新的(H₂O)₁₃的最小能结构.     

Learning physical states of bulk crystalline materials from atomic trajectories in molecular dynamics simulation

Melting of crystalline material is a common physical phenomenon, yet it remains elusive owing to the diversity in physical pictures. In this work, we proposed a deep learning architecture to learn the physical states (solid- or liquid-phase) from the atomic trajectories of the bulk crystalline materials with four typical lattice types. The method has ultra-high accuracy (higher than 95%) for the classification of solid-liquid atoms during the phase transition process and is almost insensitive to temperature. The atomic physical states are identified from atomic behaviors without considering any characteristic threshold parameter, which yet is necessary for the classical methods. The phase transition of bulk crystalline materials can be correctly predicted by learning from the atomic behaviors of different materials, which confirms the close correlation between atomic behaviors and atomic physical states. These evidences forecast that there should be a more general undiscovered physical quantity implicated in the atomic behaviors and elucidate the nature of bulk crystalline melting.     

Molecular structure and chiral liquid crystalline phases

We describe briefly some results obtained on both chiral and achiral compounds exhibiting chiral mesophases. We report the first example of a single component system exhibiting the undulated twist grain boundary C* or UTGB _C* phase. Preliminary results concerning a few achiral compounds composed of banana-shaped molecules exhibiting a mesophase is reported. They have been investigated by polarized light optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction studies.     

Investigations on the liquid crystalline phases of cation-induced condensed DNA

Viral and nonviral condensing agents are used in gene therapy to compact oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA into nanostructures for their efficient transport through the cell membranes. Whereas viral vectors are best by the toxic effects on the immune system, most of the nonviral delivery vehicles are not effective for use in clinical system. Recent investigations indicate that the supramolecular organization of DNA in the condensed state is liquid crystalline. The present level of understanding of the liquid crystalline phase of DNA is inadequate and a thorough investigation is required to understand the nature, stability, texture and the influence of various environmental conditions on the structure of the phase. The present study is mainly concerned with the physicochemical investigations on the liquid crystalline transitions during compaction of DNA by cationic species such as polyamines and metallic cations. As a preliminary to the above investigation, studies were conducted on the evolution of mesophase transitions of DNA with various cationic counterion species using polarized light microscopy. These studies indicated significant variations in the phase behaviour of DNA in the presence of Li and other ions. Apart from the neutralization of the charges on the DNA molecule, these ions are found to influence selectively the hydration sphere of DNA that in turn influences the induction and stabilization of the LC phases. The higher stability observed with the liquid crystalline phases of Li-DNA system could be useful in the production of nanostructured DNA. In the case of the polyamine, a structural specificity effect depending on the nature, charge and structure of the polyamine used has been found to be favoured in the crystallization of DNA.     

原子尺度构建二维材料的第一性原理计算研究

随着信息技术的不断进步,核心元器件朝着运行速度更快、能耗更低、尺寸更小的方向快速发展.尺寸不断减小导致的量子尺寸效应使得材料和器件呈现出许多与传统三维体系不同的新奇物性.从原子结构出发,预测低维材料物性、精准合成、表征、调控并制造性能良好的电子器件,对未来电子器件的发展及相关应用具有至关重要的意义.理论计算能在保持原子级准确度的情况下高效、低耗地预测材料结构、物性、界面效应等,是原子制造技术中不可或缺的重要研究手段.本综述从第一性原理计算角度出发,回顾了近年来其在二维材料结构探索、物性研究和异质结构造等方面的应用及取得的重要进展,并展望了在原子尺度制造背景下二维材料的发展前景.     

Luminescent and scintillation properties of YAG:Dy and YAG:Dy,Ce single crystalline films

The paper is devoted to investigation of the luminescent properties of Dy³⁺ and Dy³⁺-Ce³⁺ doped single crystalline films (SCF) grown by LPE method from PbO–B₂O₃ flux. We have found that the YAG:Dy and YAG:Dy,Ce SCFs possess bright cathodoluminescence in the visible range and good scintillation figure of merit. For this reason LPE grown YAG:Dy and YAG:Dy,Ce SCF are proposed for different applications, namely, as cathodoluminescence screens or screens for microimaging. The Dy³⁺ co-doping can be also proposed for improvement of the scintillation efficiency of the Ce³⁺ doped garnet compounds in the SCF form due to Dy³⁺→ Ce³⁺ energy transfer and removing the trap related centers in the above RT range.     

Luminescence properties and energy transfer processes in YAG:Yb,Er single crystalline films

The paper is dedicated to the study of the optical properties of YAG:Yb,Er single-crystalline films (SCF) grown by liquid phase epitaxy. The absorption, cathodoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra and photoluminescence decay curves were measured for the SCFs with different doping levels of Er³⁺ (from 0.6 to 4.2 at.%) and Yb³⁺ (from 0.1 to 0.6 at.%). The spectra, excited by synchrotron radiation in the fundamental absorption range of the YAG and in the intraionic absorption bands of both dopants, reveal energy transfer from the YAG host to the Er³⁺ and Yb³⁺ ions and between these ions.     

Lipid membrane: inelastic deformation of surface structure by an atomic force microscope

The stability of the 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-Glycero-3-[phospho-rac-1-Glycerol-Na] liposome in the liquid crystalline state have been investigated using an atomic force microscope (AFM). We have observed the inelastic deformation of the sample surface. The AFM tip causes persistent deformation of the surface of the lipid membrane, in which some of the lipid molecules are eventually pushed or dragged by the AFM tip. The experiment shows how the surface structure of the lipid membrane can be created by the interaction between the AFM tip and lipid membrane. When the operating force exceeds 10^-8 N, it leads to large deformations of the surface. A square region of about 1×1μm² is created by the scanning probe on the surface. When the operating force is between 10^-11N and 10^-8N, it can image the topography of the surface of the lipid membrane. The stability of the sample is related to the concentration of the medium in which the sample is prepared.     

Ionic conductivity in three crystalline phases of LiBH4 under pressure

The AC electrical conductivity of LiBH₄ was investigated below 2 GPa between 1 Hz and 1.6 MHz. The high-temperature phase has an ionic conductivity of up to 0.01 S cm^?1, while the low-temperature phases have conductivities two orders of magnitude lower. All phases show an Arrhenius behaviour with activation energies E _a between 0.5 and 0.7 eV, in good agreement with earlier data except for phase III, which is found to have the highest activation energy of the phases studied. The high-temperature phase has a minimum in E _a near 1 GPa, close to the triple point, correlated with a sudden change in activation volume. These features may indicate an isostructural phase transition. The conductivities of the ambient temperature phases increase temporarily by an order of magnitude after transitions between these phases, probably due to new diffusion channels via structural defects. The phase diagram agrees well with earlier results.