Magnetic Drag and Energy Losses in Noncontact Bearings Based on Superconducting Tapes

In the paper, the problem of magnetic drag and origination of energy losses in noncontact bearings based on high-temperature superconducting tapes is considered. The model configurations of bearings in which a superconducting tape is a stator and a set of permanent magnets is a rotor are investigated. It is shown that the magnetic friction can be neglected in the case where more than eight permanent magnets compose the rotor. This result indicates the possibility to create scaled magnetic bearings for the systems of long-term energy storage, for example, flywheel energy storage systems.     

Effect of γ-ray irradiation on the magnetic properties of NdFeB and Fe–Cr–Co permanent magnets

The effect of γ-ray irradiation on the magnetic properties of NdFeB and Fe–Cr–Co permanent magnets has been investigated. The magnetic flux loss of two kinds of magnets before and after irradiation was measured. Results show that the effect of γ-ray irradiation on the magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB is not so obvious as that on Fe–Cr–Co magnet. Irradiation-induced damage from γ-ray for the Fe–Cr–Co magnets was characterized for the first time. The decline of permanent magnetic properties of Fe–Cr–Co magnet induced by γ-ray irradiation is reversible except for the maximum energy product (BH)_max. The difference of coercivity mechanism between these two kinds of permanent magnets is responsible for the different dependence of magnetic properties loss induced by γ-ray irradiation.     

A preparation method and effects of Al–Cr coating on NdFeB sintered magnets

A 50 μm Al–Cr coating on NdFeB sintered magnets was prepared through dipping in solution, shaking dry and heating at 300 °C. The morphology and composition of the Al–Cr coating were investigated with scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance of NdFeB sintered magnets with and without the Al–Cr coating was analyzed by normal salt spray, polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The magnetic properties were measured with a hysteresis loop tracer. The results show that the Al–Cr coating forms an overlapping structure and Al flakes lie nearly parallel to the substrate, which improves the anticorrosion and increases normal salt spray test from 10 to 100 h. The corrosion potential of NdFeB sintered magnets with and without the Al–Cr coating moves positively from −0.67 to −0.48 V, which is in accordance with Nyquist and Bode plots. The Al–Cr coating has little influence on the magnetic properties of the NdFeB sintered magnets.     

A portable Halbach magnet that can be opened and closed without force: the NMR-CUFF

Portable equipment for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is becoming increasingly attractive for use in a variety of applications. One of the main scientific challenges in making NMR portable is the design of light-weight magnets that possess a strong and homogeneous field. Existing NMR magnets can provide such magnetic fields, but only for small samples or in small regions, or are rather heavy. Here we show a simple yet elegant concept for a Halbach-type permanent magnet ring, which can be opened and closed with minimal mechanical force. An analytical solution for an ideal Halbach magnet shows that the magnetic forces cancel if the structure is opened at an angle of 35.3° relative to its poles. A first prototype weighed only 3.1 kg, and provided a flux density of 0.57 T with a homogeneity better than 200 ppm over a spherical volume of 5mm in diameter without shimming. The force needed to close it was found to be about 20 N. As a demonstration, intact plants were imaged and water (xylem) flow measured. Magnets of this type (NMR-CUFF = Cut-open, Uniform, Force Free) are ideal for portable use and are eminently suited to investigate small or slender objects that are part of a larger or immobile whole, such as branches on a tree, growing fruit on a plant, or non-metallic tubing in industrial installations. This new concept in permanent-magnet design enables the construction of openable, yet strong and homogeneous magnets, which aside from use in NMR or MRI could also be of interest for applications in accelerators, motors, or magnetic bearings.     

THz自由电子激光波荡器工程设计

根据波荡器物理参数的要求,主要设计了磁块与磁极的尺寸公差、装配方式、永磁性能指标及永磁测量系统。束流方向上磁块与磁极尺寸公差分别为0.05 mm和0.02 mm,磁块与磁极独立装调,利用亥姆霍兹线圈和磁场积分法测量磁块性能。最后设计了机械与控制系统。其中,横梁与支架形变分别为1.5 m和7.5 m。间隙调节范围18~32 mm,调节精度和锥度分别为0.01 mm和0.015 mm。     

高温超导磁悬浮轴承悬浮力数值分析

高温超导磁悬浮轴承已经被广泛应用到飞轮储能系统之中,它的主要结构是由高温超导体和永磁体组成。本论文基于有限元法(FEM)和临界态模型,对高温超导推力轴承的悬浮力和刚度等参数进行模拟仿真,并且在SCML-02测试装置上进行测试,计算结果与测试结果得到很好的吻合。并且进一步对环形永磁体推力轴承进行计算模拟,为进一步的轴承结构参数优化做好基础。     

2:17-type SmCo magnets prepared by powder injection molding using a water-based binder

2:17-type SmCo permanent magnets by powder injection molding using a water-based binder have been studied. The water-based binder is methylcellulose solution, which consists of deionized water and methylcellulose. When the solution concentration is 0.5 wt%, the carbon content of the sintered magnets is below 0.1 wt% and the magnets have better magnetic properties. The magnetic properties and density of the sintered magnets can be increased through pre-sintering in vacuum (10⁻³ Pa) at 1200 °C. However, the Sm content of the magnets loses obviously in pre-sintering for a long period. The appropriate pre-sintering duration is 20–40 min. The magnetic properties of the magnets are: Br=0.97 T, H_cj=871 kA/m, BH_max=157 kJ/m³. The structure of the magnet consists of the matrix phases (2:17 phases) and the precipitate phases (1:5 phases).     

Evolution of phase,texture, microstructure and magnetic properties of Fe–Cr–Co–Mo–Ti permanent magnets

Magnetic phase evolution, crystallographic texture, microstructure and magnetic properties of Fe–28Cr–15Co–3.5Mo–1.8Ti alloy have been investigated by X-ray diffractometry, scanning transmission electron microscopy and magnetometry techniques as a function of processing conditions. Heat treatment conditions for obtaining optimum textural, microstructural and magnetic properties have been established by the experimentations. The Goss {110}〈001〉 and cube type {001}〈010〉 textures have been developed in an optimal treated Fe–28Cr–15Co–3.5Mo–1.8Ti magnets. The coercive force in Fe–28Cr–15Co–3.5Mo–1.8Ti magnets depends critically on the shape anisotropy of rod-like Fe Co Ti-rich α₁ particles and remanence on the alignment and elongation of α₁ particles parallel to applied magnetic field 〈100〉 directions. The optimum magnetic properties obtained in Fe–28Cr–15Co–3.5Mo–1.8Ti alloy are intrinsic coercive force, _iH_c, of 78.8 kA/m (990 Oe), remanence, B_r of 1.12 T (11.2 kG) and energy product, (BH)_max of 52.5 kJ/m³ (6.5 MGOe). The development of Fe–28Cr–15Co–3.5Mo–1.8Ti magnets as well as characterization of texture, microstructural and magnetic properties in the current study would be helpful in designing the new Fe–Cr–Co–Mo based magnets suitable for scientific and technological applications.     

飞轮储能器的新型高温超导悬浮轴承研究

储能器是一种储存能量的装置,随着高温超导悬浮轴承运用到飞轮储能器中,储能效率得到了大大的提高。它的主要结构是由高温超导体和永磁体组成。文中提出一种全新高温超导悬浮轴承,并研究其的力学性能,为新型超导悬浮轴承的研究与开发做好了基础准备。     

Study of high-coercivity sintered NdFeB magnets

Magnetic powders for sintered NdFeB magnets have been prepared by using an advanced processing method including strip casting, hydrogen decrepitation, jet milling and rubber isotropic press. The effects of Dy, Ga and Co addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties of sintered magnets have been investigated. By adopting a suitable component ratio and adjusting proper technological parameters, we have prepared high-coercivity sintered NdFeB magnets with hard magnetic properties of _jH_c=25.6 kOe, B_r=13.2 kG and (BH)_max=39.9 MGOe. The temperature coefficient of coercivity of the magnets (between 20 and 150 °C) is –0.53%/°C. The magnetic properties at high temperature satisfy the needs of permanent magnet motors.     

Evaluation of magnetic force distribution on a pair of superconducting bulk magnets

We study the construction of superconducting permanent magnets by RE123 bulk materials and the investigation of these industrial applications such as a magnetic separation. A bulk magnet can generate strong magnetic fields exceeding 2 T, which is the limit of ordinary iron-cored electromagnets, in a compact device with a low running cost. A magnetic field distribution of the bulk magnet is a cone shape, and it contributes to an increase of magnetic force which is proportional to the product of a magnetic field and its gradient. It is important to evaluate magnetic force when the application of the bulk magnet is discussed. In this paper, two Gd123 bulk materials of 65 mm in diameter were magnetized using a pair of superconducting bulk magnet system and three-axis components of magnetic flux density (B_x,⋅B_y, and B_z) in an open space between the magnetic poles were scanned with pitch of 2 mm in each direction. From these measured data, the axial and radial components of magnetic force factor, B_z⋅dB_z/dz and B_r⋅dB_r/dr, were calculated. At 10 mm gap, the B_z⋅dB_z/dz value reached 180.6 T²/m for a field of 2.33 T, which is comparable to B_z = 6.76 T for a common 10 T–100 mm∅ superconducting magnet.     

High-T c superconducting magnetic bearings for rotation-based devices

Summary A Modified-Melt-Powder-Melt-Growth (MMPMG) technique has been developed for the preparation of melt-textured Y-Ba−Cu−O pellets. To test their performances, the samples were characterized with respect to their microstructure, pinning strength and interaction force with permanent magnets. A superconducting magnetic bearing was built and integrated in a levitating flywheel system for energy storage. Paper presented at the “VII Congresso SATT?, Torino, 4–7 October 1994. Under a Fondazione Confalonieri grant.     

Magnetic properties of electroplated wires coated by ferrofluid

Low-frequency magnetic properties of ferromagnetic composite wires were studied with and without coating by ferrofluid. Non-magnetic CuBe wires of 0.1 mm diameter were electroplated with FeCoNi layer of 1 μm thickness. Magnetization curves were measured in the frequency range of 10 Hz–3 kHz. The composite CuBe/FeCoNi/ferrofluid material shows a hysteretic behaviour in a small field. The hysteresis loop of ferrofluid covered electroplated wire is not a simple sum of the ferrofluid “wire” plus non-covered wire signals. It indicates an interaction between magnetic wire and ferrofluid which can be revealed by low-frequency measurements. The combination “electroplated wire/ferrofluid” can be considered as a new type of composite magnetic material consisting of solid magnetic core coated by complementary liquid magnetic material. Low-frequency measurements in presence of ferrofluid can be a useful method to study magnetic properties of ferromagnets.     

基于Ansoft的永磁轨道排布方式的仿真优化

将永磁轨道上表面磁感应强度作为主要参数进行检测和考察,以衡量其悬浮性能的优劣程度。首先通过对比Ansoft仿真值与实际测量值,确定了最佳测量位置为永磁体上表面2mm处,然后分别对多种排布方式的永磁轨道表面磁感应强度B进行了仿真并观测,得出结论表明:从制作的经济性以及实用性考虑,三极对顶式永磁轨道能提供目前最优的悬浮性能。该结论对高温超导磁悬浮系统永磁轨道的制作和设计有一定的参考价值。     

Levitation of a superconducting body in the field of N magnetic poles

Advanced magnetic technologies make it possible to create REE-based permanent magnets with a magnetic field sufficient for levitation. In this work, the feasibility of levitation in the field of arbitrarily (discretely or continuously) distributed magnetic poles is analyzed. A magnetic pole simulates a long and thin permanent magnet. The results obtained enable designing a levitator for an arbitrary distribution of magnets. A number of magnetic pole configurations is considered. The range of the levitator’s parameters providing stable equilibrium of the rotor in the magnetic field is found.     

一种粒子谱仪用高均匀性高磁通密度永磁组件

研制的永磁组件采用主辅永磁体和匀场技术相结合的改进C型磁路结构,利用计算机仿真技术对组件磁路结构进行验证及优化。仿真分析及实验结果表明：采用这种磁路结构扩大了均匀区的范围,提高了磁场均匀性。按这种结构制造的永磁组件在20 mm气隙、中心平面200 mm120 mm均匀区内气隙磁通密度达到0.75 T,不均匀度为0.67%。另外,也对永磁组件在高低温下的磁性能进行了仿真计算,结果表明:在-55~70 ℃温度范围内均匀区的气隙磁通密度变化为4%左右。     

辅助永磁体厚度对单畴GdBCO超导体捕获磁场分布及其磁悬浮力的影响

研究了两种磁悬浮系统组态中圆台形辅助永磁体厚度对高温超导体捕获磁场和超导磁悬浮力的影响。结果表明,圆台形辅助永磁体的下表面和GdBCO超导体上表面同处在一个水平面上,磁化用圆台形辅助永磁体的厚度H从5 mm增加到45 mm时,超导体捕获磁场和磁悬浮力与圆台形辅助永磁体的厚度直接相关。（1）当圆台形辅助永磁体的北极垂直向上且用液氮冷却后移除辅助永磁体时,最大磁悬浮力从21.8 N增大到26.5 N,再减小到22.9 N;（2）当圆台形辅助永磁体的北极垂直向下且用液氮冷却后移除辅助永磁体时,最大磁悬浮力从20.5 N减小到11.9 N ,再增加到20.4 N;（3）两种磁悬浮系统组态中最大磁悬浮力不一致,与零场冷情况下的最大磁悬浮力14.6 N也不同。在超导磁悬浮应用系统设计中,只有科学选择辅助永磁体形状和尺寸,合理设计组合方式,才能获得较强的磁场强度,提高超导磁悬浮力特性,该结果对促进高温超导体的实际应用具有重要的指导作用。     

一种粒子谱仪用高均匀性高磁通密度永磁组件

研制的永磁组件采用主辅永磁体和匀场技术相结合的改进C型磁路结构,利用计算机仿真技术对组件磁路结构进行验证及优化。仿真分析及实验结果表明:采用这种磁路结构扩大了均匀区的范围,提高了磁场均匀性。按这种结构制造的永磁组件在20 mm气隙、中心平面200 mm120 mm均匀区内气隙磁通密度达到0.75 T,不均匀度为0.67%。另外,也对永磁组件在高低温下的磁性能进行了仿真计算,结果表明:在-55~70 ℃温度范围内均匀区的气隙磁通密度变化为4%左右。     

Studies of the domain structure of anisotropic sintered SmCo5 permanent magnets

In this work, investigations of the magnetic microstructure of anisotropic sintered SmCo₅ permanent magnets with high coercivity have been made using the colloid-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The magnets were produced by powder metallurgy (sintering) process and consisted of oriented grains with an average size of about 20 μm. They were studied in the thermally demagnetized state. Owing to the application of digital image recording, enhancement and analysis, high-quality images of the magnetic microstructure were obtained and analyzed not only qualitatively but also quantitatively. Improvements over previous results were achieved. The grains show the presence of magnetic domains, as expected. At the surface perpendicular to the alignment axis, the coarse domain structure in the form of a maze pattern with surface reverse spikes is observed. The main (maze) domains had typical widths 3–5 μm. The reverse spike domains were imaged as circles typically 1–2 μm in diameter or as elongated regions up to about 6 μm in length. Interestingly, in addition to the coarse maze domains and reverse spikes near the surface, a fine surface domain structure is revealed with MFM. The fine scale domains are found to be magnetized perpendicular to the surface and their occurrence is attributed to further reduction of the magnetostatic energy at the cost of a larger domain wall energy. On the surface parallel to the alignment axis, the main domains within individual grains are imaged as stripe domains with domain walls running approximately parallel to the alignment axis, while reverse spike domains are displayed in the form of triangular domains and occur near some grain boundaries, pores or precipitations. The magnetic alignment of grains was found to be good, but certainly not perfect. In most cases the domain structures within grains were independent of their neighbors, but in some cases (not so rare) observations indicated the existence of significant magnetostatic coupling between neighboring grains. The main and surface domain widths were determined by digital means using the stereologic method of Bodenberger and Hubert. Moreover, the domain wall energy and other intrinsic parameters for the studied magnets were determined.     

New electromagnetic ring balancer for active imbalance compensation of rotating machinery

New electromagnetic ring balancer for active mass imbalance compensation of rotating machinery is proposed in this paper. This type of active balancer maintains the balanced condition of machine by permanent magnets rather than clutch and external energy. Firstly, the imbalance compensation principle is presented, and then the balancer design is completed. For the proposed balancer, the actuation principle and operational process are presented in detail. Based on the finite element stable-state and transient calculations, the reasonable design parameters are obtained to direct the development of balancer prototype machine. The relative experimental tests are completed to validate the balancer design and fabrication. The proposed balancer has a simple structure, a wide range of balance capability, a stable and smooth operational process and a desirable vibration response. This study shows that the machine tool spindle integrated with active balancer indeed has an expected mass imbalance compensation function, and the mass–radius product of 6.03–38.55 g cm can eliminate the vibration of 0.0021–0.1076 gravitational acceleration.