光晶格中非相干超冷原子的密度关联效应

陷俘于光晶格中的Mott绝缘体态原子是非相干物质波波源. 这种物质波从光晶格释放后不会出现一阶干涉现象,但是存在二阶干涉(密度关联)效应. 针对这一现象,理论上给出了自由膨胀超冷原子气体的密度关联函数,该函数表现出清晰的干涉峰,其条纹结构与光栅衍射谱类似. 进一步研究表明,密度关联函数的峰值结构与两探测器的相对位置有关,出现了物质波的"亚波长干涉"现象. 关键词： 光晶格 密度关联函数 两粒子干涉     

超冷~(87)Rb原子在二维光晶格中Mott绝缘态的实验实现

超冷原子气体的量子相变是研究量子关联多体物理的核心内容之一.本文采用单一激光光束通过折叠反射产生二维光晶格,通过控制激光偏振产生两种不同的二维光晶格结构,一种是两个独立的一维光晶格构成,另一种是两个方向的一维光晶格互相干涉形成.将超冷~(87)Rb原子装载到二维光晶格中,通过改变光晶格激光功率调控原子在光晶格中的隧穿强度和相互作用强度,观察到~(87)Rb原子从超流态到Mott绝缘态之间的量子相变,并且分析了两种光晶格对量子相变的影响,为今后开展光晶格中强关联物理研究奠定基础.     

光腔中的超冷原子气体

近年来,光腔和冷原子气体的耦合系统受到了越来越多的关注。本文简要综述了近年来该领域在理论和实验方面的一些进展,重点关注其中的超辐射相变,并围绕光腔–原子耦合这一特征,分别介绍了超冷玻色气体和费米气体中的新奇量子相和量子相变。这些研究工作展示了该系统在非平衡态物理、多体系统的量子模拟、人造规范势和人造自旋–轨道耦合等方向的价值和意义。     

从“魔角”石墨烯到摩尔超晶格量子模拟器

自从魔角石墨烯在实验上被证实以来,转角摩尔超晶格体系中存在的关联绝缘态和超导态吸引了大批科学家的目光,并发展出了一门新的科学分支—转角电子学.本文主要综述了最近转角摩尔超晶格体系在实验上的发展,包括转角双层石墨烯(TBG)、转角双层-双层石墨烯(TDBG)以及其他二维摩尔超晶格体系,并简单介绍了摩尔超晶格量子模拟器的概念.其中实验里浮现的关联绝缘态、超导态、以及铁磁态几乎囊括了近代凝聚态物理的几大热门话题,同时,逐步发展的二维摩尔超晶格量子模拟器研究也似乎有可能为强关联量子多体体系寻找一个突破口.     

玻色哈伯德模型的有限系统密度矩阵重整化群算法

运用有限系统密度矩阵重整化群算法(FS-DMRG)研究一维光格子中超冷玻色原子模型-Bose-Hubbard模型在绝对零度下发生超流(SF)—Mott绝缘(MI)相变的特征.通过计算粒子局域密度,单粒子能隙和压缩系数,分析体系分别处于两种状态下的特征,并利用相图曲线得到体系发生相变的临界值.运用该数值算法得到的结果比现有其他解析解更准确.     

浅光晶格中量子隧穿现象的实验观测

基于一维水平光晶格的锶原子光晶格钟实验平台,当系统的稳定度和不确定度达到10-18量级以上时,由量子隧穿效应引起的钟频移变得不容忽视.在浅光晶格中,量子隧穿效应会使钟跃迁谱线发生明显的展宽现象,因此,本文通过研究浅光晶格中的量子隧穿现象,为⁸⁷Sr原子光晶格钟系统不确定度的评估奠定基础.本实验在一维⁸⁷Sr原子光晶格钟平台上,利用超稳超窄线宽的698 nm激光激发⁸⁷Sr冷原子~lS₀(|g>)→~3P₀(|e>)跃迁(即钟跃迁),实现了对锶原子分布在特定量子态的制备.在深光晶格中,将原子制备到|e,n_z=1>态后,再绝热地降低光晶格阱深,然后在浅光晶格中,探测激发态的载波-边带可分辨的钟跃迁谱线.从钟跃迁谱线中观测到载波谱线发生了明显的劈裂,表明原子在光晶格相邻格点间产生了明显的量子隧穿现象.通过对光晶格中量子隧穿机制的理解,不仅有利于提高光晶格钟的不确定度,也可为观测光晶格中费米子的自旋轨道耦合效应提供基础数据.     

势阱中玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚气体的势场有效性和粒子数极限判据

基于最小动量态上的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(简称BEC)，给出了指数吸引势场中超冷玻色原子气体的势场有效性和势阱中所装载的原子数目极限判据.此判据给出了当所装载的原子数确定时，所需要的势场强度；或势场给定时，所装载的原子数目的极限. 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 临界温度 最小动量态     

自由膨胀准二维玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚中的密度-密度关联

利用Madelung变换, 考虑密度和相位涨落, 给出了准二维玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体的有效拉格朗日密度函数和波函数量子涨落的算符化表示, 计算了凝聚体在去除约束势场自由膨胀时两点之间的密度-密度关联函数, 结果表明在长波极限下, 两点之间的密度关联函数正比于波数k, 而在短波极限下, 密度关联函数趋近于一个常数. 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 量子涨落 密度关联     

超冷玻色气体中电磁感应透明和慢光现象中的原子相互作用效应

我们研究了原子之间的相互作用对超冷玻色原子气体中电磁感应透明性质和光的群速的影响.我们考虑Λ型的原子结构.最初原子凝聚在其中的一个基态上,凝聚体原子用平均场理论来描述,原子之间的相互作用近似为两体的s-波散射长度,原子之间的碰撞不引起原子的电子跃迁.     

非厄米线性响应理论及其应用

线性响应理论是现代物理实验尤其是量子物态测量实验的理论基础,其核心是将物理系统的探测信号作为微扰,利用系统在未受扰动时的关联函数来刻画物理可观测量的响应.半个多世纪以来,基于封闭量子系统的线性响应理论在量子物态测量实验上取得了巨大的成功.随着超冷原子实验在光场与系统相互作用精确操控方面的快速进展,近年来高精度的冷原子实验已经具备研究耗散量子多体系统的条件,新奇的物理现象在实验中层出不穷,这使得国内外研究者对量子开放系统及其非厄米物理的研究与日俱增.基于此,我们发展了一个量子开放系统的线性响应理论——非厄米线性响应理论.该理论将耗散带来的非厄米效应与量子噪声作为外部探测输入来探测量子系统的性质,并将实验可观测量的含时演化与系统未受扰动状态时的关联函数及其谱函数联系了起来,提供了区分正常物态和奇异物态的一种新手段,所得到的结果与最近冷原子系统实验的结果高度吻合.本文介绍了非厄米线性响应理论,并讨论该理论在量子多体系统以及具有时间反演对称性的量子系统中的应用.     

Experimental realization of strong effective magnetic fields in optical superlattice potentials

We present the experimental generation of large effective magnetic fields for ultracold atoms using photon-assisted tunneling in an optical superlattice. The underlying method does not rely on the internal structure of the atoms and, therefore, constitutes a general approach to realize widely tunable artificial gauge fields without the drawbacks of near-resonant optical potentials. When hopping in the lattice, the accumulated phase shift by an atom is equivalent to the Aharonov–Bohm phase of a charged particle exposed to a staggered magnetic field of large magnitude, on the order of one flux quantum per plaquette. We study the ground state of this system and observe that the frustration induced by the magnetic field can lead to a degenerate ground state for non-interacting particles. We provide a local measurement of the phase acquired by single particles due to photon-assisted tunneling. Furthermore, the quantum cyclotron orbit of single atoms in the lattice exposed to the effective magnetic field is directly revealed.     

Superfluidity-insulator phase transition in ensemble of Fermi atoms in optical lattice

An ultracold Fermi gas in an optical lattice with a parabolic potential is modeled by the quantum Monte Carlo method. The gas density profile is calculated in the Hubbard model; it is shown that a domain with a density of one atom per site is formed in the trap that corresponds to the Mott insulator state. The insulator phase is surrounded by a superfluid region occupying the center of the trap, as well as its periphery.     

Experimental realization of strong effective magnetic fields in an optical lattice

We use Raman-assisted tunneling in an optical superlattice to generate large tunable effective magnetic fields for ultracold atoms. When hopping in the lattice, the accumulated phase shift by an atom is equivalent to the Aharonov-Bohm phase of a charged particle exposed to a staggered magnetic field of large magnitude, on the order of 1 flux quantum per plaquette. We study the ground state of this system and observe that the frustration induced by the magnetic field can lead to a degenerate ground state for noninteracting particles. We provide a measurement of the local phase acquired from Raman-induced tunneling, demonstrating time-reversal symmetry breaking of the underlying Hamiltonian. Furthermore, the quantum cyclotron orbit of single atoms in the lattice exposed to the magnetic field is directly revealed.     

基于光晶格的超冷原子量子模拟

文章从超冷原子研究的视角出发,回顾了用“从下到上”的方案来开展量子模拟研究的历史.超冷原子作为宏观量子态,各个自由度精确可控,是量子模拟的绝佳平台.光晶格将冷原子物理和凝聚态物理融合起来,是其中最重要的技术之一,为超冷原子量子模拟提供了一个扎实的落脚点.近年来,关于拓扑量子模拟的研究日益兴起,成为超冷原子量子模拟新的重...     

Graphene-like physics in optical lattices

Graphene has attracted enormous attention over the past years in condensed matter physics. The most interesting feature of graphene is that its low-energy excitations are relativistic Dirac fermions. Such feature is the origin of many topological properties in graphene-like physics. On the other hand, ultracold quantum gas trapped in an optical lattice has become a unique setting for quantum simulation of condensed matter physics. Here, we mainly review our recent work on quantum simulation of graphene-like physics with ultracold atoms trapped in a honeycomb or square optical lattice, including the simulation of Dirac fermions and quantum Hall effect with and without Landau levels. We also present the related experimental advances.     

Off-resonant light scattering from ultracold gases in optical lattices

We examine the possibility to study the statistical properties of trapped ultracold bosons with light scattering. We derive general effective hamiltonian and show that the spectrum of scattered photons contains information about density-density correlations. As a specific example we discuss light scattering as a potential tool to probe the Mott transition in optical lattice and Anderson localization in incommensurate superlattice.     

Color superfluidity and "baryon" formation in ultracold fermions

We study fermionic atoms of three different internal quantum states (colors) in an optical lattice, which are interacting through attractive on site interactions, U<0. Using a variational calculation for equal color densities and small couplings, |U|<|UC|, a color superfluid state emerges with a tendency to domain formation. For |U|>|UC|, triplets of atoms with different colors form singlet fermions (trions). These phases are the analogies of the color superconducting and baryonic phases in QCD. In ultracold fermions, this transition is found to be of second order. Our results demonstrate that quantum simulations with ultracold gases may shed light on outstanding problems in quantum field theory.     

Analytical approach to quantum phase transitions of ultracold Bose gases in bipartite optical lattices using the generalized Green’s function method

In order to investigate the quantum phase transitions and the time-of-flight absorption pictures analytically in a systematic way for ultracold Bose gases in bipartite optical lattices, we present a generalized Green’s function method. Utilizing this method, we study the quantum phase transitions of ultracold Bose gases in two types of bipartite optical lattices, i.e., a hexagonal lattice with normal Bose–Hubbard interaction and a d-dimensional hypercubic optical lattice with extended Bose–Hubbard interaction. Furthermore, the time-of-flight absorption pictures of ultracold Bose gases in these two types of lattices are also calculated analytically. In hexagonal lattice, the time-of-flight interference patterns of ultracold Bose gases obtained by our analytical method are in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results of Soltan-Panahi, et al. [Nat. Phys. 7, 434 (2011)]. In square optical lattice, the emergence of peaks at \(\left( { \pm \frac{\pi }{a}, \pm \frac{\pi }{a}} \right)\) in the time-of-flight absorption pictures, which is believed to be a sort of evidence of the existence of a supersolid phase, is clearly seen when the system enters the compressible phase from charge-density-wave phase.     

State selective production of molecules in optical lattices

We demonstrate quantum control over both internal and external quantum degrees of freedom in a high number of identical "chemical reactions," carried out in an array of microtraps in a 3D optical lattice. Starting from a Mott insulating phase of an ultracold atomic quantum gas, we use two-photon Raman transitions to create molecules on lattice sites occupied by two atoms. In the atom-molecule conversion process, we can control both the internal rovibronic and external center of mass quantum state of the molecules. The lattice isolates the microscopic chemical reactions from each other, thereby allowing photoassociation spectra without collisional broadening even at high densities of up to 2 x 10(15) cm(-3).