在测量人眼像差中信息融合方法的应用

建立了基于Hartmann-Shack传感器的主客观人眼波前像差测量系统,该系统使用Hartmann-Shack传感器客观测量人眼像差,分别对模拟眼和活体人眼进行了像差测量.同时系统中加入了主观测量人眼像差的部分,该系统能够同时进行客观和主观的像差测量,实现了使用信息融合的方法对测量结果进行数据处理.并结合了客观测量和主观测量的优点,使用信息融合的方法使测量结果更加合理.     

主客观相结合眼波面像差分析系统

利用Hartmann-Shack波面传感器对眼出瞳位置的波面像差进行测量,根据所测像差控制可变形镜对像差进行实时补偿.眼像差以Zernike多项式表示,通过对可变形镜的精确控制,可在光路中生成特定模式和幅值的像差.因此,被测者根据视觉的主观感觉,调节视标像差,直至获得最满意的视觉效果.该系统采用移动三棱镜和柱镜的方法对离焦和散光进行预补偿,弥补了波面传感器测量范围和可变形镜矫正范围受限制的缺点.该系统把快速、客观的测量及补偿和主观调整相结合,更加符合人眼工作的特性,可用于在人眼像差与视觉分辩的基础和临床研究.     

基于波前技术的人眼神经对比敏感度测量

搭建了基于波前像差的神经对比敏感度(NCSF)测试系统。该系统在测试人眼空间对比敏感度(CSF)的同时,利用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量人眼波前像差,通过计算进而得到人眼的NCSF。与通过两种设备分别测量全视觉CSF和波前像差获得NCSF相比,该方法避免了不同测试状态下像差波动的影响,简化了测试过程;和传统激光干涉方法测量NCSF相比,该方法避免了激光干涉产生的相干噪音和激光散斑等不利因素,并且通过改变不同亮度不同颜色视标,可以得到不同亮度,不同波长下的NCSF。选用绿光视标对四例正常人眼的NCSF进行了测量,结果表明:该系统可以同时获得人眼的全视觉CSF、屈光系统调制传递函数和NCSF;在同等亮度下,不同人眼的NCSF存在个体差异;对同一个体,NCSF曲线的最大值对应的空间频率比全眼空间CSF曲线的最大值对应的空间频率高一些。     

可诱导人眼自动调焦的眼底相机光学系统设计

基于自适应光学设计了一款可诱导人眼自动调焦的眼底相机,包括视度调节系统、照明系统和自适应成像系统。在视度调节系统中,通过设置视标诱导人眼自动调焦,校正人眼初级像差,将人眼残余像差控制在自适应成像系统的校正范围内。在照明系统中,采用轴锥镜组产生环形光照明人眼,消除人眼角膜的强反射光,通过调节轴锥镜之间的距离使环形光束内径连续变化以适应不同的人眼。在自适应成像系统中,使用哈特曼-夏克波前传感器作为波前探测器,使用变形镜作为波前校正器,校正人眼的高阶像差。仿真结果表明,眼底照明均匀度可达95%,自适应成像系统在截止频率76lp/mm处,各视场调制传递函数(MTF)值均大于0.36。系统畸变小于1%,能够对在-6 D~+8 D(D表示屈光度数)之间的人眼眼底清晰成像。     

一种新型人眼波前像差测量补偿系统的研究

离焦是人眼中最主要的像差之一,离焦量过大会严重影响人眼波前像差的测量及矫正精度。为了消除离焦在此方面带来的影响,设计了带有补偿装置的人眼波前像差测量及矫正系统。重点分析了该系统的原理、结构和工作流程。运用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量了人眼波前像差,并使用变形反射镜对人眼波前像差进行矫正。对模拟人眼矫正离焦前后的光斑点阵图和波前三维重构图进行了对比分析。研究表明,通过离焦补偿系统对模拟人眼的离焦量进行矫正,使被测量人眼的离焦量由2.020D和-2.035D分别减小到0.011D和-0.007D;通过调焦系统,使显示器上显示出的人眼光斑点阵图由模糊变清晰,提高了信标光在人眼眼底的成像质量。     

双眼高阶像差校正与视觉分析系统

人眼像差对视功能具有重要影响。目前相关研究结果多在单眼条件下获得,为解决双眼像差对双眼视功能的影响等问题,搭建了一套双眼高阶像差校正与视觉分析系统。该系统采用哈特曼波前传感器和37单元变形反射镜对双眼像差进行测量和控制,并通过对控制器增益的优化设计,实现了对双眼像差的稳定闭环控制。视标显示器采用有机发光二极管微型显示器,其视频输入信号直接由计算机产生,可方便地实现多种视功能测试。利用该系统进行了初步的立体视觉实验,展示了该系统在双眼视功能测试方面的巨大潜力。双眼高阶像差校正与视觉分析系统的建立为未来双眼视功能的深入研究提供了必要的技术和设备支持。     

液晶自适应光学视网膜校正成像技术研究

为了实现对人眼视网膜的高分辨率成像,解决偏振能量损失、成像视场小和普适性差等问题,对液晶自适应光学技术及其在人眼视网膜成像中的应用进行了研究。通过开环光路的设计方案,避免了闭环液晶自适应系统的偏振光能量损失;在光路中加入可变视场光阑,利用小视场照明进行波前探测、大视场照明进行像差校正和成像的方法扩大了成像视场;使用脉冲光照明的方案减小曝光量;通过偏振光照明提高能量利用率、等效无穷远视标配合补偿镜以及改进后的视标提高盯视稳定性等一系列方法,提高系统普适性。校正后成像的清晰度和对比度获得了明显提高;高分辨率眼底成像视场直径从200μm扩大到500μm;曝光量减小到原来的1/2~1/3;对前期难以获得清晰成像的样本,取得了效果良好的视网膜视觉细胞自适应图像。     

液晶自适应光学视网膜校正成像技术研究

为了实现对人眼视网膜的高分辨率成像,解决偏振能量损失、成像视场小和普适性差等问题,对液晶自适应光学技术及其在人眼视网膜成像中的应用进行了研究。通过开环光路的设计方案,避免了闭环液晶自适应系统的偏振光能量损失;在光路中加入可变视场光阑,利用小视场照明进行波前探测、大视场照明进行像差校正和成像的方法扩大了成像视场;使用脉冲光照明的方案减小曝光量;通过偏振光照明提高能量利用率、等效无穷远视标配合补偿镜以及改进后的视标提高盯视稳定性等一系列方法,提高系统普适性。校正后成像的清晰度和对比度获得了明显提高;高分辨率眼底成像视场直径从200 μm扩大到500 μm;曝光量减小到原来的1/2~1/3;对前期难以获得清晰成像的样本,取得了效果良好的视网膜视觉细胞自适应图像。     

人眼的高级像差对视功能的影响

准确测量和分析人眼的高级像差有助于更好地改善视觉,具有重要的实验和临床意义。测量了实际人眼的波前像差,分析了高级像差对人眼视功能的影响。像差数据由哈特曼-夏克（Hartmann-Shack）波前传感器分别对不同瞳孔的人眼进行测量而获得,视功能的评价方法采用了调制传递函数（MTF）、对比敏感度函数（CSF）、斯特雷尔（Strehl）比率。由人眼的波前像差数据和视网膜空间像调制度（AIM）曲线直接给出了视锐度值与对比敏感度值。矫正了离焦与像散后．被测者的平均视锐度值达到了1．0,对比敏感度在低频（20c／mm）处约为52,高频（80c／mm）处约为1;矫正了前4阶像差后,平均视锐度值可提高到1．2,对比敏感度在低频（20c／mm）处提高到96,高频（80c／mm）处提高到7。实际人眼各不相同,达到理想成像需矫正高级像差的阶数也不同。矫正了前九阶像差后,均可达到理想成像,斯特雷尔比率值大于0．8。     

人眼实际观察状态下的自由曲面眼镜片的透射波前像差测量

基于人眼-镜片联合模型提出了一种实际观察状态下测量自由曲面镜片波前像差的方法,该方法不同于焦度计及现有的哈特曼-夏克波前像差传感器测量眼镜片后表面波前像差的方法。阐述了一种在实际观察状态下眼镜片顶球面上的波前像差测量方法的原理。基于该原理设计、研制了相应的测量装置,并使用该测量装置自动扫描测量得到眼镜片顶球面上的波前像差和配戴者屈光度参数。实验结果验证了该测量装量可以实现模拟实际观察状态下自由曲面镜片波前像差的测量,有助于评价自由曲面镜片的成像质量和加工质量,以及指导镜片的设计和优化。     

Individual eye model based on wavefront aberration

Based on the widely used Gullstrand-Le Grand eye model, the individual human eye model has been established here, which has individual corneal data, anterior chamber depth and the eyeball depth. Furthermore, the foremost thing is that the wavefront aberration calculated from the individual eye model is equal to the eye's wavefront aberration measured with the Hartmann-shack wavefront sensor. There are four main steps to build the model. Firstly, the corneal topography instrument was used to measure the corneal surfaces and depth. And in order to input cornea into the optical model, high-order aspheric surface-Zernike Fringe Sag surface was chosen to fit the corneal surfaces. Secondly, the Hartmann-shack wavefront sensor, which can offer the Zernike polynomials to describe the wavefront aberration, was built to measure the wavefront aberration of the eye. Thirdly, the eye's axial lengths among every part were measured with A-ultrasonic technology. Then the data were input into the optical design software–ZEMAX and the crystalline lens's shapes were optimized with the aberration as the merit function. The individual eye model, which has the same wavefront aberrations with the real eye, is established.     

微机械薄膜变形镜校正性能及控制算法

通过对微机械薄膜变形镜影响函数矩阵的奇异值分解,构建了变形镜可以校正的像差模式空间,分析了变形镜对正交基模式的校正能力和校正范围,提出了一种变形镜闭环迭代控制算法。通过对影响函数矩阵低秩近似的方法滤除校正性能较差的基模式的影响,实现了对畸变像差的有选择校正。以人眼出射波前为对象进行实验,通过比较不同模式项数校正时的效果,确定了最优校正模式项数的范围,通过设置残差容限的方法,消除了人眼晃动和眨眼的影响。实验结果表明:控制算法能通过选择合适的校正项数,提高变形镜的校正性能,并获取到了高清晰度的人眼视网膜图像,为眼科疾病诊断和治疗提供了一种新的观察手段。     

基于主观式测量人眼波前像差的眼模型研究

通过主观式光线追踪波前像差测量方法得到用Zernike系数描述的人眼波前像差;在Gullstrand-Le Grand眼模型的基础上,引入用医用角膜地形图仪测量并用高次非球面函数拟合的实际人眼角膜形状数据,又引入角膜、前房及玻璃体厚度等个体化的眼结构参数;在光学建模软件Zemax中用所测Zernike系数建立评价函数,并对用Zernike矢高面描绘的晶状体表面进行优化.由此建立了个体化眼模型,并由此模型中可以计算得到与实际测量的波前像差值完全相同的各项Zernike系数值,从而可用于描述实际人眼的光学特性.     

A modified phase diversity wavefront sensor with a diffraction grating

Phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the useful tools to estimate the wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics system. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.     

Wavefront aberrations in the accommodated human eye based on individual eye model

In this research, we firstly construct individual eye models based on the wavefront and the measured cornea structure of the eyes. Then we analyze the influence of accommodation on the wavefront aberrations based on individual eye model. The individual eye model has the same wavefront aberration as that measured from Hartmann–Shack wavefront sensor. The optical design software ZEMAX is used to construct the individual eye models for 20 normal eyes. Accommodative conditions are from 0 to –4 diopter in steps of one diopter. The variations of the total, the spherical, the coma and the higher-order root-mean-square wavefront aberrations, as accommodations, are illustrated. Influence of accommodation on wavefront aberration varies from individual to individual, and the variation magnitude is independent of the magnitude of the wavefront aberration of the eye.     

基于矢量波像差理论的两反光学系统装调研究

 为了实现对两反光学系统的精密装调,提出一种基于矢量波像差理论和波像差检测技术对失调量精确求解的装调方法。使用矢量波像差理论,将已设计的两反光学系统参数、失调量和失调光学系统的波像差之间建立方程;然后通过干涉测量法得到某一个视场的干涉图,利用条纹分析软件得到表征失调系统三阶彗差和三阶像散的泽尼克项系数,将泽尼克项系数代入方程从而求解出失调量。运用此方法对4 m口径RITCHEY-CHR-TIEN结构的天文望远镜进行模拟装调,最终求解的失调量与引入的失调量结果相互吻合,说明该装调方法正确。     

A modified phase diversity diffraction wavefront sensor with a grating

The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at the focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.     

The study of wavelength-dependent wavefront aberrations based on individual eye model

Theoretical calculations of the wavelength dependence of the ocular wavefront aberrations are performed with individual eye model. Individual eye model, based on the traditional Gullstrand-Le Grand eye model, has been established with measured individual cornea data, eyeball depth and wavefront aberrations. We analyze the wavelength-dependent wavefront aberrations at 12 different visible wavelengths (between 400 and 750 nm) for eight eyes. The change of defocus with wavelength (longitudinal chromatic aberration, LCA) is noticeable, and in good agreement with the results from references. In most cases, the primary spherical aberration changes significantly with wavelength. In comparison with the primary spherical aberration, the other higher-order wavefront aberrations have a smaller change with wavelength. These results have potential applications in those situations where defocus or higher-order wavefront aberrations information in arbitrary wavelength is required.     

渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的扩束测量方法

利用波前传感器测量自由曲面镜片时,由于自由曲面镜片的直径通常大于波前传感器的接收孔径,主要采用子孔径拼接技术测量镜片的波前像差。针对子孔径拼接技术测量中存在着操作繁琐、数据处理量大等问题,提出渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的扩束测量方法,得到渐进多焦点镜片中央直径为22 mm圆形区域内的波前像差。为了验证试验的可靠性,将测量得到的波前像差泽尼克表述中的离焦项转换为球镜度,与条纹偏折法测量得到镜片的球镜度进行对比实验,实验结果证明了渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的扩束测量方法可以用于渐进多焦点镜片波前像差的检测。