摄影光学 高速摄影及其装置

TB872 2005021315 超高速转镜分幅摄影时间信息参量测量的研究=Studying on time information parameters of ultra-high speed framing photography with rotating mirror[刊,中]／李景镇(深圳大 学工程技术学院光子工程研究所．广东,深圳(518060)), 谭显祥…//光子学报．-2004,33(7)．-854-858 对超高速转镜分幅摄影时间信息参量的精确测量进 行了研究,得出了摄影频率的空间分布表达式和任一空间 画幅位置的分幅时间、任两幅画幅的时间间隔的精确计算     

转镜式超高速成像技术进展（特邀）

转镜式超高速成像摄影机具有大画幅、大画幅数、高空间分辨率、宽光谱波段,以及摄影频率宽广和使用可靠方便的优势,在微秒级成像领域具有重要应用,至今依然没有任何一种电子类摄影机在画幅数、摄影速度、空间分辨率和动态范围诸方面能和转镜式摄影机相匹敌。本文论述了转镜式超高速摄影技术在其信息论的拓扑、转镜动力学的探索、转镜摄影机现代设计理论和“皇冠上的珍珠”等待型分幅扫描同时成像系统研究诸方面的进展,期望能诠释中国何以能成为转镜式超高速摄影技术的强国。     

超高速光电分幅相机及应用北大核心CSCD

采用高精度、低像差的光学分幅技术,结合高精度延时控制及超快门选通微通道板(MCP)轮替曝光技术,以及CCD图像采集方法,研制了高性能的超高速光电分幅相机,其摄影频率为2×108幅/秒,像面空间分辨率为36mm-1,可连续拍摄8幅1 600×1 200像素的大画幅图像。将该相机应用于钨丝发光实验和雷管破裂实验,获得了清晰的实验图像。     

用于野外大口径火炮炮口弹丸姿态摄影的“激光高速摄影系统”

在大口径火炮发射瞬间,弹丸在炮口投飞行时,具有较高的飞行速度,并同时伴有强烈的炮口焰这就给弹丸炮口姿态的摄影带来困难。我们研制的“YDS激光高速摄影系统”可以排除强烈的炮口焰的干扰,拍摄下弹丸在炮口段飞行姿态的连续分幅照片,由于分幅是依靠调Q激光脉冲来分幅的,光脉冲宽度很窄,画幅曝光时间极短,故拍摄的高速飞行物体的照片相当清晰。 本文介绍了用于野外大口径火炮炮口弹丸姿态摄影的“YDS激光高速摄影系统”的组成,工作原理、组成摄影系统的各设备的作用,并扼要介绍了初步试验结果。     

关于高速摄影系统的信息量

本文分别讨论了狭缝扫描高速摄影系统、分幅高速摄影系统以及网格高速摄影系统的信息量计算公式.在讨论分幅摄影系统时,指出了光快门作用对空间自由度的影响.     

Z“箍缩”的时间分辨测量技术研究

针对在阳加速器上进行的Z箍缩内爆实验所要求的超快分幅摄影技术研究,主要利用八个微通道板构成摄影系统的快门以达到时间分辨的要求,同时解决了在阳加速器上的精密同步问题以使系统可以稳定、可靠地一次拍摄到八幅图像,图像间隔最小为10 ns,曝光时间可达到3 ns.该技术以分幅原理获得大幅面的图像数据,具有图像特征清晰、空间信息详细的特点,为Z箍缩过程的研究提供了翔实的实验数据.     

转镜分幅相机中分幅系统放大倍率的校正

理论上分析转镜分幅相机分幅系统放大倍率不一致产生的原因及因素。给出分幅系统放大倍率校正的方法,并以国内普遍使用的FJZ-250型高速转镜分幅相机为例,给出了每一画幅的放大倍率和校正系数。实测结果表明：分幅系统的放大倍率的不一致性与理论计算值差异较大,以校正的数据去分析处理爆轰实验底片,其空间测试精度有较大的提高。     

超高速光电分幅相机及应用

采用高精度、低像差的光学分幅技术,结合高精度延时控制及超快门选通微通道板(MCP)轮替曝光技术,以及CCD图像采集方法,研制了高性能的超高速光电分幅相机,其摄影频率为2×108幅/秒,像面空间分辨率为36mm-1,可连续拍摄8幅1 600×1 200像素的大画幅图像。将该相机应用于钨丝发光实验和雷管破裂实验,获得了清晰的实验图像。     

多通道双近贴象增强器相机的毫微秒脉冲发生器及其同步电路

由于超快速弱光目标的测量所需,目前国内所提供的分幅变象管相机由于分幅速率低(曝光时间为20ns,画幅间隔最短为150ns),对于一个几十纳秒的发光目标己不能适用。目前国际上也因高分幅速率的电路难以实现,故用多通道双近贴象增强器相机来代替变象管分幅相机,其曝光时间己做到,1ns左右,画幅间隔也做到1ns左右。我们根据国内     

高动态范围激光等离子体诊断系统及其在惯性约束聚变实验中的应用

基于高功率激光等离子体X射线辐射谱特性,设计和研制了一种大画幅高动态范围MCP选通型分幅相机. 单画幅宽度13mm,长度36mm,曝光时间0.5—5ns可调.与X射线CCD比较,系统在1.0—10keV的谱响应相对平整,无高能增强效应.利用高功率激光打靶实验进行了性能考核实验,结果表明,系统的信噪比明显好于X射线CCD系统,动态范围大于3×10³. 系统已经在神光Ⅱ装置ICF物理实验中获得成功应用. 关键词： 动态范围 谱响应 激光等离子体诊断 分幅相机     

脉冲激光测距时间间隔测量技术

在脉冲激光测距系统中,为提高时间间隔测量的精度,采用插值法进行时间间隔测量。在分析传统的数字计数法测量原理与误差的基础上,重点研究了插值法。其测量对象针对传统数字计数法中待测脉冲上升沿与下一个量化时钟脉冲上升沿之间的时间间隔。测量采用电容充放电技术,把时间间隔加入到一个时间扩展模块(通常为一只高精度的电容),实现时间上的放大,再对放大后的时间进行测量,可提高时间测量的精度。利用该方法得到的时间间隔测量精度可达到100 ps,对应于1.5 cm的测距精度。     

Super-High Resolution Time Interval Measurement Method Based on Time-Space Relationships

Based on the principle of quantized delay-time, a super-high resolution time interval measurement method is proposed based on time-space relationships. Using the delay-time stability that time and frequency signal travel in a specific medium, the measured time interval can be quantized. Combined with the phase coincidence detection technique, the measurement of time can be changed into the measurement of space length. The resolution and the stability of the measurement system are easily improved. Experimental results show that the measurement resolution of the measured time interval depends on the length difference of the double delay-time unit. When the length difference is set up on millimeter level or sub-millimeter level, super-high measurement resolution from hundreds of picosecond to tens of picosecond can be obtained.     

High-accuracy optical time delay measurement in fiber link [Invited]

Optoelectronic components and subsystems such as optically controlled phased array antennas, distributed radar networks, interferometric optical fiber hydrophones, and high-speed optoelectronic chips demand highaccuracy optical time delay measurement with large measurement range and the capability for single-end and wavelength-dependent measurement. In this paper, the recent advances in the optical time delay measurement of a fiber link with high accuracy are reviewed. The general models of the typical time delay measurement technologies are established with the operational principle analyzed. The performance of these techniques is also discussed.     

基于Gabor时频滤波的电磁超声螺栓轴力测量*

高强度螺栓轴向预紧力(轴力)的测量在工程应用中具有重要意义。使用电磁超声波对螺栓轴力检测时对超声回波声时测量精度要求较高,传统互相关估计法对超声回波声时估计易因噪声干扰发生估计错误,无法满足轴力测量精度要求。本文针对互相关法对电磁超声测量信号声时估计存在不准确的问题,提出了Gabor时频滤波法。通过螺栓轴力测量实验采集测量信号,对测量信号进行Gabor变换,在时频域中进行滤波,再对去噪后的信号进行互相关估计测得信号的声时,进而计算出螺栓轴力。实验表明：Gabor时频滤波法能有效地滤除电磁超声信号中的噪声,改善互相关估计的稳定性,提高螺栓轴力测量的准确率。     

Radio-frequency single-electron transistor as readout device for qubits: charge sensitivity and backaction

We study the radio-frequency single-electron transistor (rf-SET) as a readout device for charge qubits. We measure the charge sensitivity of an rf-SET to be 6.3microe/sqrt[Hz] and evaluate the backaction of the rf-SET on a single Cooper-pair box. This allows us to compare the needed measurement time with the mixing time of the qubit imposed by the measurement. We find that the mixing time can be substantially longer than the measurement time, which would allow readout of the state of the qubit in a single shot measurement.     

利用高精度时间间隔测量技术实现光速测定方法的研究

为了实现实验室环境下测定光速，采用已知长度及折射率的单模零色散光纤作为传输介质，利用高精度时间间隔测量技术测量了光在该光纤中的传输延时。经过理论推导，求出光速c与作为传输介质的光纤长度L、折射率n及光纤延时τ之间的关系式，从而通过测量得到L，n及τ的值即可计算得到真空中的光速值。与传统的利用天文法及精密仪器测量光速的方法相比，采用比较先进的高精度时间间隔测量技术可使时间分辨率达到125ps，从而在实验室环境下，利用简单仪器得到了高精度的测量结果。最终测量所得光速为299928077m/s，误差为30860m/s。     

基于双谱的脉冲星累积脉冲轮廓时间延迟测量

为提高脉冲星辐射脉冲到达时间的测量精度,提出了基于双谱的脉冲星累积脉冲轮廓时间延迟测量算法.理论上,双谱可以完全抑制加性高斯白噪声.通过进行自双谱与互双谱的比对及求解极值点,推导出时间延迟测量公式.实验结果表明,基于双谱的时间延迟测量算法可以有效抑制高斯白噪声,当累积脉冲轮廓观测值存在噪声项时,基于双谱的累积脉冲轮廓时间延迟测量精度优于泰勒提出的功率谱算法. 关键词： 脉冲星 脉冲到达时间 累积脉冲轮廓时间延迟 双谱     

TOT measurement implemented in FPGA TDC

Time measurement plays a crucial role for the purpose of particle identification in high energy physics experiments. With increasingly demanding physics goals and the development of electronics, modern time measurement systems need to meet the requirement of excellent resolution specification as well as high integrity. Based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs), FPGA time-to-digital converters(TDCs) have become one of the most mature and prominent time measurement methods in recent years. For correcting the time-walk effect caused by leading timing, a time-over-threshold(TOT) measurement should be added to the FPGA TDC. TOT can be obtained by measuring the interval between the signal leading and trailing edges. Unfortunately, a traditional TDC can recognize only one kind of signal edge, the leading or the trailing. Generally, to measure the interval, two TDC channels need to be used at the same time, one for leading, the other for trailing. However, this method unavoidably increases the amount of FPGA resources used and reduces the TDC's integrity.This paper presents one method of TOT measurement implemented in a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA. In this method,TOT measurement can be achieved using only one TDC input channel. The consumed resources and time resolution can both be guaranteed. Testing shows that this TDC can achieve resolution better than 15 ps for leading edge measurement and 37 ps for TOT measurement. Furthermore, the TDC measurement dead time is about two clock cycles, which makes it good for applications with higher physics event rates.     

Measurement of X-ray photon energy and arrival time using a silicon drift detector

Detecting the X-ray emission of pulsars and obtaining the photons' time of arrival are the foundational steps in autonomous navigation via X-ray pulsar measurement. The precision of a pulse's time of arrival is mainly determined by the precision of photon arrival time measurement. In this work, a silicon drift detector is used to measure photon energy and arrival time. The measurement system consists of a signal detector, a processing unit, a signal acquisition unit and a data receiving unit. This system acquires the energy resolution and arrival time information of photons. In particular, background noise with different energies disturbs pulse profile forming, the system can also achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio profile. Ground test results show that this system can be applied in autonomous navigation based on X-ray pulsar measurement.     

基于LMS自适应时延估计和FPGA的超声波测风系统研究

利用超声波传感器进行风速测量时,温度对超声波传播有很大影响,时延估计对超声波测风系统的精度起到很大的作用。本超声波测风系统为避免温度对风速测量中的影响,采用了基于时差法的测量原理,为了提高时延估计值的精度,提出了基于最小均方(LMS)自适应时延估计的测量方法,研制了以单片机Atmega128和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)为核心的硬件系统。仿真和实际测试的结果表明,该超声波测风系统的时延估计值精确度较高,具有很高的应用价值。