Solvent extraction of uranium(VI) and separation of vanadium(V) from sulfate solutions using Alamine 336

The present scientific study on uranium(VI) solvent extraction and vanadium(V) separation from sulfate solutions using Alamine 336 as an extractant diluted in kerosene was established. The preliminary experiments indicating the uranium extraction process will follow the solvation as well as ion-exchange mechanisms. In the present acid region (0.1–1.0 mol dm⁻³ H₂SO₄) it showing the ion-exchange type mechanism. Time (1–120 min) and temperature (25–55 °C) not influencing the present extraction system. Other experimental parameters like loading capacity of Alamine 336, stripping of uranium from loaded organic phase, recycling of Alamine 336 and separation of uranium(VI)/vanadium(V) was studied.     

Solvent extraction studies using phosphonic acid monoesters

The extraction of radioactive⁶⁰Co by ethyl hydrogen benzoyl phosphonate (HEBOP) has been investigated. Different parameters that may effect this extraction such as the change in pH and [HEBOP] were studied. Extraction was carried out in three organic solvents. In addition, the equilibrium constants were determined at different temperatures and the thermodynamic parameters for such extraction process were calculated.     

Solvent extraction studies using phosphonic acid monoesters

The extraction of radioactive^152–154Eu by ethyl hydrogen benzyl phosphonate (HEBP) and ethyl hydrogen benzoyl phosphonate (HEBOP) in n-hexane from an aqueous solution of ionic strength 0.1M (Na⁺, HClO₄) has been investigated at different temperatures and the thermodynamic functions evaluated. HEBOP was found to be more efficient than HEBP as extractant. In addition, the stability constant of the extracted complexes were determined.     

Solvent extraction of metals using LIX26 extractant

Solvent extraction of some selected metals from an aqueous buffered solution by LIX26 extractant has been studied. The pH_1/2 values (at which 50% of metal ion is extracted) for extracting different metals by 1 v/v% LIX26 extractant in methyl isobutyl ketone have been obtained. The order of extraction of metals by LIX26 extractant as a function of pH_1/2 value is Pd(II)<Cu(II)<Sb(III)<Fe(II)<Co(II)<Zn(II)<Ni(II) <Pb(II)<Mn(II)<Cd(II).     

Solvent extraction studies using tetracycline as complexing agent

The behaviour of tetracycline as an extracting agent for strontium, iodine, barium, molybdenum, technetium, zirconium, niobium, cesium, ruthenium, tellurium and uranium has been studied and the influence of the acidity of the aqueous phase upon extraction of the elements mentioned has been examined. Experiments have been made to determine whether or not the species extracted into the organic phase is the complex formed between tetracycline and the elements considered as well as to determine the time of shaking necessary so that the equilibrium between the phases is attained. As a practical application, the possibility of using the tetracycline-benzyl alcohol system for separating the fission products¹³⁷Cs,¹⁴⁰Ba,¹⁴⁰La,¹⁴¹Ce,¹⁰³Ru,⁹⁵Zr and⁹⁵Nb from each other and from uranium is presented. The same study has been made for¹³¹I,^99mTc,⁹⁹Mo,¹³²Te,²³⁹Np and uranium and the steps necessary for the separation of these elements are proposed.From a thesis submitted by I. I. L. CUNHA to the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares-University of São Paulo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Science's Degree. Work supported by Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear.     

Solvent extraction studies using tetracycline as a complexing agent

Stability constants for thorium complexes with tetracycline were determined by the methods of average number of ligands, the limiting value, the two parameters and by weighted least squares. The solvent extraction technique was used to obtain the required data for the determination of the constants. Work partly supported by the Brazilian Atomic Energy Commission.     

Solvent extraction studies using tetracycline as a complexing agent

Stability constants for uranium-tetracycline complexes were determined by the method of average number of ligands, the method of limiting values, the method of two parameters and the method of weighted least squares. Solvent extraction technique was used to obtain experimental data.     

Solvent extraction of gold

The separation of gold by solvent extraction is reviewed.     

Solvent extraction of uranium(VI) and molybdenium(VI) by Alamine 310 and its mixtures from aqueous H3PO4 solution

Liquid-liquid extraction of uranium (VI) from aqueous phosphoric acid solution by triisodecylamine (Alamine 310), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), di-n-pentyl sulfoxide (DPSO) and their mixtures in benzene in the range 1–10M aqueous H₃PO₄ shows that extraction is maximum (80%) in the higher acidity range 6–8 M. Extraction of this metal ion by bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinicacid (Cyanex 301) and its mixtures studied in the range 0.2–1.0M aqueous H₃PO₄ is far from being quantitative. Antagonism in extraction by mixtures of extractants is observed in most of the cases. Extraction of molybdenum(VI) under identical conditions shows that it is quantitative in the lower acidity range upto 2M H₃PO₄. Separation of uranium(VI) from molybdenum(VI) is feasible by Alamine 310, TBP and DPSO, the order of efficiency being TBP>DPSO>Alamine 310.     

Solvent extraction of halogens

Summary The solubility formula previously proposed was applied to the partition of halogens between water and some typical organic solvents, and the character of parameter in the formula was examined. The formula reproduces the experimental data of the solvent extraction of halogens reasonably. The ratio is controlled by the solute independently of the solvent. The ratio is unity for all solutes in the water-hydrocarbon system, and is 3 ^n–1 (n is periodic number) depending on the solute in the water-non-hydrocarbon system.

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Lösungsmittelextraktion von Halogenen

Zusammenfassung Die früher vorgeschlagene Löslichkeitsformel wurde auf die Verteilung von Halogenen zwischen Wasser und einigen typischen organischen Lösungsmitteln angewendet und der Charakter des Parameters in der Formel untersucht. Die Formel gibt die experimentellen Werte der Halogenextraktion zufriedenstellend wieder. Das Verhältnis der -Werte wird vom Gelösten unabhängig vom Lösungsmittel bestimmt. Dieses Verhältnis ist im Wasser-Kohlenwasserstoff-System in allen Fällen gleich 1. Im System aus Wasser und Nicht-Kohlenwasserstoff hängt es vom Gelösten ab und beträgt 3 ^n–1 (n = Periodenzahl des Halogens).

     

Liquid-liquid extraction of uranium(VI) from aqueous acidic solutions using Alamine, TBP and CYANEX systems

Liquid-liquid extraction of uranium(VI) (UO₂ ²⁺) from aqueous acidic (HCl and HNO₃) solutions into a co-existing organic phase containing Alamine 308 (triisooctyl amine), TBP (tri-n-butyl phosphate) or CYANEX 302 (bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) monothiophosphinic acid) and diluent (toluene) was studied at isothermal conditions (298.2 K) at aqueous phase acidity varying in the range 0.5-6 mol/dm³. All solvent systems exhibit a maximum distribution ratio restricted in the acidity range 3-4 mol/dm³. An obvious difference in extraction behavior through amine system has been observed for two acids, HCl and HNO₃, distinguishing the divergent interactions attributed to the different mechanism of complexation depending on the acidic medium. The high degree of separation of UO₂ ²⁺ from HNO₃ solution is feasible through a complex formation with extractants ranging in the order CYANEX 302 > TBP > Alamine 308. The results were correlated using various versions of the mass action law, i.e., a chemodel approach and a modified version of the Langmuir equilibrium model comprising the formation of one or at least two U(VI)-extractant aggregated structures.     

Solvent extraction of tetravalent selenium

Summary A systematic study has been carried out on the extraction of SeI₄, by various water-immiscible organic solvents. Extraction has been investigated as a function of H₂SO₄ and KI concentrations. It has been found that the Se(IV) extraction is appreciably increased by addition of iodide ion to sulphuric acid solutions. In addition, the presence of water-miscible alcohols and acetone was found to enhance Se(IV) extraction from H₂SO₄-KI solutions. In the light of the obtained results an extraction mechanism is suggested.

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Untersuchungen zur Extraktion von vierwertigem Selen

Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine systematische Untersuchung zur Extraktion von SeI₄ mittels verschiedener mit Wasser nicht mischbarer organischer Lösungsmittel unternommen. Es wurde die Abhängigkeit der Extraktion von der Konzentration an H₂SO₄ und KI untersucht, wobei sich zeigte, daß die Se(IV)-Extraktion durch Zusatz von Iodid-Ionen zur schwefelsauren Lösung beträchtlich zu steigern ist. Weiters wurde gefunden, daß der Zusatz von wassermischbaren Alkoholen oder Aceton ebenfalls die Extraktion aus H₂SO₄-KI-Lösungen verbessert. Auf Basis dieser Resultate wird ein Extraktionsmechanismus vorgeschlagen.

     

Solvent extraction of trialkylammonium salts

Partition constants have been determined for a series of trialkylammonium chlorides, bromides, iodides and perchlorates between water and nitrobenzene. Extraction of these salts into nitrobenzene increases in the order Cl^- < Br^- < I^- < ClO₄^-. The extraction constant for salts with the same anion increases with increasing chain length of the ammonium ion from tripropyl to trihexyl. An electrostatic model of the Borncharging type was not sufficient to predict transfer equilibrium constants of the dissociated ions.     

Solvent extraction of ammine complexes

The ammine complexes of zinc and of cobalt(II) can be extracted effectively as the dipicrylaminates or tetraphenylborates by using nitrobenzene as the solvent.     

Solvent extraction of heptavalent technetium

An extraction study was performed on technetium in its highest oxidation state as a function of nitric acid concentration at 25, 50 and 70 °C. A long chain amine (tri-n-octylamine TOA) and an organophosphorus solvent (TBP) have been investigated. Addition of NH₄NO₃ has a salting-out effect on the extraction of TBP in the aqueous phase and therefore decreases the distribution coefficient for heptavalent technetium. The mechanism of extraction is discussed in the light of the results obtained.     

Solvent extraction of metal xanthates

The solvent extraction of metal xanthates is reviewed with emphasis on the characteristics and analytical uses of ethyl xanthate complexes. Elements reviewed include As, Sb, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu. Cr, Ga, Au, In, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pt, Re, Ag, Se, Te, Tc, Tl, Sn, U, V and Zn.     

Solvent extraction of thorium(IV) using W/O microemulsion

The extraction of thorium(IV) was investigated using two types of W/O microemulsion,one of which was formed by a surface-active saponified extractant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate(NaDEHP) and the other was formed by a mixture of an anionic surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate(AOT) and an extractant bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid(HDEHP) as the cosurfactant.The extraction capacities of the above two systems were higher than that of the HDEHP extraction system.High concentration of NaNO 3 showed no influence on the extraction in the NaDEHP based W/O microemulsion system,whilst reduced the extractability in the AOT-HDEHP W/O microemulsion system.The mechanism in acidic condition was demonstrated by the log-log plot method.The structure of the aggregations and the water content in the organic phase after extraction were measured by dynamic light scattering and Karl Fischer water titration,respectively.It was found that NaDEHP based W/O microemulsion broke up after extraction,while AOT-HDEHP W/O microemulsion was reserved.     

Solvent extraction of europium trifluoromethanesulfonate into nitrobenzene by using three electroneutral receptors

From extraction experiments and $ \gamma $ -activity measurements, the extraction constants corresponding to the general equilibrium Eu³⁺(aq) + 3 A^?(aq) + L(nb) $ \Leftrightarrow $ EuL³⁺(nb) + 3A^?(nb) taking place in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system ( $ {\text{A}}^{ - } = {\text{CF}}_{ 3} {\text{SO}}_{3}^{ - } $ ; L = electroneutral receptors denoted by 1, 2, and 3 – see Scheme 1; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) were evaluated. Further, the stability constants of the EuL³⁺ complexes in nitrobenzene saturated with water were calculated; they were found to increase in the series of 3 < 2 < 1.

Solvent extraction studies of cobalt in aqueous thiocyanate solutions using Aliquat-336

Cobalt ions in aqueous thiocyanate solution react with Aliquat-336-xylene solution to form anion-association complex which is easily extracted into the organic phase. A typical extraction procedure involves extracting a solution which is 10 ppm in cobalt and 0.06 M,

5. Stripping of Cobalt from 2% Aliquat-336-Xylene Solutions

     

20.

Solvent extraction of Au(III) using 2-mercaptobenzimidazole into n-butanol     

M. A. Kaushal  Z. R. Turel 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》1999,241(3):663-665

A method has been developed for the extraction of Au(III) with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole into n-butanol.¹⁹⁹Au has been used as a tracer for establishing the ideal extraction parameters such as effect of pH, time of equilibration, solvents and anions. Separation factor and decontamination factor have also been evaluated to determine the selectivity of the method with respect to various elements. The interfering elements were suppressed by the use of suitable masking agents which increased the selectivity. The stoichiometry of metal to reagent was determined by the method of substoichiometric extraction and slope ratio method.     

Strippant	Cobalt stripped (%)
Na2S (M) 1.0	18.3
2.0	10.7
Na2SO3 (M) 0.1	10.7
0.5	49.6
1.0	52.9
EDA (%) 2.5	76.6
NaOH (M) 0.1	4.1
0.5	74.1
1.0	90.8
2.0	76.8
NH4OH (M) 0.1	24.1
0.5	91.8
1.0	97.5
2.0	99.9
EDTA (M) 0.02	>99.9
0.05	>99.9
0.1	>99.9
EDTA (%) 0.1	>99.9
0.5	>99.9
1.0	>99.9

Solvent extraction of Au(III) using 2-mercaptobenzimidazole into n-butanol

A method has been developed for the extraction of Au(III) with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole into n-butanol.¹⁹⁹Au has been used as a tracer for establishing the ideal extraction parameters such as effect of pH, time of equilibration, solvents and anions. Separation factor and decontamination factor have also been evaluated to determine the selectivity of the method with respect to various elements. The interfering elements were suppressed by the use of suitable masking agents which increased the selectivity. The stoichiometry of metal to reagent was determined by the method of substoichiometric extraction and slope ratio method.