Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications—Updated and completely revised edition

This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. “Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications,” pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.     

Nano-Biodevice for Genomic Medicine and Systems Biology

1　Introduction　　Sincehumangenomesequencinghasbeenal mostcompleted ,humangenomeprojectwillquicklymoveontothepostgenomesequencingera ,includ ingsinglenucleotidepolymorphism (SNP)analysis ,functionalgenomics ,mutationanalysis ,transcrip tomeanalysis ,prot…     

Nano-Biodevice for Genomic Medicine and Systems Biology

Since human genome sequencing has been almost completed, human genome project will quickly move on to the post genome sequencing era, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, functional genomics, mutation analysis, transeriptome analysis, proteome analy-     

A selective and sensitive off–on probe for palladium and its application for living cell imaging

A new rhodamine B derivative T1 has been rationally synthesized and displayed selective Pd(Ⅱ)-amplified absorbance and fluorescence emission above 540 nm in methanol–water. Upon the addition of Pd(Ⅱ), the spirolactam ring was unfolded and a 1:1 metal-ligand complex formed, which can be used for ‘‘naked-eyes" detection. In addition, fluorescence imaging experiments of Pd~(2+) in HepG2 living cells showed its valuable application in biological systems.     

Mechanism and Kinetics for the Reaction of NCS and OH Radicals

The mechanism and dynamical properties for the reaction of NCS and OH radicals have been investigated theoretically. The minimum energy paths (MEP) of the reaction were calculated using the density functional theory(DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311 G^** level, and the energies along the MEP were further refined at the QCISD(T)/6-311 G^** level. As a result, the reaction mechanism of the title reaction involves three channels, producing HCS NO and HNC SO products, respectively. Path Ⅰ and path Ⅱ are competitive, with some advantages for path Ⅰ in kinetics. As for path Ⅲ, it looks difficult to react for its high energy barrier. Moreover, the rate constant have been calculated over the temperature range of 8190-2500K using canonical variational transition-state theory (CVT). It was found that the rate constants for both path Ⅰ and path Ⅱ are negatively dependent on temperature, which is similarwith the experimental results for reactions of NCS with NO and NO2, and the variational effect for the rate constant calculation olavs an important role in whole temperature range.     

Spectroscopic Characterization of Mo-Co-S and Mo-Fe-S Complexes-derived Catalysts for Desulfurization and Denitrification

The characteristic studies, by means of LR, UV-Vis and XPS spectroscopies, of the preparation process of Mo-Co-S and Mo-Fe-S catalysts for HDS and HDN, derived from (NH4)2MoS4-CoCl2 and (NH4)2MoS4-FeCl2 complexes supported on γ-Al2O3, respectively, indicate that the catalytically essential moiety on the surface of the catalysts is dominantly some sulfido-bimetallic species with such a structural unit (M' =Co or Fe), and both Co and Fe, served as promoters, can donate electrons to Mo probably via bridging-S. The nature of active-sites and the mechanism of promotion are discussed according to the results.     

Vapor–liquid equilibria for systems of diethyl carbonate and ketones and determination of group interaction parameters for the UNIFAC and ASOG methods

Densities and speeds of sound for the binary mixtures acetone, 2-butanone and 2-pentanone + diethyl carbonate, over the whole composition range, at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure have been measured. Excess molar volumes and deviations in isentropic compressibility for the binary systems were fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial. Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria for the binary systems acetone + diethyl carbonate, 2-butanone + diethyl carbonate and 2-pentanone + diethyl carbonate at P = 101.3 kPa have been determined. The activity coefficients were calculated to be thermodynamically consistent and they were correlated with the Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC and Redlich–Kister equations. Interaction parameters related to the carbonate (OCOO) and ketone (CO) groups, in ASOG and UNIFAC methods, have been determined using our experimental VLE data.     

Vapor—liquid and vapor—liquid—liquid phase equilibria for binary and ternary systems for nitrogen,ethane and methanol: Experiment and data reduction

Zeck, S. and Knapp, H., 1986. Vapor-liquid and vapor-liquid-liquid phase equilibria for binary and ternary systems of nitrogen, ethane and methanol; experiment and data reduction. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 25: 302–322.VLE and VLLE are investigated for three binary and one ternary system containing N₂, C₂H₆ and CH₃OH in a high-pressure phase equilibrium apparatus with vapor recirculation at temperatures 240 < T < 298 K and pressures 4 < p < 75 bar. Two liquid phases are observed in the systems C₂H₆CH₃OH and N₂CH₃OH. Experimental results are reported and compared with available correlations.     

Albumin-binding lipid-aptamer conjugates for cancer immunoimaging and immunotherapy

Monitoring dynamic changes in tumor immune markers are essential for predicting the therapeutic responses of tumors to immunotherapy, as well as other traditional therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Here, we designed a lipid-aptamer conjugate by employing a C18 chain to modify an aptamer targeting programmed cell death-ligand 1(C18-ap PDL1). The obtained C18-ap PDL1 could bind with serum albumin postintravenous injection to achieve prolonged blood circulation and enhanced in vivo stability without weakening its binding affinity toward PDL1. C18-ap PDL1 labeling with radionuclides, such as;Tc, could yield a nuclear imaging agent exhibiting much higher tumor-homing ability than bare aptamer. Notably, such radiolabeled C18-ap PDL1 could be utilized to visually monitor the dynamic changes in PDL1 expression postchemotherapy or radiotherapy within a few hours. Additionally, this C18-ap PDL1 could offer improved antitumor immune therapeutic responses,which are comparable with those of commercial anti-PDL1 antibodies at the same weight dosage. Thus, this article presented promising lipid-modified aptamers for cancer immunoimaging and immunotherapy.     

Microfluidic methods for cell separation and subsequent analysis

Cell is the most basic unit of the morphological structure and life activity of an organism. Learning the composition, structure and function of cells, exploring the life activities of cells and studying the interaction between cells are of great significance for human cognition and control of the life activities of organisms. Therefore, rapid, convenient, inexpensive, high-precision and reliable methods of cell separation and analysis are being developed to obtain accurate information for the s...     

New spectroscopic methods for environmental measurement and monitoring

The ability to monitor a broad range of chemical species in the atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere is a key technology for addressing global environmental issues. This report surveys several high sensitivity spectroscopic techniques for this purpose, including Frequency-Modulation-Enhanced Remote Sensing, In-traCavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, Cavity RingDown Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy.     

Thallium chalcohalides for X-ray and γ-ray detection

We report that the chalcohalide compound Tl(6)SeI(4) is a promising material for efficient X-ray and γ-ray detection. This material has a higher figure of merit than the current state-of-the-art material for room-temperature operation, Cd(0.9)Zn(0.1)Te (CZT). We have synthesized high-quality single-crystalline wafers of Tl(6)SeI(4) with detector-grade resistivities and good carrier transport of both electrons and holes. We demonstrate that pulse height spectra recorded using Co-57 radiation show an energy resolution matching that of a commercial CZT detector material.     

A new theory for symmetric orbital and tensor

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A Convenient and Efficient Procedure for Oxime Ethers

In connection with our asymmetric reduction research, we are of interest to synthesize ketoxime ethers because they give good enantioselectivty in the reduction system of Lewis acid-NaBH4-Ligand1. In the literature the oxime ethers were made under anhydrous conditions using strong base such as NaH or sodium alkoxides to realize the substitution reaction between alkyl halide and oxime2. The reaction has also been performed under PTC conditions3. There were cases where the yields were low…     

Oxygen and Osmium-A New Alliance for Dihydroxylations?

The activation of oxygen in new synthetic procedures dramatically expands the scope of osmium-catalyzed dihydroxylations [Eq. (1)]. Even air can now be used as the cooxidant in the asymmetric version of this reaction with little loss of selectivity.     

The Importance of Science and Technology for China

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Temperature dependent absorption cross-sections for acetone and n-butanone—implications for atmospheric lifetimes

Temperature dependent absorption cross-sections for acetone and n-butanone have been measured over the temperature range 260–360 K for 260 nm < λ < 360 nm. The temperature dependence of the cross-sections was fitted using simple, two-level models to allow the measured cross-sections to be extrapolated to upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric temperatures. Atmospheric photoexcitation rates were calculated as a function of altitude using both room temperature and temperature dependent cross-sections. Absorption in the 310–330 nm region makes the dominant contribution to solar photoexcitation in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Neglect of the temperature dependence of the absorption cross-sections results in significant over-estimations of the solar photoexcitation rate for both acetone and n-butanone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Since the atmospheric lifetimes of these compounds are inversely proportional to the photoexcitation rate, current models may underestimate the upper atmospheric lifetimes of these compounds by ≈50%.     

LC Packing Materials for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

 The author has prepared novel liquid chromatography (LC) packing materials for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Those include LC packing materials for direct serum injection assays of drugs and their metabolites, LC packing materials for resolution of enantiomeric drugs, and uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers for drugs and their metabolites.