Weyl groups and elliptic solutions of the WDVV equations

A functional ansatz is developed which gives certain elliptic solutions of the Witten-Dijkgraaf-Verlinde-Verlinde (or WDVV) equations. This ansatz is based on the elliptic trilogarithm function introduced by Beilinson and Levin. For this to be a solution results in a number of purely algebraic conditions on the set of vectors that appear in the ansatz, this providing an elliptic version of the idea, introduced by Veselov, of a ∨-system.Rational and trigonometric limits are studied together with examples of elliptic ∨-systems based on various Weyl groups. Jacobi group orbit spaces are studied: these carry the structure of a Frobenius manifold. The corresponding ‘almost dual’ structure is shown, in the AN and BN cases and conjecturally for an arbitrary Weyl group, to correspond to the elliptic solutions of the WDVV equations.Transformation properties, under the Jacobi group, of the elliptic trilogarithm are derived together with various functional identities which generalize the classical Frobenius-Stickelberger relations.     

Poincaré series and monodromy of a two-dimensional quasihomogeneous hypersurface singularity

A relation is proved between the Poincaré series of the coordinate algebra of a two-dimensional quasihomogeneous isolated hypersurface singularity and the characteristic polynomial of its monodromy operator. For a Kleinian singularity not of type A _{2 n} , this amounts to the statement that the Poincaré series is the quotient of the characteristic polynomial of the Coxeter element by the characteristic polynomial of the affine Coxeter element of the corresponding root system. We show that this result also follows from the McKay correspondence. Received: Received: 25 October 2001 / Revised version: 19 November 2001     

Density of an (r,R)-system

In this paper we give a complete geometrical theory for the study of the exact lower bound of the density of n-dimensional lattices. For arbitrary (r, R)-systems we prove an analog of well known theorems due to Rogers from the theory of packings, and also from this same theory, an analog of a theorem due to Coxeter, Few, and Rogers. Several special examples are treated.     

Embeddings of root systems I: Root systems over commutative rings

This paper gives examples of embeddings of root systems of Coxeter groups, including sporadic embeddings of standard real root systems in other standard real root systems, and, for a general Coxeter group, an embedding of its universal symmetric root system over commutative rings into the standard real root system of a simply laced Coxeter group.     

Coxeter groups,Coxeter monoids and the Bruhat order

Associated with any Coxeter group is a Coxeter monoid, which has the same elements, and the same identity, but a different multiplication. (Some authors call these Coxeter monoids 0-Hecke monoids, because of their relation to the 0-Hecke algebras—the q=0 case of the Hecke algebra of a Coxeter group.) A Coxeter group is defined as a group having a particular presentation, but a pair of isomorphic groups could be obtained via non-isomorphic presentations of this form. We show that when we have both the group and the monoid structure, we can reconstruct the presentation uniquely up to isomorphism and present a characterisation of those finite group and monoid structures that occur as a Coxeter group and its corresponding Coxeter monoid. The Coxeter monoid structure is related to this Bruhat order. More precisely, multiplication in the Coxeter monoid corresponds to element-wise multiplication of principal downsets in the Bruhat order. Using this property and our characterisation of Coxeter groups among structures with a group and monoid operation, we derive a classification of Coxeter groups among all groups admitting a partial order.     

Coxeter cones and their h-vectors

Coxeter cones are formed by intersecting the nonnegative sides of a collection of root hyperplanes in some root system. They are shellable subcomplexes of the Coxeter complex, and their h-vectors record the distribution of descents among their chambers. We identify a natural class of “graded” Coxeter cones with the property that their h-vectors are symmetric and unimodal, thereby generalizing recent theorems of Reiner-Welker and Brändén about the Eulerian polynomials of graded partially ordered sets.     

Invariant convex subcones of the Tits cone of a linear Coxeter group

We investigate the faces and the face lattices of arbitrary Coxeter group invariant convex subcones of the Tits cone of a linear Coxeter system as introduced by E.B. Vinberg. Particular examples are given by certain Weyl group invariant polyhedral cones, which underlie the theory of normal reductive linear algebraic monoids as developed by M.S. Putcha and L.E. Renner. We determine the faces and the face lattice of the Tits cone and the imaginary cone, generalizing some of the results obtained for linear Coxeter systems with symmetric root bases by M. Dyer, and for linear Coxeter systems with free root bases by E. Looijenga, P. Slodowy, and the author.     

Theory of submanifolds,associativity equations in 2D topological quantum field theories,and Frobenius manifolds

We prove that the associativity equations of two-dimensional topological quantum field theories are very natural reductions of the fundamental nonlinear equations of the theory of submanifolds in pseudo-Euclidean spaces and give a natural class of flat torsionless potential submanifolds. We show that all flat torsionless potential submanifolds in pseudo-Euclidean spaces bear natural structures of Frobenius algebras on their tangent spaces. These Frobenius structures are generated by the corresponding flat first fundamental form and the set of the second fundamental forms of the submanifolds (in fact, the structural constants are given by the set of the Weingarten operators of the submanifolds). We prove that each N-dimensional Frobenius manifold can be locally represented as a flat torsionless potential submanifold in a 2N-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space. By our construction, this submanifold is uniquely determined up to motions. Moreover, we consider a nonlinear system that is a natural generalization of the associativity equations, namely, the system describing all flat torsionless submanifolds in pseudo-Euclidean spaces, and prove that this system is integrable by the inverse scattering method. To the memory of my wonderful mother Maya Nikolayevna Mokhova (4 May 1926–12 September 2006) Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 152, No. 2, pp. 368–376, August, 2007.     

Monodromy of Fuchsian systems on complex linear spaces

On complex linear spaces, Fuchs-type Pfaffian systems are studied that are defined by configurations of vectors in these spaces. These systems are referred to as R-systems in this paper. For the vector configurations that are systems of roots of complex reflection groups, the monodromy representations of R-systems are described. These representations are deformations of the standard representations of reflection groups. Such deformations define representations of generalized braid groups corresponding to complex reflection groups and are similar to the Burau representations of the Artin braid groups.     

On quasi-isomorphic DGBV algebras

 One of the methods to obtain Frobenius manifold structures is via differential Gerstenhaber-Batalin-Vilkovisky (DGBV) algebra construction. An important problem, as motivated from mirror symmetry, is how to identify Frobenius manifold structures constructed from two different DGBV algebras. For DGBV algebras with suitable conditions, we show the functorial property of a construction of deformations of the multiplicative structures of their cohomology. In particular, we show that quasi-isomorphic DGBV algebras yield equivalent formal Frobenius manifold structures. Received: 15 March 2001 / Revised version: 9 July 2002 / Published online: 28 March 2003     

Monodromy of Rational KZ Equations and Some Related Topics

A special class of integrable Fuchsian systems on C ⁿ related to KZ equations is considered. We survey the construction of such systems and the list of the structural properties their monodromy representations. The relation of the Fuchsian systems obtained by the Veselov construction assosiated with a deformation of the A _n–1-type root system and the Gauss–Manin connection of the natural projection C ⁿ C ^n–1 is described. In this case, we prove that the monodromy representation is equivalent to the Burau representation of the Artin braid group. For a deformations of the other root system, we introduce generalized Burau representations. We conjecture that the integrable Fuchsian systems related to essential new finite sets of the vectors described by Veselov and Chalykh are the result of the Klares–Schlesinger isomonodromic deformations (or transformation) of the integrable Fuchsian system related to the Coxeter root systems.     

Noncommutative algebras related with Schubert calculus on Coxeter groups

For any finite Coxeter system (W,S) we construct a certain noncommutative algebra, the so-called bracket algebra, together with a family of commuting elements, the so-called Dunkl elements. The Dunkl elements conjecturally generate an algebra which is canonically isomorphic to the coinvariant algebra of the Coxeter group W. We prove this conjecture for classical Coxeter groups and I₂(m). We define a “quantization” and a multiparameter deformation of our construction and show that for Lie groups of classical type and G₂, the algebra generated by Dunkl’s elements in the quantized bracket algebra is canonically isomorphic to the small quantum cohomology ring of the corresponding flag variety, as described by B. Kim. For crystallographic Coxeter systems we define the so-called quantum Bruhat representation of the corresponding bracket algebra. We study in more detail the structure of the relations in B_n-, D_n- and G₂-bracket algebras, and as an application, discover a Pieri-type formula in the B_n-bracket algebra. As a corollary, we obtain a Pieri-type formula for multiplication of an arbitrary B_n-Schubert class by some special ones. Our Pieri-type formula is a generalization of Pieri’s formulas obtained by A. Lascoux and M.-P. Schützenberger for flag varieties of type A. We also introduce a super-version of the bracket algebra together with a family of pairwise anticommutative elements, the so-called flat connections with constant coefficients, which describes “a noncommutative differential geometry on a finite Coxeter group” in the sense of S. Majid.     

A Clifford Algebraic Framework for Coxeter Group Theoretic Computations

Real physical systems with reflective and rotational symmetries such as viruses, fullerenes and quasicrystals have recently been modeled successfully in terms of three-dimensional (affine) Coxeter groups. Motivated by this progress, we explore here the benefits of performing the relevant computations in a Geometric Algebra framework, which is particularly suited to describing reflections. Starting from the Coxeter generators of the reflections, we describe how the relevant chiral (rotational), full (Coxeter) and binary polyhedral groups can be easily generated and treated in a unified way in a versor formalism. In particular, this yields a simple construction of the binary polyhedral groups as discrete spinor groups. These in turn are known to generate Lie and Coxeter groups in dimension four, notably the exceptional groups D ₄, F ₄ and H ₄. A Clifford algebra approach thus reveals an unexpected connection between Coxeter groups of ranks 3 and 4. We discuss how to extend these considerations and computations to the Conformal Geometric Algebra setup, in particular for the non-crystallographic groups, and construct root systems and quasicrystalline point arrays. We finally show how a Clifford versor framework sheds light on the geometry of the Coxeter element and the Coxeter plane for the examples of the twodimensional non-crystallographic Coxeter groups I ₂(n) and the threedimensional groups A ₃, B ₃, as well as the icosahedral group H ₃. IPPP/12/49, DCPT/12/98     

Root Systems for Asymmetric Geometric Representations of Coxeter Groups

Results are obtained concerning root systems for asymmetric geometric representations of Coxeter groups. These representations were independently introduced by Vinberg and Eriksson, and generalize the standard geometric representation of a Coxeter group in such a way as to include certain restrictions of all Kac–Moody Weyl groups. In particular, a characterization of when a nontrivial multiple of a root may also be a root is given in the general context. Characterizations of when the number of such multiples of a root is finite and when the number of positive roots sent to negative roots by a group element is finite are also given. These characterizations are stated in terms of combinatorial conditions on a graph closely related to the Coxeter graph for the group. Other finiteness results for the symmetric case which are connected to the Tits cone and to a natural partial order on positive roots are extended to this asymmetric setting.     

Homotopy type of the boolean complex of a Coxeter system

In any Coxeter group, the set of elements whose principal order ideals are boolean forms a simplicial poset under the Bruhat order. This simplicial poset defines a cell complex, called the boolean complex. In this paper it is shown that, for any Coxeter system of rank n, the boolean complex is homotopy equivalent to a wedge of (n−1)-dimensional spheres. The number of such spheres can be computed recursively from the unlabeled Coxeter graph, and defines a new graph invariant called the boolean number. Specific calculations of the boolean number are given for all finite and affine irreducible Coxeter systems, as well as for systems with graphs that are disconnected, complete, or stars. One implication of these results is that the boolean complex is contractible if and only if a generator of the Coxeter system is in the center of the group.     

Categorification of a frieze pattern determinant

Broline, Crowe and Isaacs have computed the determinant of a matrix associated to a Conway–Coxeter frieze pattern. We generalise their result to the corresponding frieze pattern of cluster variables arising from the Fomin–Zelevinsky cluster algebra of type A. We give a representation-theoretic interpretation of this result in terms of certain configurations of indecomposable objects in the root category of type A.     

Cell Mapping for Random Transformations

The method of Cell Mapping is a numerical tool to analyze the long-term behavior of dynamical systems. For deterministic systems, which are described by nonsingular transformations, Cell Mapping is characterized by a certain discretization of the Frobenius–Perron operator first proposed by Ulam [3]. Our purpose is to extend the concept to dynamical systems which are generated by random transformations. At this, time evolution of absolutely continuous measures and the corresponding densities will be described by Markov operators whose fixed points refer to invariant measures and densities respectively. A discretization of the Markov operator on densities leads directly to the reformulation of Cell Mapping in the stochastic context. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On the Derived Length of Coxeter Groups

We characterize certain properties of the derived series of Coxeter groups by properties of the corresponding Coxeter graphs. In particular, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a Coxeter group to be quasiperfect.     

A Uniform Generalization of Some Combinatorial Hopf Algebras

We generalize the Hopf algebras of free quasisymmetric functions, quasisymmetric functions, noncommutative symmetric functions, and symmetric functions to certain representations of the category of finite Coxeter systems and its dual category. We investigate their connections with the representation theory of 0-Hecke algebras of finite Coxeter systems. Restricted to type B and D we obtain dual graded modules and comodules over the corresponding Hopf algebras in type A.     

Representations of Frobenius-type triangular matrix algebras

The aim of this paper is mainly to build a new representation-theoretic realization of finite root systems through the so-called Frobenius-type triangular matrix algebras by the method of reflection functors over any field. Finally, we give an analog of APR-tilting module for this class of algebras. The major conclusions contains the known results as special cases, e.g., that for path algebras over an algebraically closed field and for path algebras with relations from symmetrizable cartan matrices. Meanwhile, it means the corresponding results for some other important classes of algebras, that is, the path algebras of quivers over Frobenius algebras and the generalized path algebras endowed by Frobenius algebras at vertices.